Module 2 - Learning Behavioural Psychology Cognitive Social Learning Flashcards
Learning:
Any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on experience
Experience shapes behaviour
Behaviourism Learning
Stimulus -> Response model (reflex)
Classical conditioning:
Associative learning
Innate reactions can come to be paired with neutral stimuli, to produce learned (conditioned) responses
Neutral Stimuli + US -> UR
After repeated pairings
CS (originally neutral stimulus) -> CR
Reflex:
Automatic response to a stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) -> Unconditioned Response example
Puff of air (US) -> blinking Eye (UR/ Reflex)
Decays with time
(Classical Conditioning)
Under-utilized conditioned associations can be removed
Extinction
(Classical Conditioning & Operant)
Classical Conditioning: Occurs when association is unlearned when CS is presented repeatedly without the US
Operant conditioning: occurs when behaviours (operant) are not followed by previous reinforcement / punishment
Spontaneous Recovery
(Classical Conditioning)
Conditioned response can be recovered
Connection traces remain, re-training conditioned response later is extremely fast
Stimulus Generalisation
(Classical Conditioning: Range of conditioned stimulus)
Once CR is in place you can train the CR to respond to a wide range of stimulus
Eg. CR can occur from CS Whistle, bell, high pitch
Stimulus Discrimination
(Classical Conditioning: Range of conditioned stimulus)
When CR occurs to very narrow and specific CS.
Eg. CR is only to whistle, not bell
Blocking
(Complications of classical conditioning)
A new CS will fail to be paired if presented alongside another CS that is already paired
Eg. Disco lights (CS2) + Whistle (CS1) + Food (US) -> Dog Salivate (UR)
Whistle (CS1) -> Dog Salivate (CR)
Disco lights (CS2) -> No reaction from dog
Latent Inhibition
(Complications of classical conditioning)
If a CS has been presented without a pairing before, it will be difficult to pair with new things
Eg. Peanut butter sandwiches have been eaten for many years. A one time reaction of vomiting will not stop you from eating peanut butter sandwiches
Principles
(Operant Conditioning)
Voluntary actions
Good consequences -> more likely repeating actions
Bad consequences -> less likely in repeating actions
Reinforcement
(Operant Conditioning)
Any consequences that increases behaviour
Phase out reinforcers and move to naturally occurring reinforcers - sense of achievement
Primary reinforcers
(Operant Conditioning)
Biological reinforcers, water, food
Secondary Reinforcers
(Operant Conditioning)
Money - to buy food, stickers
Intrinsic Reinforcers
(Operant Conditioning)
Comes from the activity itself, rather than from reinforcements or punishments
Eg. Sense of achievement
Extrinsic Reinforcers
(Operant Conditioning)
Comes from external consequences of performing behaviour
Eg. Money for mowing lawn
Artificial Reinforcers
Something added to build skills
Eg. A reward
Naturally occurring Reinforcers
Used to maintain & increase skills
Eg. Success make you feel good about yourself
Reinforcers are natural or artificial
Can be a combination of both
Graded in comparison to each other
Punishment
(Operant Conditioning)
Any consequences that decrease behaviour
Problems with punishment
(Operant Conditioning)
Generate undesirable effects:
Anger
Suppression of target behaviours
Punishment need monitoring (unpractical)
Escape - subject may find behaviours to escape situation
Ethical implications
Positive reinforcement / punishment
(Operant Conditioning)
Adding something to the subject
Negative reinforcement / punishment
(Operant Conditioning)
Removing something to the subject
Are most reinforcements delivered on a continuous schedule?
