Module 12 - Special Sense Flashcards
Sensations
Sensations – conscious or unconscious awareness of stim
Perception
Perception – conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations
Proprioceptive kinesthetic
Proprioceptive kinesthetic – awareness of muscle activity, tendons, and joints
Sensory Receptors
Sensory Receptors
Free nerve endings
Encapsulated
Specialized cells
Senses
Senses
Somatic senses
Visceral
Special
Tactile
Pain
Special Sense
Special
Taste
Smell
Vision
Hearing
Equilibrium
Tactile Senses
Tactile
Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Itch and tickle – free nerve ending
Touch Sense
Touch
Crude – simply touched skin
Discriminative – exactly what point
Pressure
Pressure – stim in deeper tissue – longer lasting – sustained sensation – large area
Vibration
Vibration – rapid repetitive – high and low frequency
Itch and Tickle
Itch and tickle – free nerve ending
Pain
Pain – info for damage
Corpuscles of touch
Corpuscles of touch – vibration – Meissner’s corpuscles – rapid adapt receptors
Hair root plexuses
Hair root plexuses – rapid adapt receptors
Cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Cutaneous mechanoreceptors – slow adapting
type I – Merkel discs – pressure
type II – Ruffini corpuscles
Lamellated corpuscles
Lamellated corpuscles – pressure – rapid adapting
Free nerve endings
Free nerve endings
Thermoreceptors – hot and cold separate
Pain – nociceptors
Fast adapt
Slow adapt
Smell – Olfaction
Smell – Olfaction
Nasal epithelium – superior nasal cavity – mucous membrane line
Basal stem = new olfactory receptors
Threshold low
Temporal lobe of cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Limbic system – connection to memory
Taste – gustation
Taste – gustation
Taste receptor cells on taste buds – 50 to 150 receptor cells
Contain receptor extend upward taste pore
Taste hairs = microvilli
Chemicals dissolve from food and drink
Papillae
Papillae – elevation on tongue – hold taste buds
Circumvallate – back
Fungiform – sides and tip
Filiform – no taste buds – flat tongue
Taste bubs Cells
Taste bubs
Gustatory receptor
Basal cells
Support cells
Taste
Sour – middle
Sweet – highest
Bitter – lowest threshold
Salty – highest
Umami
Taste to Brain
Stimulation sends to
Cranial nerves 7, 9, & 10
Medulla
Thalamus
Parietal lobe of cerebral cortex
Eye Accessories
Eye Accessories
Lids – shade
Eyebrows – protect
Lashes – protect
Lacrimal apparatus – produce and dear tears
Layers of Eyeball
Fibrous Tunic
Vascular Tunic
Neural Tunic / Retina
Conjunctiva
Conjunctiva – thin mucous membrane inner eyelid – reflected on surface of eye
Fibrous Tunic
Fibrous Tunic – outer coating
Posterior Sclera – white
Fibrous tissue
Shape and protect – Pierced by optic nerve
Cornea – coat over iris – Refracts light
Vascular Tunic
Vascular Tunic – middle
Choroid
Absorbs and directs light
Provides nutrients to retina
Ciliary Body
Ciliary processes – Secretes aqueous humor – keeps intraocular pressure
Ciliary Muscle – Controls shape of lens = near or far
Iris – Colour and doughnut shaped
Regulates light to posterior cavity
Pupil – light enter
Lens - Focuses – divides
Anterior cavity – behind cornea in front of lens – fluid – drains thru pupil
Vitreous chamber – b/w lens and retina – gel vitreous body
Retina
Retina – inner coat – Nervous tunic – Back ¾ of eye
Pigment layer – Nonvisual
Aids choroid to absorb light
Neural layer – Zones of neurons
Photoreceptors
Rods – black & white – different shades – shapes and movement
Dense in periphery of retina
Cones – colour and sharpness
Concentrated in central fovea – sharpens
Bipolar cell – conduction – inhibit and excitatory
Ganglion cell – collect information and send to brain to be processed
Macula Lutea
Macula lutea – centre back of retina – visual axis - retinal layer
Optic Disc
Optic disc – blind spot – no rods or cones - retina layer
Refraction
Refraction – Bending light rays by 2 diff areas:
Cornea
Lens
Accommodation
Accommodation – increase lens curve – ciliary muscle contractions
Presbyopia
Presbyopia – can’t read close
Myopia
Myopia – nearsightedness – can’t see far
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia – farsightedness – can’t see close up
Astigmatism
Astigmatism – abnormal refraction – irregular curve in cornea or lens
Constriction
Constriction – pupil narrows – prevents light
Convergence
Convergence – focuses
Absorption
Absorption – on photopigments – proteins structural change – glycoprotein w/ opsins types
Rods – rhodopsin
Cones – 3 types with diff photopigments
Graded Potential
Graded Potential
Receptor potential – rod and cones
Neurotransmitters to bipolar cells = graded potential
Excite or inhibit signal to ganglion cells - nerve impulse
Ganglion
Retina
Optic nerve
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
Thalamus
Occipital lobe
External Ear
External Ear – sound waves travel inward
Auricle (pinna)
Auditory Canal (meatus)
Tympanic membrane
Ceruminous glands – ear wax
Middle Ear
Middle Ear – tympanic cavity – air filled
Auditory tube
Ossicles – malleus, incus, and stapes
Oval window – border
Internal Ear
Internal Ear – labyrinth
Outer bony labyrinth in temporal bone – 3 areas
Semicircular canal – receptors for equilibrium – cristae
Vestibule – receptors for equilibrium – 2 sacs
Utricle – maculae (hair cells) – sensory receptors
Saccule
Cochlea – receptors for hearing
Lined with periosteum
Fluid – perilymph – surrounds membranous labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth – inside bony – sacs and tubes
Lined with epithelium
Fluid – endolymph
Hearing
Hearing
Hair cells in cochlear vibrate = mechanical force
Force = stim = electrical signal = receptor potential
Neurotransmitters initiate nerve impulses
Impulse from cochlear to vestibulocochlear to medulla
Opposite side to brain
Mid brain to thalamus
Auditory area of temporal
Pitch
Pitch – difference in width and stiffness
- High – short
- Low – long
- Decibels
Frequency
Frequency – regions of basilar membrane vibrate more
Volume
Volume – size of vibration
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
Static
Dynamic
Static Equilibrium
Static – maintenance position vs gravity
Dynamic Equilibrium
Dynamic – maintenance (mainly head) in sudden movements – rotation, accel vs decel
