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ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) > Module 11 - Health Psychology Stress > Flashcards

Module 11 - Health Psychology Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Health Psychology

A

study of
thoughts, beliefs & habitual behaviours
that influence the maintenance or undermines bodily health

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2
Q

Health compromising behaviours:

A

Self managed behaviours that have a cumulative impact on a person’s longevity & quality of life

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3
Q

Biggest challenge for health-compromising behaviours:

A

^ understand why people engage in behaviours that they know have negative health impacts
^ design meaningful ways to intervene

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4
Q

Broad reason for engaging in health compromising behaviours even though they know potential harms (2)

A

^ Temporal Discounting
^ Drive Mismatch

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5
Q

Temporal Discounting
(2 Broad Reasons for Health-Compromising Behaviours)

A

Benefit now vs consequences later

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6
Q

Drive Mismatch
(2 Broad Reasons for Health-Compromising Behaviours)

A

Ancestrally rare things are now common (sugar, sedentary lifestyle)

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7
Q

Individual differences that affect health compromising behaviours (3)

A

^ Satiety
^ Attention
^ Emotion-Regulation

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8
Q

Satiety:
(3 Individual Differences -> Health-Compromising Behaviours)

A

How long it takes to cease to feel hunger when eating

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9
Q

Attention:
(3 Individual Differences -> Health-Compromising Behaviours)

A

Differential ability to ignore unwanted messaging (advertisement)

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10
Q

Emotion Regulation
(3 Individual Differences -> Health-Compromising Behaviours)

A

Differential tendency to indulge in self-soothing

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11
Q

2 major approaches to health-compromising Behaviours for designing interventions:

A

^ The protection - Motivation Theory
^ The theory of Planned Behaviour

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12
Q

5 elements of Protection motivation Theory

A

^ Perceived Susceptibility
^ Perceived Severity
^ Benefits & Barriers
^ Cues to Action
^ Self Efficacy

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13
Q

Perceived Susceptibility
(Protection Motivation Theory)

A

Does it affect people like me?

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14
Q

Perceived Severity
(Protection Motivation Theory)

A

How bad would it be if I got it?

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15
Q

Benefits & Barriers
(Protection Motivation Theory)

A

What will I gain / lose?

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16
Q

Cues to Action
(Protection Motivation Theory)

A

What tells me I should or shouldn’t?

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17
Q

Self Efficacy
(Protection Motivation Theory)

A

Will I succeed if I try to change?

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18
Q

3 Components -> Behaviour Intention -> behaviour
(Theory of Planned Behaviour)

A

^ Personal Attitudes
^ Subjective Norms
^ Self Efficacy

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19
Q

Personal Attitudes
(Theory of Planned Behaviour)

A

Individual beliefs that the behaviour will lead to certain outcomes
Eg.
^ Smoking is relaxing
^ Smoking costs a lot
^ Smoking is bad for my health

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20
Q

Subjective Norms
(Theory of Planned Behaviour)

A

Individual beliefs about groups or individual’s views on whether they should do the behaviour
Eg.
^ My colleagues smoke
^ My girlfriend doesn’t want me to smoke

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21
Q

Self-Efficacy
(Theory of Planned Behaviour)

A

Individual belief of control of behaviour
^ I know I can stop smoking with help
^ I can rely on my GF to help me

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22
Q

Health Promotion:

A

Enables people to increase control over the determinants of health -> improves their health

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23
Q

4 major categories of barriers to health promotion:

A

^ 1. Individual
^ 2. Family
^ 3. Health Systems
^ 4. Community, cultural & Ethnic

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24
Q

Individual barriers (3)
(4 categories of barriers to health promotion)

A

^ future discounting
^ personality
^ gender roles

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25
Q

Family barriers (3)
(4 categories of barriers to health promotion)

A

^ parental modelling
^ genetic vulnerability
^ care needs

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26
Q

Health Systems barriers (3)
(4 categories of barriers to health promotion)

A

^ cost
^ availability
^ public outreach & awareness

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27
Q

Community, Cultural & Ethnic (2)
(4 categories of barriers to health promotion)

A

^ vulnerable minorities
^ isolation

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28
Q

Transtheoretical model of change process (5):

A

^ 1. Precontemplation - not ready
^ 2. Contemplation - getting ready
^ 3. Preparation - ready, setting systems in place
^ 4. Action
^ 5. Maintenance

29
Q

Stress:

A

Sensation <- nervous system <- appraisal of challenge

30
Q

Stress evokes negative feelings of:

A

^ anxiety
^ anger
^ frustration
^ guilt

31
Q

Appraisal of Challenge’ depends on

A

^ individual’s context & personal abilities
^ somethings may be exciting to some, but stressful with others

32
Q

Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System:

A

Nervous system that is activated in response to stress

33
Q

What are the 2 nervous systems in Autonomic Nervous System?

