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A&P - 1539 > Module 9 - Nervous Intro > Flashcards

Module 9 - Nervous Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Functions

A

Functions of Nervous System
Sensory – sense changes in internal and external environment – sensory receptors
Integrative – analyze information – decisions for appropriate behaviours – association neurons
Motor – respond to stimuli by initiating action – motor neurons

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2
Q

Components

A

Nerve
Brain
Cranial Nerves
Spinal cord
Spinal nerve
Ganglia
Enteric Plexus
Sensory receptors

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3
Q

Nerve

A

Nerve – bundle of axons – goes along a defined path to serve a specific region of the body

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4
Q

Cranial Nerves

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Cranial Nerves – 12 pairs – base of brain through foramina

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5
Q

Spinal cord

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Spinal cord – connected to brain at foramen magnum – surrounded by vertebra

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6
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Spinal nerves – 31 pairs – contact specific region

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7
Q

Ganglia

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Ganglia – outside brain and cord – nervous tissue – contain the cell bodies of neurons

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8
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Sensory receptors – parts of neurons or specialized cells monitoring changes inside and ou

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9
Q

CNS

A

CNS – central – brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

PNS

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PNS – peripheral – cranial and spinal nerves – sensory = afferent – motor = efferent – ganglia and sensory receptors – subdivided into SNS and ANS

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11
Q

SNS

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SNS – Somatic – voluntary – neurons conduct impulses from cutaneous (skin) and special sense receptors to CNS – motor neurons conduct from CNS to skeletal muscle tissue

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12
Q

ANS

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ANS – Autonomic – involuntary – smooth and cardiac muscle – sensory neurons from visceral organs – motor neurons convey impulses from CNS to smooth, cardiac muscle tissues and glands – subdivided
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

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13
Q

Sympathetic

A

Sympathetic – fight or flight

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14
Q

Parasympathetic

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Parasympathetic – rest

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15
Q

ENS

A

ENS – Enteric – neurons in enteric plexuses extending length of GI tract – many neurons function independently from ANS and CNS – sensory = monitor chemical changes of GI and stretching of walls – motor neurons = contractions and control endocrine cells

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16
Q

Neurons

A

Neurons
Electrical excitability
Parts:
Cell body (Soma)
Dendrites
Axon
Synapse

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17
Q

Cell body (Soma)

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Cell body (Soma) – nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, golgi complex, and rough endoplasmic reticulum – RER = NISSL BODIES – Neurofibrils = cytoskeleton

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18
Q

Dendrites

A

Dendrites – many – conduct impulses from receptor or neurons to cell body

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19
Q

Axon

A

Axon – single – conduct impulses from neuron to dendrites, or to cell body of other neurons, or to effector organ – muscle or gland

20
Q

Synapse

A

Synapse – functional contact b/w two neurons or neuron and effector

21
Q

Neuroglia

A

Neuroglia - Specialized cells to support neurons

22
Q

Myelin

A

Myelin – electrically insulate axon and increase conduction – lipid and protein covering – surround axon of neurons – gaps = nodes of Ranvier

23
Q

CNS Neuroglia

A

CNS Neuroglia
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

24
Q

Astrocytes

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Astrocytes – filter – build and regulation blood-brain barrier – maintain the balance of extracellular ions – control the production of neurotransmitters – modify synapse – maintains chemical environment - CNS

25
Q

Oligodendrocytes

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Oligodendrocytes – support – myelin production - CNS

26
Q

Microglia

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Microglia – phagocytotic = cell eating – immune responses – take out bad cells - CNS

27
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Ependymal cells – line fluid-filled spaces in brain – barrier b/w cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue – control production and flow CSF, brain metabolism, and waste clearance - CNS

28
Q

PNS Neuroglia

A

PNS Neuroglia
Schwann cells
Satellite cells

29
Q

Schwann cells

A

Schwann cells – myelin (neurolemma) production – maintain and regenerate axons - PNS

30
Q

Satellite cells

A

Satellite cells – support – nutrients to neurons – protective and cushioning cells - PNS

