Module 4 - Group Decisions & Performance Flashcards
Group (3)
Individuals who are interdependent
Mutual reliance
Share explicit and implicit goal of harmony and cohesion
Define interdependence
Exchange or mutual reliance in a social setting
Natural groups
Groups come together spontaneously on the basis of naturally occurring events
Formed groups
Groups formed from outside influence or intervention
Reference groups
Groups who’s norms matter to an individual and impacts their behaviour
Group leader
Has greater influence than the average member of the group
Group role
Position that has norms specifying appropriate behaviours for the occupant of that role
What are the 2 phenomena that occur when groups make decision by consensus with the implicit goal of Harmony & Cohesion?
Groupthink
Group polarization
Both work together to produce worse group decisions
Describe Groupthink
Reduced expression of disagreement and critical scrutiny to prevent risking group cohesion and harmony
2 social processes in Groupthink
False consensus
Pluralistic Ignorance
False consensus
(Group Think)
Lack of expression of disagreement is taken as silent agreement
Pluralistic Ignorance
(Group Think)
Group pretends to not notice a problem that everyone notices
Describe Group Polarization
Magnification of average views to extreme views in a group setting
2 social processes of Group Polarization
Normalisation
Value Affirmation
Normalisation
(Group Polarisation)
Exposure to shared/similar positions -> unaware of alternatives
Value Affirmation
(Group Polarisation)
Expressing extreme attitudes to signal loyalty to shared views
Define Social Facilitation
performance is better in the presence of others
Define Social Interference
performance is worse in the presence of others
What are the 2 factors of Social Interference and Social facilitation?
Co-Action Effects
Audience Effects
Co-Action Effects
(Social Interference / Facilitation)
Performance is affected by others doing the same thing
Audience Effects
(Social Interference / Facilitation)
Performance is affected by others watching your behaviour
What activities have social facilitation?
Works for familiar and easy tasks
Being observed by people can increase physical arousal which does not affect performing physical tasks
What activities have social interference?
Occurs with difficult, unfamiliar tasks
Being observed by people increase arousal which affect concentration needed to perform difficult tasks
Define Social Loafing
Putting less effort in group tasks than individual tasks
Because of diffusion of responsibility in large group settings
Free ride on other people’s efforts
Defines ‘tragedy of the commons’ dynamic
Suspected lack of effort from group members justifies further withdrawal of effort from each individual, leading to lower group effort
What is the cause of social loafing?
Diffusion of responsibility
How do you undermine social loafing?
Increase an individual’s responsibility
Delegation of specific roles for accountability
Leadership
Social Influence:
when our beliefs & behaviours change from exposure to other people’s beliefs and behaviours
3 main components to Social influence:
Social Norms
Conformity
Obedience
Social Norms
Unspoken, expected standards of behaviour
Not just normal behaviours, but what is considered right behaviours
normative standard
Behaviours that are considered normal and correct in a social situation
Conformity
Tendency to align behaviour to the norms of others
Informational Influence
Norm must exist for good reason
Follow along group consensus cause wish to do the correct thing
Normative Influence
Others will disapprove if we violate the social norm
Fear of scrutiny
Factors affecting Conformity
Group size (larger groups -> more conformity)
Dissention (if one member objects -> less conformity)
Personality (low self esteem -> more conformity
Culture (Collectivist cultures -> more conformity)
Gender (no proof)
Age (younger -> more conformity)
Define Obedience
Suspending own judgement to follow instruction from authority
In extreme examples, people may act against their own conscience or best interests to comply with the authority figure
Factors affecting obedience (2)
Proximity
Legitimacy of authority
Understanding group processes allows allied health group to
Develop targeted evidence based allied health group programs
Become an effective facilitator of AH groups
Understand and influence group behaviours & outcomes
Successfully work in AH teams -> benefit client and colleagues
Tuckman Stages of Group Development (1965) (5)
Stage 1 - Forming
Stage 2 - Storming
Stage 3 - Norming
Stage 4 - Performing
Stage 5 - Adjourning
Stage 1 - Forming
(Tuckman Stages of Group Development)
Define task & how it is accomplished
Develop group identity & norms
Stage 2 - Storming
Members resist tasks & approaches
conflict
Stage 3 - Norming
Develop team closeness
Establish ground rules -> harmony + avoid conflict
Stage 4 - Performing
Work together effectively
Understand strengths & weaknesses
Stage 5 - Adjourning
Group breaks up