A

^ Sympathetic System
^ Parasympathetic System

34
Q

Sympathetic System response:

A

Fight or flight
From a perceived challenge

35
Q

Sympathetic System - physiological responses (3):

A

^ Heart & blood pressure increase
^ Respiration accelerates, blood sugar released from liver
^ adrenalin, noradrenalin released from adrenal glands
^ Pupils Dilate

36
Q

Parasympathetic System response:

A

Rest & digest

37
Q

Parasympathetic System - physiological responses (4):

A

^ Heartbeat slows
^ Blood pressure reduces
^ respiration slows
^ body experiences visceral (physiological) responses typical of periods of rest & relaxation

38
Q

Opponent processes’ regarding Sympathetic & Parasympathetic of Autonomic Nervous System:

A

^ Sympathetic suppresses Parasympathetic systems when it is activated

39
Q

What are the affects when sympathetic system suppresses the parasympathetic system (4)?

A

Suppression of crucial bodily maintenance work:
^ healing
^ digesting nutrients
^ immunity to pathogens
^ preparation for future responses

40
Q

The longer your stress responses last ->

A

The more your body breaks down

41
Q

Evolutionary Mismatch:
Regarding stress

A

^ mismatch of conditions the stress response evolved in VS novel conditions of modern life
Eg.
Historically: challenges were spontaneous and temporary demanding immediate body responses
VS
Modern life: main challenges are long-anticipation or accumulated daily

42
Q

Short-term effects
of stress on the body (4):

A

^ feeling nervous
^ Increased heart rate
^ Constipation & diarrhoea
^ Sensitive Skin

43
Q

Long-term effects
of stress on the body (4)

A

^ Mental health problems
^ Fertility Issues
^ Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
^ Severe Heart problems

44
Q

Diseases exasperated by long-term stress (3)

A

^ Heart Disease - raises vascular strain, reduces recovery factors

^ Metabolic Disease - contributes to type 2 diabetes

^ Cancer - raises bowel dysfunction, impairs immune responses

45
Q

Coping:

A

Psychological and social processes
Used to reduce, redirect, manage, avoid
stress

46
Q

Coping mechanisms:

A

Specific actions
Used to mitigate stress

47
Q

Coping strategies:

A

Planned combination of coping mechanisms
Used to mitigate stress

48
Q

2 types of coping strategies

A

^ Adaptive strategies
^ Maladaptive strategies

49
Q

Adaptive strategies (3):

A

Strategies that are
^ effective
^ sustainable
^ harmless

50
Q

Maladaptive strategies (2):

A

Strategies that have
^ poor trade-offs
^ diminishing returns

51
Q

Emotion-focused coping strategies - Aim:

A

reduce/avoid
Emotions from stress

52
Q

Emotion-focused coping strategies - Eg (5)

A

^ Indulgence or Consumption
^ Giving Up & Blaming
^ Aggressive ‘Lashing Out’
^ Distraction
^ Reappraisal or Reframing

53
Q

Indulgence or Consumption Strategy
(Emotion-focused Strategies)

A

Boozing, smoking, stress-eating or other hedonistic behaviours that discount future for present

54
Q

Giving Up & Blaming Strategy
(Emotion-focused Strategies)

A

Lower expectations, learned helplessness

55
Q

Aggressive ‘Lashing Out’ Strategy
(Emotion-focused Strategies)

A

Venting stress through catharsis (release)

56
Q

Distraction Strategy
(Emotion-focused Strategies)

A

Listen to music, engage in leisure activities

57
Q

Reappraisal or Reframing Strategy
(Emotion-focused Strategies)

A

Positive self-talk, meditation, humour

58
Q

Problem-focused Coping Strategies - Aim:

A

To address the underlying challenges
that cause stress

59
Q

Problem-focused coping strategies - Eg (4)

A

^ Increased Planning
^ Routine Self-Care
^ Asking for Help
^ Establish Boundaries

60
Q

Increased Planning
(Problem-focused coping strategies)

A

^ Breaking down existing stress into manageable parts
^ Trying to better forecast sources of future sources of stress

61
Q

Routine Self-Care
(Problem-focused coping strategies)

A

Prioritise rest, exercise, healthy food

62
Q

Asking for Help
(Problem-focused coping strategies)

A

Swallow pride to ask for help for the problem

63
Q

Establish Boundaries
(Problem-focused coping strategies)

A

Saying no to social activities to minimise new stressors

64
Q

Most adaptive strategies include___

A

^ Emotion-focused + Problem-focused strategies
Eg
Emotion-focused Strategies:
exercise, take a bath, pep talk, meditation

Problem-Focused Strategies:
Work on managing time, ask for support, boundaries, creating to-do lists

65
Q

While problem-focused coping strategies tend to be more adaptive compared to emotion-focused strategies, you should ___

A

^ Refrain from starting with problem-focused strategies unless invited as clients can be put off by being told what to do

^ Always start with emotion-focused strategies with clients

66
Q

Individual factors to consider before deciding appropriate emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies (3):

A

^ Optimism (positive outlook)
^ Conscientiousness (wanting to do well, responsible)
^ Neuroticism (emotional stability)

67
Q

Optimism
(Individual factors for coping strategies)

A

^ Optimistic people expect good outcomes -> easier to commit to long-term strategies

^ related to agreeableness

68
Q

Conscientiousness
(Individual factors for coping strategies)

A

^ Conscientious people -> easier time planning for future & maintain new habits

69
Q

Neuroticism
(Individual factors for coping strategies)

A

^ higher neuroticism -> more volatile responses to stress, require greater care for Emotion-coping

ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) (11 decks)

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