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A&P - 1539 > Module 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Module 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

Tissue – Group of cells with similar embryological origin – same specialized function

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2
Q

3 developmental layers

A

Outer – ectoderms
Middle – mesoderm
Deep – endoderm

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3
Q

Ectoderms - developmental

A

Outer – ectoderms
Skin cells
Neurons
Pigment cells

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4
Q

Mesoderm - developmental

A

Middle – mesoderm
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Red blood cells
Connective tissue
Bone

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5
Q

Endoderm - developmental

A

Deep – endoderm
Lining air ways
Digestive system – not mouth or rectum
glands

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6
Q

Tissue Classifications

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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7
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Epithelial Tissue – protection for underlying tissue
Covers surfaces
Lines hollow organs
Cavities and ducts
Avascular
Arranged in sheets – single or multi layer
Packer cells

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8
Q

Epithelial Tissue Functions

A

Protect
Filter
Lubricate
Secretion and excretion
Digestion
Absorption
Transport
Sensory reception
Reproduction

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9
Q

Cell junctions

A

Cell junctions – secure attachments b/w
Tight – strands of proteins hold them tightly together – knitted
Anchoring – held by actin or intermediate filament
Gap – signal-conducting

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10
Q

Basement membrane

A

Basement membrane – extracellular layer holds epithelial tissue on top of connective tissue
Made of collagen and glycoproteins – basal lamina
Reticular lamina – underlayer – reticular fibers

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11
Q

Epithelial cell layout

A

Shapes: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-like), columnar (rectangular), and transitional (variable)
Layers: simple (one layer), stratified (several) – more durable, pseudostratified (one appearing as #)

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12
Q

Epithelial Cell types

A

Cell types
Simple squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified Squamous
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Transitional

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13
Q

Simple squamous

A

allows diffusion, filtration, and secretes – air sacs lung, lining heart, blood and lymph vessels

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14
Q

Simple Columnar

A

Simple Columnar – moves fluids – absorbs and secrets mucous and enzymes – ciliated tissues – bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus – nonciliated tissues in GI tract and bladder

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15
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

Pseudostratified columnar – secrets and moves mucous – upper trachea – cilia moves and traps particles

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16
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

Simple Cuboidal – secrets and absorbs – wear and tear – ducts of small glands and kidney tubules

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17
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Stratified Squamous – protects abrasion – esophagus, mouth, and vagina

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18
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A

Stratified Cuboidal – protective – sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary

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19
Q

Stratified Columnar

A

Stratified Columnar – secrets and protects – male urethra and some ducts

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20
Q

Transitional

A

Transitional – expand and stretch – bladder, urethra, and ureters

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21
Q

Glands

A

Glands – adapted for secretion
Endocrine
Exocrine

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22
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Endocrine – ductless – secrete products (hormones) into extracellular fluid – diffuse into blood

23
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Exocrine – sweat, oil, digestive glands – secrete products into ducts – empty on a surface of organ or body
Merocrine
Apocrine – pinch of apical surfaces with secretory vesicles – pubic sweat
Holocrine

24
Q

Merocrine Glands

A

Merocrine – secrete sweat

25
Q

Apocrine Glands

A

Apocrine – pinch of apical surfaces with secretory vesicles – pubic sweat

26
Q

Holocrine Glands

A

Holocrine – destroyed after accumulation – sebaceous glands skin and hair with oil secretions

27
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Connective Tissue – protects and supports
Fat and other padding
Bone
Tendons
Not on free surfaces
Vascular – except cartilage and tendons
Nerve supply – not cartilage

28
Q

Connective Tissue Cell names

A

Cell names
Immature – “blast” – cell division – formation
Mature – “cyte” – no cell division – maintain matrix

29
Q

Connective Tissue Cell types

A

Cell types
Fibroblast – secret fibres and matrix
Macrophages or histiocytes – developed from phagocytic and monocytes
Mast cells – produce histamine
Adipose – store energy

30
Q

Connective Tissue Elements

A

3 basic elements
Cells
Ground substance
Protein fibres

31
Q

Ground substance

A

Ground substance – matrix – fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified
Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Keratan sulfate