(Operant Conditioning)
No
Continuous Schedule reinforcement
(Operant Conditioning)
Reinforcement occurs every time an animal emits a behaviour
Intermittent Schedule reinforcement
(Operant Conditioning)
Reinforcement does not occur every time an animal emits a behaviour
Ratio schedule (Number)
Interval schedule (time)
Ratio Schedule
(Operant Conditioning)
Reinforcement is delivered when a certain number of responses are given
Fixed Ratio Schedule
(Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement)
Fixed number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement recurs
Variable Ratio Schedule
(Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement)
Unpredictable number of correct responses before reinforcement recurs
Best behaviour reinforcement
Interval Schedule
(Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement)
Reinforcement is given after a certain amount of time has passed
Fixed Interval Schedule
(Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement)
Reinforcement occurs after fixed amount of time
Variable Interval Schedule
(Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement)
Varied / unpredictable amount of time between reinforcements
Shaping
(Behavioural Interventions)
Reinforcements to approximate target behaviours (positive reinforcement)
Used when likelihood of spontaneously performing behaviour is low
Target behaviour must be possible
Chaining
(Behavioural Interventions)
For complex behaviours
Identify individual steps (task analysis)
Backward chaining: teach process backwards
Forward chaining: teach process step by step
Total/ whole task chaining: teach whole process first
Prompting: Stimulus Prompts
(Behavioural Interventions)
Movement cue: point, touch, gaze, direction
Position cue: target item placed in different positions to other items
Redundancy cue: dimension of target is exaggerated (size)
Prompting: Response Prompts
(Behavioural Interventions)
Verbal instructions (vocal or visual)
Modelling
Physical guidance
Prompt Fading
(Behavioural Interventions)
Gradually removing prompt so that client’s behaviour is under stimulus control
Generalisation
Goal of teaching new behaviours that can generalise to a range of situations
Behavioural interventions:
(Behaviour Analysis)
Can increase or decrease behaviours
Why do you want to change behaviours?
(Behaviour Analysis)
Behaviours occur too often
Too infrequently
Doesn’t perform behaviour accurately
Functional Assessment of behaviour Qs
(Behaviour Analysis)
First step
Why did the behaviour occur?
What function does the behaviour serve the subject?
ABC Model
(Behaviour Analysis: Functional Assessment)
Antecedents: Stimuli / triggers
Behaviour(s): responses of the individual and responses that we want to increase or decrease
Consequences: positive/negative reinforcement
Cognitive Psychology
Focus on mental processes and internal states of mind
Social learning
3 Components of Observational Psychology
(Cognitive Psychology: Observational Learning)
Modelling
Reproduce behaviour of a model
Vicarious Conditioning
Learns via observing consequences of an action for someone else
Tutelage
Teaching concepts via direct instructions
Yuri worked in a bakery where his arm got burnt from the oven causing severe pain. Whenever he smells fresh bread he has a panic attack. Name the UCS, UCR, CS, CR
(Classical Conditioning)
UCS (Burning Arm) -> UCR (severe pain)
CS (Bread Smell) -> CR (panic attack)
Tricia was sick one day from eating at a seafood restaurant with blue walls. Now, whenever she see blue walls, she feels nauseous.
Name the UCS, UCR, CS, CR
(Classical Conditioning)
UCS (Seafood) -> UCR (sick)
CS (blue walls) -> CR (feeling nauseous)
Giving chocolates, Praising, Pat on the head.
(Operant Conditioning +/- Reinforcement / Punishment)
Positive Reinforcement
Turning off horrible noise, Giving painkillers, Stop nagging
(Operant Conditioning +/- Reinforcement / Punishment)
Negative reinforcement
A punch in the face, Spanking, Scolding, Imprisonment
(Operant Conditioning +/- Reinforcement / Punishment)
Positive Punishment
Grounding, Confiscation of games, Fine penalties
(Operant Conditioning +/- Reinforcement / Punishment)
Negative Punishment
A Student fails an assignment because of cheating
((Operant Conditioning name +/- reinforcement, punishment, extinction)
Punishment
Vesna opens an umbrella so she will not get wet from the storm
((Operant Conditioning name +/- reinforcement, punishment, extinction)
Negative reinforcement
Every time Vesna puts money into the machine she gets a toy
(Operant conditioning -Schedules of reinforcement - name continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval)
Continuous reinforcement
Dean likes to visit the casino. Sometimes he wins money after putting a few coins. Other times he wins after putting in $20.
(Operant conditioning -Schedules of reinforcement - name continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval)
Variable Ratio
Timiko earns her pay performing at a concert approximately every 2 weeks
(Operant conditioning -Schedules of reinforcement - name continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval)
Variable Interval
Dayna reward herself for every 5 question she completes
(Operant conditioning -Schedules of reinforcement - name continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval)
Fixed Ratio
Bruce provide commentary at a game every four years
(Operant conditioning -Schedules of reinforcement - name continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval)
Fixed Interval
