Module 4 - Tissues Flashcards
Tissue
Tissue – Group of cells with similar embryological origin – same specialized function
3 developmental layers
Outer – ectoderms
Middle – mesoderm
Deep – endoderm
Ectoderms - developmental
Outer – ectoderms
Skin cells
Neurons
Pigment cells
Mesoderm - developmental
Middle – mesoderm
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Red blood cells
Connective tissue
Bone
Endoderm - developmental
Deep – endoderm
Lining air ways
Digestive system – not mouth or rectum
glands
Tissue Classifications
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue – protection for underlying tissue
Covers surfaces
Lines hollow organs
Cavities and ducts
Avascular
Arranged in sheets – single or multi layer
Packer cells
Epithelial Tissue Functions
Protect
Filter
Lubricate
Secretion and excretion
Digestion
Absorption
Transport
Sensory reception
Reproduction
Cell junctions
Cell junctions – secure attachments b/w
Tight – strands of proteins hold them tightly together – knitted
Anchoring – held by actin or intermediate filament
Gap – signal-conducting
Basement membrane
Basement membrane – extracellular layer holds epithelial tissue on top of connective tissue
Made of collagen and glycoproteins – basal lamina
Reticular lamina – underlayer – reticular fibers
Epithelial cell layout
Shapes: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-like), columnar (rectangular), and transitional (variable)
Layers: simple (one layer), stratified (several) – more durable, pseudostratified (one appearing as #)
Epithelial Cell types
Cell types
Simple squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified Squamous
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Transitional
Simple squamous
allows diffusion, filtration, and secretes – air sacs lung, lining heart, blood and lymph vessels
Simple Columnar
Simple Columnar – moves fluids – absorbs and secrets mucous and enzymes – ciliated tissues – bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus – nonciliated tissues in GI tract and bladder
Pseudostratified columnar
Pseudostratified columnar – secrets and moves mucous – upper trachea – cilia moves and traps particles
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Cuboidal – secrets and absorbs – wear and tear – ducts of small glands and kidney tubules
Stratified Squamous
Stratified Squamous – protects abrasion – esophagus, mouth, and vagina
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Cuboidal – protective – sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary
Stratified Columnar
Stratified Columnar – secrets and protects – male urethra and some ducts
Transitional
Transitional – expand and stretch – bladder, urethra, and ureters
Glands
Glands – adapted for secretion
Endocrine
Exocrine
Endocrine Glands
Endocrine – ductless – secrete products (hormones) into extracellular fluid – diffuse into blood
Exocrine Glands
Exocrine – sweat, oil, digestive glands – secrete products into ducts – empty on a surface of organ or body
Merocrine
Apocrine – pinch of apical surfaces with secretory vesicles – pubic sweat
Holocrine
Merocrine Glands
Merocrine – secrete sweat
Apocrine Glands
Apocrine – pinch of apical surfaces with secretory vesicles – pubic sweat
Holocrine Glands
Holocrine – destroyed after accumulation – sebaceous glands skin and hair with oil secretions
Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue – protects and supports
Fat and other padding
Bone
Tendons
Not on free surfaces
Vascular – except cartilage and tendons
Nerve supply – not cartilage
Connective Tissue Cell names
Cell names
Immature – “blast” – cell division – formation
Mature – “cyte” – no cell division – maintain matrix
Connective Tissue Cell types
Cell types
Fibroblast – secret fibres and matrix
Macrophages or histiocytes – developed from phagocytic and monocytes
Mast cells – produce histamine
Adipose – store energy
Connective Tissue Elements
3 basic elements
Cells
Ground substance
Protein fibres
Ground substance
Ground substance – matrix – fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified
Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Keratan sulfate
Protein fibres
Protein fibres
Collagen – tough and stretch resistant – flexible – bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
Elastic – stretch and strength – skin, blood vessels, and lungs
