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A&P - 1539 > Module 2 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 2 - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Matter – composed of chemical elements

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2
Q

Chemical Elements + total body mass

A

Chemical elements – O2, C, H, N, = 96% of total body weight w/ Ca and P = 98.5%

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3
Q

Atoms

A

Units of matter of all elements

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4
Q

Element

A

Element – quantity of matter composed of atoms of same type

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5
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Radioactive isotope – unstable and emits radiation

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6
Q

Free radical

A

Electrically charged atom or group of atoms with unpaired electron in outer shell
Become stable by giving up or taking from another atom or molecule

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Protons ++
Neutrons
Electrons –

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8
Q

Ions

A

Ions - Either gives up or gains electrons – positive or negative charge b/c unequal # of protons and electrons

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9
Q

Cation charge

A

++

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10
Q

Anions charge

A

–

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

Different atoms with same element
Same # of protons
Diff # of neutrons

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12
Q

Antioxidants

A

Antioxidants – inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals

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13
Q

Molecules

A

Molecules – Two+ atoms share electrons

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14
Q

Compound

A

Compound – two+ different atoms – H2O

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15
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

Atoms of a molecule held together by force

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16
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Hydrogen Bonds
Two atoms associate with hydrogen atom
Weakest
Cannot bind atoms into molecules
Serve as links b/w molecules to give strength and stability
Gives 3D shape to large molecules

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16
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Ionic Bonds
Atom loses or gains a valance electron = ion
+ & - are attracted
2nd strongest
Exist as solids
Electrolyte – dissociate in solution to their + & - ions

17
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Covalent bonds
Strongest
Atoms of molecules share electrons
Most common
Polar or non-polar
Polar – bonding of hydrogen to oxygen or Nitrogen allow hydrogen bonds to form

18
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work

19
Q

Potential Energy

A

Potential energy
Energy stored by matter due its position

20
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Kinetic energy – matter in motion

21
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

new bonds form or old bonds broken

22
Q

Metabolism

A

Metabolism – all reactions
Reactants – starting substances
Products – ending substances
Total mass of reactants = total mass of products – law of conservation of mass

23
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

Synthesis reactions – anabolic – bond is formed – atoms/molecules combine
A + B –> AB

24
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

Decomposition reaction – catabolic – bond broken down
AB –> A + B

25
Q

Oxidation and Reduction

A

Oxidation – atom will transfer electron to another atom or compound – charge is now more positive - loss of electron from molecule – decrease in potential energy
Na –> Na + e- (cant use – signs in chemisty)
Reduction – reduction of charge b/c more electrons = more negative charge - gain of electron by molecule – increase in potential energy
Cl + e- –> Cl-

26
Q

Inorganic compounds vs organic compound

A

Inorganic compounds – lack carbon – simple molecules
Organic compounds – always have carbon and hydrogen – covalent bonds – usually have oxygen

27
Q

Water

A

Water
Inorganic compound
Polarity
- Uneven sharing of valence electrons
- Partial negative near single oxygen
- Two partial positive new two hydrogen
Enables reactants to collide to form products
Dissolves wastes
Cohesion – high surface tension – difficult to break or stretch
Major part of mucus and lubricating fluids

28
Q

Ionization/dissociation

A

Ionization/dissociation – separate into ions when dissolved in water
- Inorganic acids, bases, or salts
- Acids = into 1+ hydrogen (H+) and 1+ anions (- -ions)
- Bases = into 1+ hydroxide (OH-) and 1+ cations (++ ions)
- Salt = into cations and anions, neither H+ or OH-

29
Q

Acids and Bases

A

Body needs specific quantities
Acidity vs alkalinity of solutions base on pH scale – 0-14
Neutral – 7.0
Below 7 = acid = more H+
Above 7 = alkaline = more OH-
pH urine and saliva = 6.3-6.6
pH blood = 7.4
pH 14 = Drain cleaner
pH 0 = battery acid

30
Q

Buffer system

A

Buffer system – weak acid or base to even things out – carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer

31
Q

Carbohydrates Priorities

A

provide energy for life
sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose
some get converted to building structures and generate ATP
other are food reserves

32
Q

Types of Carbs

A

3 groups
1) Monosaccharides – simple
2) Disaccharides – two monos formed by dehydration syn. Hydrolysis can spilt
3) Polysaccharides – complex – 100s+ monos - Glycogen – stored in liver or skeletal muscles

33
Q

Lipids

A

Like carbs, have C, H, & O
No 2:1 ratio of H to O
Less polar covalent bonds
insoluble in polar substances – H2O
Soluble in non-polar - alcohol

34
Q

Triglycerides

A

Triglycerides founds most
Protection
Insulation
Energy

35
Q

Phospholipids

A

Phospholipids – membrane components

36
Q

Steroids

A

Steroids – sex hormones estrogen and testosterone

37
Q

Proteins

A

Proteins
Structure to body
Regulate processes
Protected
Muscle contractions
Transport substances
Denaturing of proteins – hostile environment makes protein lose its shape and function
serve as enzymes

38
Q

Amino Acids

A

Amino acids – building blocks of proteins
C, H, O, and, N
Come together with covalent bonds to make a peptide bond

39
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins serve as enzymes
Catalysts for speeding up chemical reactions
Lower activation rate, saving ATP
1) Substrates approach active sites on enzyme
2) They bind and link with other substrates = enzyme-substrate complex
3) Conformational change
4) Product released and enzyme moves on

40
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Huge organic molecules
Basic units – nucleotides
C, H, O, N, and P
1) DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid – genetic code and regulates cell activity
2) RNA – Ribonucleic acid – carries instructions from genes of cell to guide ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins

41
Q

ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate

A

ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
Principle energy storing molecule
Energy is liberated and decomposed to ADP and P (Adenosine diphosphate and phosphorus)
Manufactured from ADP and P with energy from decomp reactions of glucose

A&P - 1539 (7 decks)

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