32
Q

Protein fibres

A

Protein fibres
Collagen – tough and stretch resistant – flexible – bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
Elastic – stretch and strength – skin, blood vessels, and lungs
Reticular – support network – walls of blood vessels – around fat, nerve, skeletal and smooth muscle

33
Q

Connective Tissue bases

A

3 classes base on material of group substances
Proper
Supportive
Fluid

34
Q

Connective Tissue Types

A

Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Bone
Liquid

35
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue – proper
Areolar – in subcutaneous layer – all 3 fibres – semi fluid ground substance – aids passage of nutrients
Adipose – adipocytes – store triglycerides – reduce heat loss – energy reserve – protects
Reticular – fine lacing of fibres and cells – bind smooth muscle cells

36
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Dense connective tissue – proper – thicker, denser, more # fibres
Regular – bundles of collagen regular, orderly, and parallel arrangement
Irregular – collagen – irregular arrangement – where tension in various places – occurs in sheets – heart valves, perichondrium (surrounds cartilage)

37
Q

Cartilage

A

Cartilage – supportive connective
Dense network of collagen and elastic fibres in chondroitin sulfate
Collagen – strength
Chondroitin – resilience – occur w/I lacunae (housing, layer around each cell) in matrix
No blood vessels or nerves
Growth – interstitial (endogenous – within) and appositional (exogenous – outside)
Surrounded by dense irregular membrane – perichondrium

38
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

3 types
Hyaline – most abundant – weakest – fine collagen fibres in gel-type matrix – flexibility and support – reduces friction and absorbs shock
Fibrocartilage – bundles of collagen – strong and rigid – strongest – no perichondrium
Elastic – threadlike network of elastic fibres – perichondrium – strength and elasticity – maintains shape of organs

39
Q

Bone Tissue

A

Bone – osseous tissue
Matrix of mineral salts and collagenous fibres
Osteocytes
Compact or spongy
Unit of compact – osteon or haversian system
supports, protects, provide movement, stores minerals, houses blood forming tissue

40
Q

Osteon/Haversian system

A

Unit of compact – osteon or haversian system
Lamella – rings of matrix – mineral salts and collagen – hardness and strength
Lacunae – small spaces b/w lamellae – contain mature bone cells
Canaliculi – canals – contain processes of osteocytes – routes for nutrients and waste
Central (Haversian) canal – blood vessels and nerves

41
Q

Trabeculae

A

Spongy bones has trabeculae – tubes holding up

42
Q

Liquid Connective Tissue

A

Liquid
Blood – vascular tissue – liquid matrix, plasma and formed elements
Erythrocytes – (RBC) transport respiratory gases
Leukocytes – (WBC) phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions
Thrombocytes – Platelets – blood clotting
Lymph – interstitial fluid flowing in lymph vessels

43
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Muscle Tissue – movement and generation of force
Fibres modified for contractions – provide motion, maintain posture, and produce heat

44
Q

Striated Muscle

A

striated muscle – long thin cells with many nuclei – alternate light and dark stripes

45
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Skeletal – long cylindrical fiber – attached to bones – striated – voluntary

46
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Smooth – short spindle shaped – visceral – walls of hollow structures – blood vessels and viscera – nonstriated – involuntary – provide motion – constricts, propulsions, and contracts

47
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Cardiac – heart walls – slow, branches, striated – involuntary – contracts to pump blood

48
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Nervous Tissue – coordinate activities and monitors external environment
Two principle cells
Neurons – nerve cells – sensitive to stimuli – converts – conducts to targets – cell body, dendrites, and axons
Neuroglia – supporting cells – protective

49
Q

Membranes

A

Membranes
Flat sheets of pliable tissue cover and line

50
Q

Epithelial membranes

A

Epithelial membranes
epithelial layer and connective tissue under
Mucous – lines cavities open to exit – epithelial layer is defense, secrets lube – connective = lamina propria
Serous
Cutaneous

51
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Serous – lines body cavity not open to exit, covers organs in a cavity – around heart
2 layers – parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)

52
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Mucous – lines cavities open to exit – epithelial layer is defense, secrets lube – connective = lamina propria

53
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Synovial membranes – lines joint cavities, bursae, tendon sheaths – no epithelium – secret synovial fluid

A&P - 1539 (9 decks)

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