Reticular – support network – walls of blood vessels – around fat, nerve, skeletal and smooth muscle
Connective Tissue bases
3 classes base on material of group substances
Proper
Supportive
Fluid
Connective Tissue Types
Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Bone
Liquid
Loose connective tissue
Loose connective tissue – proper
Areolar – in subcutaneous layer – all 3 fibres – semi fluid ground substance – aids passage of nutrients
Adipose – adipocytes – store triglycerides – reduce heat loss – energy reserve – protects
Reticular – fine lacing of fibres and cells – bind smooth muscle cells
Dense connective tissue
Dense connective tissue – proper – thicker, denser, more # fibres
Regular – bundles of collagen regular, orderly, and parallel arrangement
Irregular – collagen – irregular arrangement – where tension in various places – occurs in sheets – heart valves, perichondrium (surrounds cartilage)
Cartilage
Cartilage – supportive connective
Dense network of collagen and elastic fibres in chondroitin sulfate
Collagen – strength
Chondroitin – resilience – occur w/I lacunae (housing, layer around each cell) in matrix
No blood vessels or nerves
Growth – interstitial (endogenous – within) and appositional (exogenous – outside)
Surrounded by dense irregular membrane – perichondrium
Types of Cartilage
3 types
Hyaline – most abundant – weakest – fine collagen fibres in gel-type matrix – flexibility and support – reduces friction and absorbs shock
Fibrocartilage – bundles of collagen – strong and rigid – strongest – no perichondrium
Elastic – threadlike network of elastic fibres – perichondrium – strength and elasticity – maintains shape of organs
Bone Tissue
Bone – osseous tissue
Matrix of mineral salts and collagenous fibres
Osteocytes
Compact or spongy
Unit of compact – osteon or haversian system
supports, protects, provide movement, stores minerals, houses blood forming tissue
Osteon/Haversian system
Unit of compact – osteon or haversian system
Lamella – rings of matrix – mineral salts and collagen – hardness and strength
Lacunae – small spaces b/w lamellae – contain mature bone cells
Canaliculi – canals – contain processes of osteocytes – routes for nutrients and waste
Central (Haversian) canal – blood vessels and nerves
Trabeculae
Spongy bones has trabeculae – tubes holding up
Liquid Connective Tissue
Liquid
Blood – vascular tissue – liquid matrix, plasma and formed elements
Erythrocytes – (RBC) transport respiratory gases
Leukocytes – (WBC) phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions
Thrombocytes – Platelets – blood clotting
Lymph – interstitial fluid flowing in lymph vessels
Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue – movement and generation of force
Fibres modified for contractions – provide motion, maintain posture, and produce heat
Striated Muscle
striated muscle – long thin cells with many nuclei – alternate light and dark stripes
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal – long cylindrical fiber – attached to bones – striated – voluntary
Smooth Muscle
Smooth – short spindle shaped – visceral – walls of hollow structures – blood vessels and viscera – nonstriated – involuntary – provide motion – constricts, propulsions, and contracts
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac – heart walls – slow, branches, striated – involuntary – contracts to pump blood
Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue – coordinate activities and monitors external environment
Two principle cells
Neurons – nerve cells – sensitive to stimuli – converts – conducts to targets – cell body, dendrites, and axons
Neuroglia – supporting cells – protective
Membranes
Membranes
Flat sheets of pliable tissue cover and line
Epithelial membranes
Epithelial membranes
epithelial layer and connective tissue under
Mucous – lines cavities open to exit – epithelial layer is defense, secrets lube – connective = lamina propria
Serous
Cutaneous
Serous Membrane
Serous – lines body cavity not open to exit, covers organs in a cavity – around heart
2 layers – parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)
Mucous Membrane
Mucous – lines cavities open to exit – epithelial layer is defense, secrets lube – connective = lamina propria
Synovial membranes
Synovial membranes – lines joint cavities, bursae, tendon sheaths – no epithelium – secret synovial fluid
