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A&P - 1539 > Module 3 - Cells > Flashcards

Module 3 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

3 principle parts of cell

A

Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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2
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Flexible, sturdy barrier
Contains cytoplasm
Fluid mosaic model
Double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules
Proteins dispersed throughout
Surface hydrophilic (loves water) – polar phosphate heads
Internal hydrophobic – nonpolar fatty acids
Integral proteins – firmly inserted – glycoproteins – serve as channels, transporters, and receptors, and enzymes
Peripheral proteins – loosely on inner and outer surface – serving as enzymes or cytoskeletal anchors
Cholesterol – stabilizes and reduces fluidity
Selectively permeable
Yes – small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules
No – ions, charged, or polar molecules
Transmembrane protein act as channels
Macromolecule use vesicular transport

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3
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Integral proteins – firmly inserted – glycoproteins – serve as channels, transporters, and receptors, and enzymes

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4
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Peripheral proteins – loosely on inner and outer surface – serving as enzymes or cytoskeletal anchors

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5
Q

Cholesterol

A

Cholesterol – stabilizes and reduces fluidity

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6
Q

Parts of Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Organelles

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7
Q

Cytosol

A

Cytosol – intracellular fluid
semi fluid – contains inclusions and dissolves solutes
mostly water, proteins, carbs, lipids, and inorganic substances
chemicals either in solution or colloidal (suspended) form
medium where metabolic reactions occur

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8
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules
Centrosomes
Cilia and Flagella

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9
Q

Microfilaments

A

Microfilaments – made of actin – function in movement and mechanical support

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10
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Intermediate filaments – diff proteins – function to support and anchor organelles

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11
Q

Microtubules

A

Microtubules – protein called tubulin – determines cells shape – transports organelles – moves chromosomes during division

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12
Q

Centrosomes

A

Centrosomes – dense areas of cytoplasm containing centrioles – centers for organizing microtubules interphase and mitotic spindle during division

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13
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

Cilia and Flagella – hair like projections from surface – move materials. Flagella – sperms

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes or Synthesizer – consist of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins – freely or in ER – synthesize proteins by building amino acids

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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum - STORAGE – network of membranes in flattened sacs (cisterns) – holds ribosomes and newly synthesized proteins – transports and stores – releases calcium for muscle contractions

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16
Q

Rough ER

A

Rough ER – continuous with nucleus – outer surface studded with ribosomes – synthesizes glycoproteins and fats

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17
Q

Smooth ER

A

Smooth ER – Extends from rough – network of tubules – no ribosomes on membrane – detoxes chemicals

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18
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Golgi Complex or SORTER – packages, processes, and delivers proteins sends to other places in cell – improves and fixes proteins from ER – forms vesicles to move molecules to membrane, exocytosis – tags things for location – Membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles

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19
Q

Lysosomes

A

Lysosomes or Garbage Guts – cut or digest – membrane bound – digests molecules – formed in golgi complex – intracellular digestion – autophagy – worn out organelles – engulf structures – material can be reused

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20
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Peroxisomes – smaller than lysos – contain enzymes that oxidizes organic substances - lipid metabolism and catabolism of D-amino acids, polyamines and bile acids

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21
Q

Proteasome

A

Proteasome – tiny membrane bound sac that holds protease enzyme – cuts proteins

22
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Mitochondrion – double membrane bound – outer is smooth – inner has folds (cristae) – site of ATP productions by catabolism of nutrient molecules – aerobic cellular reaction – self replicating – own DNA

23
Q

Nucleus

A

Nucleus
Covered by nuclear envelope
Pores – nucleoli
Genetic material (DNA) arranged in single file along chromosomes
DNA is coiled with proteins
26 chromosomes in 23 pairs
Instructions for protein synthesis in DNA

24
Q

Transcription

A

Transcription – a section of DNA is copied onto strand of RNA – mRNA (messenger) – makes a template – directs protein synthesis – RNA polymerase comes to the section and opens it, elongation – the mRNA will leave the nucleus to find a ribosome - DNA synthesizes rRNA (ribosomal) and tRNA (transfer)

25
Q

Translation

A

Translation – inside ribosome - mRNA acts as a code for specific protein – the template will code for its anticodon – carried by tRNA – initiator tRNA will line up with mRNA starter codons and begin bringing amino acids to grow the polypeptide chain with matching anti codons – mRNA is translated into protein that will dictate all actions and representations of genes

26
Q

Cell Division

A

Cell Division
Process of cell reproduction
Mitosis, meiosis, and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)

27
Q

Mitosis

A

Mitosis – increase body cells – nuclear division, with cytokinesis
Distribution of two sets of chromosomes, one set for each nuclei

28
Q

Meiosis

A

Meiosis – production of sperm and eggs

29
Q

interphase

A

Normal cell life – interphase

30
Q

Mitotic phases

A

Mitotic phases – Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis - PMAT

31
Q

Prophase

A

Prophase:
chromosomes condense in nucleus and become visible – become sister chromatids
spindle fibers emerge from centrosomes
nuclear envelope breaks down
centrosomes move towards opposite poles

32
Q

Metaphase

A

Metaphase:
Centrosomes line up in middle – metaphase plate
Each sister chromatid is attached to spindle fiber

33
Q

Anaphase

A

Anaphase:
Centrosomes split
Sister chromatids are split and dragged to opposite sides

34
Q

Telophase

A

Telophase - Chromosomes go to opposite sides and begin decondensing
Nuclear envelope begins to form around chromosomes
Spindle pull nuclei to opposite ends

35
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis:
A cleavage furrow forms and separates nuclei

36
Q

Active or passive Transport - cell movement

A

Transport
Solutes = substances dissolved in a solvent
Concentration gradient is difference concentrations of a substance b/w two areas

37
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Vesicular:
Formation of membrane surrounded vesicles to move materials in or out of cell

38
Q

Endocytosis

A

Endocytosis – particle too large to enter cell

39
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis – large particles

40
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Pinocytosis – fluid with solutes

41
Q

Receptor-mediated

A

Receptor-mediated

42
Q

Exocytosis

A

Exocytosis – membrane encloses structure in cell and beings to surface for exit

43
Q

Passive Transport

A

Passive Transport
Non-mediated
Mediated
Diffusion
Osmosis

44
Q

Passive transport: Non-mediated

A

Non-mediated – diffusion through lipid bilayer or through channel

45
Q

Passive transport- mediated

A

Mediated – facilitated diffusion
Solute binds to transporter
Conformational change
Enters cell

46
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion – random mixing of particles in a solution
Steepness of concentration gradient
Temperature
Size or mass of substance
Surface area
Diffusion distance

47
Q

Osmosis

A

Osmosis – diffusion of water thru a membrane
Movement of water (solute) from high concentration to low

48
Q

Osmosis - Tonicity of solution

A

Tonicity of solution – concentration in and out

49
Q

Osmosis - Isotonic

A

Isotonic – same in and out

50
Q

Osmosis - Hypotonic

A

Hypotonic – solutes outside less – solutes inside more – swell

51
Q

Osmosis - Hypertonic

A

Hypertonic – solutes outside more – solutes inside less – shrink

52
Q

Active Transport

A

Active Transport – energy needed to move solute against gradient
Ions. Amino acids, and monosaccharides
Pumps substances
ATP
Changes shape of transporter protein

A&P - 1539 (9 decks)

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