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A&P - 1539 > Module 12 - Special Sense > Flashcards

Module 12 - Special Sense Flashcards

1
Q

Sensations

A

Sensations – conscious or unconscious awareness of stim

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2
Q

Perception

A

Perception – conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations

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3
Q

Proprioceptive kinesthetic

A

Proprioceptive kinesthetic – awareness of muscle activity, tendons, and joints

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4
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Sensory Receptors
Free nerve endings
Encapsulated
Specialized cells

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5
Q

Senses

A

Senses
Somatic senses
Visceral
Special
Tactile
Pain

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6
Q

Special Sense

A

Special
Taste
Smell
Vision
Hearing
Equilibrium

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7
Q

Tactile Senses

A

Tactile
Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Itch and tickle – free nerve ending

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8
Q

Touch Sense

A

Touch
Crude – simply touched skin
Discriminative – exactly what point

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9
Q

Pressure

A

Pressure – stim in deeper tissue – longer lasting – sustained sensation – large area

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10
Q

Vibration

A

Vibration – rapid repetitive – high and low frequency

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11
Q

Itch and Tickle

A

Itch and tickle – free nerve ending

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12
Q

Pain

A

Pain – info for damage

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13
Q

Corpuscles of touch

A

Corpuscles of touch – vibration – Meissner’s corpuscles – rapid adapt receptors

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14
Q

Hair root plexuses

A

Hair root plexuses – rapid adapt receptors

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15
Q

Cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

Cutaneous mechanoreceptors – slow adapting
type I – Merkel discs – pressure
type II – Ruffini corpuscles

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16
Q

Lamellated corpuscles

A

Lamellated corpuscles – pressure – rapid adapting

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17
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Free nerve endings
Thermoreceptors – hot and cold separate
Pain – nociceptors
Fast adapt
Slow adapt

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18
Q

Smell – Olfaction

A

Smell – Olfaction
Nasal epithelium – superior nasal cavity – mucous membrane line
Basal stem = new olfactory receptors
Threshold low
Temporal lobe of cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Limbic system – connection to memory

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19
Q

Taste – gustation

A

Taste – gustation
Taste receptor cells on taste buds – 50 to 150 receptor cells
Contain receptor extend upward taste pore
Taste hairs = microvilli
Chemicals dissolve from food and drink

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20
Q

Papillae

A

Papillae – elevation on tongue – hold taste buds
Circumvallate – back
Fungiform – sides and tip
Filiform – no taste buds – flat tongue

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21
Q

Taste bubs Cells

A

Taste bubs
Gustatory receptor
Basal cells
Support cells

22
Q

Taste

A

Sour – middle
Sweet – highest
Bitter – lowest threshold
Salty – highest
Umami

23
Q

Taste to Brain

A

Stimulation sends to
Cranial nerves 7, 9, & 10
Medulla
Thalamus
Parietal lobe of cerebral cortex

24
Q

Eye Accessories

A

Eye Accessories
Lids – shade
Eyebrows – protect
Lashes – protect
Lacrimal apparatus – produce and dear tears

25
Q

Layers of Eyeball

A

Fibrous Tunic
Vascular Tunic
Neural Tunic / Retina

26
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Conjunctiva – thin mucous membrane inner eyelid – reflected on surface of eye

27
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A

Fibrous Tunic – outer coating
Posterior Sclera – white
Fibrous tissue
Shape and protect – Pierced by optic nerve
Cornea – coat over iris – Refracts light

28
Q

Vascular Tunic

A

Vascular Tunic – middle
Choroid
Absorbs and directs light
Provides nutrients to retina
Ciliary Body
Ciliary processes – Secretes aqueous humor – keeps intraocular pressure
Ciliary Muscle – Controls shape of lens = near or far
Iris – Colour and doughnut shaped
Regulates light to posterior cavity
Pupil – light enter
Lens - Focuses – divides
Anterior cavity – behind cornea in front of lens – fluid – drains thru pupil
Vitreous chamber – b/w lens and retina – gel vitreous body

29
Q

Retina

A

Retina – inner coat – Nervous tunic – Back ¾ of eye
Pigment layer – Nonvisual
Aids choroid to absorb light
Neural layer – Zones of neurons
Photoreceptors
Rods – black & white – different shades – shapes and movement
Dense in periphery of retina
Cones – colour and sharpness
Concentrated in central fovea – sharpens
Bipolar cell – conduction – inhibit and excitatory
Ganglion cell – collect information and send to brain to be processed

30
Q

Macula Lutea

A

Macula lutea – centre back of retina – visual axis - retinal layer

31
Q

Optic Disc

A

Optic disc – blind spot – no rods or cones - retina layer

31
Q

Refraction

A

Refraction – Bending light rays by 2 diff areas:
Cornea
Lens

32
Q

Accommodation

A

Accommodation – increase lens curve – ciliary muscle contractions

33
Q

Presbyopia

A

Presbyopia – can’t read close

34
Q

Myopia

A

Myopia – nearsightedness – can’t see far

35
Q

Hypermetropia

A

Hypermetropia – farsightedness – can’t see close up

36
Q

Astigmatism

A

Astigmatism – abnormal refraction – irregular curve in cornea or lens

37
Q

Constriction

A

Constriction – pupil narrows – prevents light

38
Q

Convergence

A

Convergence – focuses

39
Q

Absorption

A

Absorption – on photopigments – proteins structural change – glycoprotein w/ opsins types
Rods – rhodopsin
Cones – 3 types with diff photopigments

40
Q

Graded Potential

A

Graded Potential
Receptor potential – rod and cones
Neurotransmitters to bipolar cells = graded potential
Excite or inhibit signal to ganglion cells - nerve impulse
Ganglion
Retina
Optic nerve
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
Thalamus
Occipital lobe

41
Q

External Ear

A

External Ear – sound waves travel inward
Auricle (pinna)
Auditory Canal (meatus)
Tympanic membrane
Ceruminous glands – ear wax

42
Q

Middle Ear

A

Middle Ear – tympanic cavity – air filled
Auditory tube
Ossicles – malleus, incus, and stapes
Oval window – border

43
Q

Internal Ear

A

Internal Ear – labyrinth
Outer bony labyrinth in temporal bone – 3 areas
Semicircular canal – receptors for equilibrium – cristae
Vestibule – receptors for equilibrium – 2 sacs
Utricle – maculae (hair cells) – sensory receptors
Saccule
Cochlea – receptors for hearing
Lined with periosteum
Fluid – perilymph – surrounds membranous labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth – inside bony – sacs and tubes
Lined with epithelium
Fluid – endolymph

44
Q

Hearing

A

Hearing
Hair cells in cochlear vibrate = mechanical force
Force = stim = electrical signal = receptor potential
Neurotransmitters initiate nerve impulses
Impulse from cochlear to vestibulocochlear to medulla
Opposite side to brain
Mid brain to thalamus
Auditory area of temporal

45
Q

Pitch

A

Pitch – difference in width and stiffness
- High – short
- Low – long
- Decibels

46
Q

Frequency

A

Frequency – regions of basilar membrane vibrate more

47
Q

Volume

A

Volume – size of vibration

48
Q

Equilibrium

A

Equilibrium
Static
Dynamic

49
Q

Static Equilibrium

A

Static – maintenance position vs gravity

50
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

Dynamic – maintenance (mainly head) in sudden movements – rotation, accel vs decel

A&P - 1539 (12 decks)

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