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ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) > Module 3 - Research Methods > Flashcards

Module 3 - Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of Evidence-based practice?

A

Empirical Science: best tool for reliable & valid knowledge
Duty of care: base treatments on evidence
Scientific literacy: essential to understand research

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2
Q

Theory

A

Hypothesis or explanation
Must prove true or false

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3
Q

Empiricism

A

measurable

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4
Q

Observable

A

Can be directly or indirectly measured

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5
Q

Falsifiable

A

Theory can be rejecting or supporting

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6
Q

The Scientific Method Process (3)

A

Theory, hypothesis is tested empirically (measured)
Results -> falsify / support hypothesis
Reject/ or tentatively accept theory

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7
Q

2 main aims of research

A

Description
Explanation

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8
Q

Description: 2 research types

A

Descriptive research
Correlational research

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9
Q

Explanation: 1 research type

A

Experimental research

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10
Q

Descriptive research features (3)

A

Detailed
Systematic
Ethical

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11
Q

Case Studies (2)

A

Descriptive research
In-depth observation of a small number of cases

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12
Q

Uses & Advantages
of Case Studies (3)

A

Describes processes in individual cases
Studies complex phenomena
Provides data for framing hypothesis

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13
Q

Limitations
of Case Studies (4)

A

Generalisability of the population
Not replicable
Researcher bias
Cannot establish causation

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14
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

In-depth observation of a phenomena as it occurs in nature

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15
Q

Uses & Advantages
of Naturalistic Observation (3)

A

Reveals phenomena as they exist outside laboratory
Allows study of complex phenomena not easily reproduced experimentally
Provides data for framing hypothesis

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16
Q

Limitations
Of Naturalistic Observation (4)

A

Generalisability of the population
Observer effects: presence of observer may affect behaviour of participants
Not replicable
Cannot establish causation

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17
Q

Survey

A

Ask people questions about their attitudes and behaviours

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18
Q

Uses & advantages
of surveys (2)

A

Reveals attitudes and behaviours or a large sample of people
Allows quantification of attitudes or behaviours

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19
Q

Limitations
Of surveys (2)

A

Self report bias
Cannot establish causation

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20
Q

Correlational Research (2)

A

Examines the relationship of two or more variables
Used to predict one another

21
Q

Uses & advantages
Of correlational research (2)

A

Reveals relationship between variables as they exist outside of the laboratory
Allows quantification of relationships between variables

22
Q

Limitations
Of correlational research

A

Cannot establish causation

23
Q

Correlation Coefficient (r) shows:

A

Direction (positive or negative)
Magnitude
0-0.1 = no trend
0.1 - 0.3 = weak trend
0.3 - 0.5 = moderate
0.5+ = strong
Relationship between 2 variables

24
Q

Correlation Coefficient (r)
0

A

No relationship

25
Q

Correlation Coefficient (r)
1

A

Perfect, Positive, linear relationship

26
Q

Correlation Coefficient (r)
-1

A

Perfect, Negative, linear relationship

27
Q

Correlation Coefficient (r)
-0.3

A

Moderate, negative relationship

28
Q

Correlation Coefficient (r)
-0.1

A

Weak, negative relationship

29
Q

Scatterplot features
(Correlation research)

A

2 variables plotted against 2 axes
Strength of correlation (magnitude) depends on how closely the dots sit to the hypothetical line

30
Q

Correlation Coefficient r=+1

A

/
Perfect, positive

31
Q

Correlation Coefficient r=-1

A

\
Perfect, negative

32
Q

Correlation Coefficient r=-0.3

A

\ scattered dots
Weak, Negative

33
Q

Correlation Coefficient r=-0.4

A

\
Moderate, negative

34
Q

Correlation Coefficient r=0.5

A

/
Strong, positive

35
Q

Correlation Coefficient r=0

A

No relationship

36
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

Limitation of Correlational research
Correlation ≠ Causation
Eg. Just because there is an increase with ice cream sales with shark attacks does not mean ice cream consumption causes shark attacks
There is a possibility of a third variable

37
Q

Experimental research features (3)

A

Manipulation of variables (Independent Variables)
Measure outcomes (dependent variables)
establish causal relationship

38
Q

Uses & Advantages
Of Experimental Research

A

Demonstrates causal relationships
Replicable
Maximum control over relevant variables

39
Q

Limitations
Of experimental research

A

Generalisability outside of lab
Difficulty in testing complex phenomena

40
Q

Randomized Control Trial (RCT) (4)
(Experimental Research)

A

Gold standard in experimental research
Random allocation of control and experimental groups
Variables (age, gender) are randomly spread across groups
Double blind design reduces bias

41
Q

Double blind experiment:

A

Participant and doctors are blind

42
Q

Single blind

A

Participants are blind

43
Q

Reliability

A

How consistent is the result going to be?

44
Q

Retest reliability

A

A measure is reliable if it yields similar results after retest

45
Q

Internal consistency

A

A measure is internally consistent if several ways of asking the same question yields similar results

46
Q

Interrater reliability

A

If 2 different interviewers rate the same person, they should give the person a similar score

47
Q

Validity

A

How relevant is the study?

48
Q

Internal Validity

A

Have all of the likely possible confounding variables been identified, controlled, or eliminated?

49
Q

External Validity

A

Has the research been conducted in such a way, that the results will generalize to the ‘real world’?

ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) (11 decks)

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