31
Q

White Matter

A

White Matter – Communicator – pale tissue
Long axons with myelin sheaths and unmyelinated
Cortex of brain – 60% of brain
Surface of spinal cord – outside of “H” – surrounds grey
Transmits sensory and motor impulses b/w PNS and grey matter
Controls involuntary functions
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Temperature

32
Q

Grey Matter

A

Grey Matter – Processor – darker tissue
Surface of brain – forms cortex – 40%
Inside spinal cord
Cell bodies, axon terminals, & dendrites
Capillary blood vessels
Unmyelinated axons
Neuroglia
Processes white matter info, sends instructions to effectors through white matter
Controls senses and muscle control
Hearing
Feeling
Seeing
Speech
Memory

33
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Resting membrane potential
Existence of transmembrane polarity
Determined by unequal distribution of ions on plasma membrane
Na+ - pumps compensate for slow leak into cell – pumps it out
K+
Voltage measured across a membrane – usually -70 millivolts = polarized
Positive outside
Negative inside
Ion channels allow ion movement across membrane to change potential
Leakage – non-gated – always open
Gate – open and closed
Voltage changes
Specific ligands (chemical)
Mechanical vibration or pressure

34
Q

Synaptic Events

A

Synaptic Events
1) Impulse at bulb of axon
2) Ca+ channels open, Ca+ flows in
3) Neurotransmitters release into synaptic gap/cleft
4) Bind to receptors, open ion channels on dendrites
5) More ions enter and can trigger impulse

35
Q

Uptake of Neurotransmitters

A

Diffusion
Enzymatic degradation
Uptake into cells

36
Q

Action Potentials

A

Action Potentials – communication over short and long distances
Rapid
Conducts/propagates point to point across membrane = nerve impulse
Voltage gates for Na+ and K+ open
All or nothing – stronger stim doesn’t = stronger action

37
Q

Depolarization

A

Depolarization
Decrease and reverse membrane potential
Activation gate – Na+ gates open – send rush of + ions into cell – throws off the charge of the cell
Must pass threshold to full excite membrane = -55mv or reversed
Rises to +30mv
Nerve impulse is fired

38
Q

Continuous conduction

A

Continuous conduction – unmyelinated – slower – travels down axon

39
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Saltatory conduction – unmyelinated – fast – jumping node to node

40
Q

Repolarization

A

Repolarization
Restoration of resting membrane potential
Even out chargers within membrane
K+ gate opens – delayed reaction
Inactivation gate – Na+ closes
Refractory period – Absolute – Impulse cant be generated

41
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Hyperpolarization
K+ channel is late – pumps too much back in
Overextends – too negative
Refractory period – relative
Must send back to resting membrane potential = -70mv
- suprathreshold stim

42
Q

Rules of Propagation

A

Rules of Propagation
Larger fibres = faster impulse – more flow
Myelinated = faster – less energy needed
Warm = faster conduction

43
Q

Grade Potentials

A

Grade Potentials – communication over short distances
Waves in pond
Dendrites – Starting = high membrane potential
Soma – Waves get smaller and smaller as they travel
Doesn’t always have a strong enough charge to make it to the axon hillock where it would be propagated
Over time charge will add up and hit the threshold
Gates open over time

44
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Neurotransmitter
Excitatory or inhibitory
Body’s chemical messengers
Transmit messages between neurons, or from neurons to muscles

45
Q

Classes of Neurotransmitters

A

2 classes of Neurotransmitters
Small molecule – acetylcholine, amino acids, biogenic amines, ATP, purines, and gases
Neuropeptides – amino acids linked by peptide bone

46
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters

A

Types of Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine – ANS – Contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rat
Glutamate – CNS – memory, cognition, and mood regulation
Aspartate
GABA – CNS – gamma-aminobutyric acid – chemical messenger in, slows down by blocking specific signals in CNS – calming effect.
Glycine
Norepinephrine - neurotransmitter and hormone - “fight-or-flight” – mobilizer
Epinephrine – neurotransmitter and hormone - “fight-or-flight” – mobilizer
Dopamine – emotions, behavior, and movement

A&P - 1539 (9 decks)

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