Module 7 - Motivation Flashcards
What is motivation? (2)
Motive: an internal state that drives goal directed behaviour and thought
Defined by object of motivation (the goal) and the intensity of want/need (urgency, excitement, discomfort)
How many perspectives of psychology have contributed to modern motivational theory?
All
Psychodynamic Perspective
Behaviourist Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Evolutionary Perspective
Psychodynamic Perspective
(contribution to motivation theories)
Implicit drive theories
Behaviourist Perspective
(contribution to motivation theories)
Drive Reduction & Incentive Theory
Cognitive Perspective
(contribution to motivation theories)
Goal-Setting
Expectancy-Value
SDT
Humanistic Perspective
(contribution to motivation theories)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Evolutionary Perspective
(contribution to motivation theories)
Unique roles for status & fairness
Which 2 perspectives of psychology contributed to Drive Theories?
Psychodynamic
Behaviourist
Drives (2):
Desires
Basic internal process that registers a need & creates an internal state of tension in proportion to intensity of that need
Negative Feedback
Creates drives
Where any detected change from the optimal range triggers a proportional response in the opposite direction (hence negative)
Eg. Biological Need (Not enough Food) -> Negative Feedback (More Food) = Drive
Homeostasis
A state of biological equilibrium
Sets off negative feedback if biological is not reached
Freud’s initial drive theories focused on__
Unconscious Drives
Unconscious drives:
Complex
Partially ambiguous when emerging into consciousness
States of internal tension that build up until satisfied
Freud’s 2 forms of drive sensations:
Eros (libido)
Thanatos (aggression)
Eros (2)
(psychodynamic 2 Forms of drive)
Libidinal / Hedonic Desires
Desire to gratify a bodily need for sustenance, pleasure or relief
Eg. Food or sex
Thanatos (2)
(Psychodynamic 2 Forms of drive)
Aggression / Mastery Desires
Desire to control or destroy unwanted parts of self or environment
Eg. Going to the gym to change body
What are the 2 subsequent psychodynamic drives besides Eros (Libido) and Thanatos (aggression?
Need for relatedness to others
Need for self esteem
Drive Reduction Theory:
(Behaviourist)
Physiologically literal and measurable compared the Freud
Separates drives into Primary & Secondary Drives
Primary Drives (2)
(Behaviourist -> Drive Reduction Theory)
Innate Physiology
Satiable
Hunger (for food), thirst (for water), fatigue (for rest) etc
Secondary Drives (3)
Learned from association
Insatiable
Money, fancy clothes, luxury items, clout
Are primary and secondary drives intrinsic or extrinsic motivations?
Extrinsic (it comes from the outside)
Incentive theory
Outlines social learning of secondary drives
Overall contribution of drives to motivation theories (4) behaviourist
Basic building block of motivation theories
Unconsciously computed evaluations of need
Emerge into awareness as feeling of tension/discomfort
Either biologically innate or learned via association
How did cognitive psychology add to motivational theories?
Theories about how we organise our knowledge when our desires are more complex and require multiple planned steps
What are the 3 cognitive theories of motivation?
Goal-setting Theory
Expectancy -value theory
Self Determination theory
Extrinsic (goal-oriented) Motivation Theories (2):
(Cognitive Psychology)
Goal-setting Theory
Expectancy -value theory
Intrinsic (Activity-oriented) Motivation Theory
(Cognitive Psychology)
Self-Determination Theory
Goal-Setting Theory involves: (2)
(3 cognitive theories of motivation)
Imagining future outcomes
Plan intermediary steps to reach goal
Expectancy Value Theory involves (2):
(3 cognitive theories of motivation)
Motivation is affected by
How valuable the goal is (prospect)
How plausible (probable) the steps to achieving the goals are
Eg. Motivation is greater when goals seem closer or more real
How can Expectancy-value be adaptive?
Adaptive (change to suit conditions)
Encouragement -> goal is more plausible/ achievable
How can Expectancy-value be maladaptive?
Maladaptive (cannot adjust adequately to a situation)
Negative Stereotypes ->goal is perceived as less plausible
Intrinsic (activity oriented) motivation:
Where actions we are performing are compelling and provide motivation in themselves
3 intrinsic motivations in Self-Determination theory:
(3 cognitive theories of motivation)
Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness
Autonomy
(3 intrinsic motivations <- Self-Determination Theory)
Sense that your will has an impact on the world
Competence
(3 intrinsic motivations <- Self-Determination Theory)
Sense that you can succeed with moderate effort (not too easy or hard)
Relatedness
(3 intrinsic motivations <- Self-Determination Theory)
Sense that your experience is shared with others
More intrinsic motivations =
More motivation
How can extrinsic motivations affect intrinsic motivations?
Extrinsic motivations can undermine intrinsic motivations.
Eg. Children who expect rewards for an activity are less likely to engage in the same activity later than those who were intrinsically motivated
Humanistic psychologists contribution to motivation theories:
Focus on
positive growth
how different needs relate to each
Effects of deprivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:
Arranges common needs by their order physiological and social priority
Lower needs need to be met before you can pursue higher nees
How does evolutionary psychology add to motivation theories?
provides insight to exceptions of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Considers survival and reproductive context of the human species
With evolutionary psychology, what would primates risk safety for?
Status & Fairness
We are a social group and may not eat for fear of social rejection or humiliation
Why is motivation relevant to Allied Health Practice?
Client motivation affects their ability to meet health goals
Understanding client motivation can optimise health outcomes
Motivation has 2 components
What do people want to do?
How strongly do they want to do it? (how do you build motivation?)
Behaviourist approaches to motivation: (2)
Motivation comes from conditioned (learned) responses in our past
Reinforcements can drive motivation and shape behaviour
Eg. Stickers, verbal praises
Cognitive approaches to motivation:
Motivation comes from
Goal Setting Theory
Expectancy-Value Theory
Self-Determination Theory
Goal setting theory
(motivation in AH)
Motivation comes from goals and goal setting
Expectancy-Value Theory
(motivation in AH)
Set Just right challenge tasks (not too hard and not too easy)
Self Determination Theory
(motivation in AH)
Consider Intrinsic & Extrinsic motivations
Increase Intrinsic motivations by providing intervention activities that have a purpose -> intrinsic motivation (sense of achievement from completing activity)
How do you increase 3 needs for intrinsic motivation (Competence, Relatedness & Autonomy) in AHA activities?
Competence: Just right challenge
Relatedness: with others - relationships
Autonomy: provide choice
Which one is more important, Extrinsic or Intrinsic Motivation
Self Determination Theory is well supported in research. Intrinsic motivation will lead to long term behaviour vs continuous extrinsic rewards
