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A&P - 1539 > Module 6 - Bones > Flashcards

Module 6 - Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Bone Function

A

Functions
Support – attachment site for muscles – structural framework – support for soft tissue
Protection – internal organs have bony coverings
Movement – assist muscles
Mineral Homeostasis – store and release minerals – calcium and phosphorus
Production of blood cells – red marrow of bones – hemopoiesis
Triglyceride storage – yellow marrow

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2
Q

Bone Classification

A

Classification
Long bones – shaft with two ends - femur
Short – cube-like – ankle bones (tarsals)
Flat – thin and curved – skull bones
Irregular

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3
Q

Long Bone - Parts

A

Long Bones
Diaphysis
Epiphyses
Metaphysis
Hyaline cartilage
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Red marrow
Yellow marrow

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4
Q

Diaphysis

A

Diaphysis – shaft

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5
Q

Epiphyses

A

Epiphyses – ends

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6
Q

Metaphysis

A

Metaphysis – area b/w diaphysis and epiphyses – epiphyseal plate

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7
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage – ends of bones – reduces friction and absorbs shock

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8
Q

Periosteum

A

Periosteum – connective tissue – covering surface – osteogenic cells – protect bones – assist in fracture repair – nourish bone tissue – attachment point for ligaments and tendons

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9
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Medullary cavity – in shaft – yellow marrow

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10
Q

Endosteum

A

Endosteum – lines inner medullar cavity

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11
Q

Red marrow

A

Red marrow – blood cell production

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12
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

Yellow marrow – fat storage

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13
Q

Bone Cells

A

Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts – break down bone – reabsorption

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14
Q

Osteoprogenitor

A

Osteoprogenitor – stem cells

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15
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Osteoblasts – bone building cells

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16
Q

Osteocytes

A

Osteocytes – mature bone – maintain bone – principle cells

17
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Osteoclasts – break down bone – reabsorption

18
Q

Matrix

A

Matrix
inorganic salts – hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, and collagen fibres
salts deposited into framework of collagen fibres – calcification or mineralization
mineral salts = hardness
collagen = tensile strength

19
Q

Compact Bone

A

Compact Bone
arranged in Osteons or Haversian Systems
Osteons
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and osteocytes
aligned in same direction – along stress lines
hollow passage
Calcified matrix

20
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Spongy Bone
No osteons
Trabeculae
Canaliculi
Endosteum
Lamellae
Lacuna
Red marrow
Most structure of short, flat, and irregular bones
Epiphysis of long bones
Light
Supports and protects red marrow

21
Q

Canaliculi

A

Canaliculi – light openings on surface – pores
Spongy bone

22
Q

Trabeculae

A

Trabeculae – columns or beams of bone
spongy bone

23
Q

Endosteum - Spongy Bone

A

Endosteum – lining outside
spongy bone - inside

24
Q

Lamellae - spongy bone

A

Lamellae – concentric rings – like tree rings - spongy bone

25
Q

Lacuna

A

Lacuna – spaces b/w rings – osteocytes and fluid - spongy bone

26
Q

Ossification

A

Ossification – bone formation
Mesenchymal cells give template
2 types
Intramembranous
Endochondral

27
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Intramembranous Ossification
from or w/in fibrous connective tissue membranes
flat bones of skull and mandible

28
Q

Intramembranous Ossification - Steps

A

4 Steps
Osteoblast cluster at centre of ossification – mesenchymal cells group
Osteoblasts secrete matrix – osteoid traps blasts – become osteocytes
Trabeculae lay down to form spongy bone – blood vessels come in – periosteum form, outer surface covering
Compact bone develops superficial – blood vessels condense to red marrow

29
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Endochondral Ossification
Hyaline cartilage template
Early fetal development
Growth in length and thickness

30
Q

Endochondral Ossification - Steps

A

5 steps
Cartilage model – mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts – form model – cells organize into columns – mature to chondrocytes
Calcification – chondrocytes at center hypertrophy – secrete matrix of collagen and glycoprotein – calcification of tissue
Primary Ossification center – model becomes vascular – chondrocytes die – bone marrow formed at center – osteoprogenitor cells come and differentiate into osteoblasts – in diaphysis
Secondary Ossification center – epiphysis – ossification continues in the diaphysis – new site in ends of bones – ends become vascular – ossification begins at ends
Epiphyseal plate formation – joint surface as articular cartilage

31
Q

Remodeling

A

Remodeling
Constantly breaking down and reform

32
Q

Remodeling Phases

A

Phases:
Activation – pre-osteoclasts are attracted to area – fuse into multinucleated osteoclasts
Resporption – osteoclasts dig out resorption pit or tunnel – calcium released into blood – osteoclasts disappear
Reversal – stem cells appear and differentiate into osteoblasts
Formation – release osteoid = new matrix – matrix is mineralized with calcium and phosphorous
Quiescense – dormant lining cells

33
Q

Minerals

A

Minerals needed
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium

34
Q

Vitamins

A

Vitamins
A
B12
C
D
K

35
Q

Hormones

A

Hormones
Thyroid hormones
Insulin
calcitonin
Human growth hormone:
Estrogen
Testosterone

36
Q

Calcium Homeostasis

A

Calcium Homeostasis
Blood level calcium ions (Ca2+)
Normal: 10mg/dL
Regulated for physiology of:
Cardiac
Nerve
Enzyme
Blood

37
Q

Parathyroid hormones (PTH)

A

Parathyroid hormones (PTH) – below normal -10mg/dL
Regulated Ca2+ of bones and blood
Increases blood calcium levels
Parathyroid gland
Osteoclasts release Ca2+ from bones
Calcium is reabsorbed from urine by the kidneys
Calcium absorption in the small intestine increases via vitamin D synthesis

38
Q

Calcitonin (CT)

A

Calcitonin (CT) – above normal +10mg/dL
Thyroid gland
Decreases blood Ca2+
Thyroid gland releases calcitonin
Osteoclast activity is inhibited
Ca2+ reabsorption in kidneys decreases

A&P - 1539 (7 decks)

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