Module 10 - Nervous - Brain Flashcards
Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord
Protected by meninges and CSF
Vertebral column – bony covering
Begins at medulla oblongata
End at second lumbar vertebra
Cauda Equina – end portion
31 pairs of nerves
31 pairs of nerves - Spinal Nerves
31 pairs of nerves
8 cervical - neck
12 thoracic – middle back
5 lumbar – lower back
5 sacrum – fused – pelvic area
1 coccyx – fused – tailbone in upper butt
Meninges
Meninges – connective tissue layers surround brain and spinal cord
Dura Mater – superficial – against bone of skull – holds sinuses for CSF
Arachnoid – middle – thin layer – no blood vessels and nerves
Pia Mater – deep – adheres to surface of spinal cord and brain
White Matter
White matter – high way
Conductions to and from brain
Myelinated axons – sensory and motor nerve fibers
Conducts, processes, and send signals up and down cord
divided into left and right
Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus
Columns
Tracts – Bundles of nerve axon with common origin or destination
Sensory – back – Impulse to brain
Motor – front – Impulse descending to muscles and glands
Grey Matter
Grey matter – synapse – “H” – surrounded by white
Receives and integrates in and out info and reflexes
Cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia
Unmyelinated axons
Dendrites of association and motor neurons
Spinal reflexes – signals processed
Divided
Lateral horn – front
Posterior horns – dorsal
Central canal
Central canal – runs length – contains cerebrospinal
Epineurium
Epineurium – covering spinal nerve
Perineurium
Perineurium – cover nerve fascicle
Plexus
Plexus – network of branched nerves
Spinal nerves pass intervertebral foramen
nerve fibers from different spinal nerves combined – all fibers to body part in one nerve
types
Cervical – skin & muscles of shoulders upward – some cranial nerve - diaphragm
Brachial – upper extremities – neck and shoulder muscles
Lumbar – abdominal wall – genitals – lower extremities
Sacral – buttocks, perineum, and lower extremities
Spinal Cord Function
Spinal Cord Function
Spinal nerves – PNS – connect sensory receptors, muscles, and glands to CNS – split into two at cord
Anterior – Motor – send stim to spinal nerve
Posterior – Sensory – bring stim in to be processes
Ganglion for ANS and SNS
Reflex
Reflexes
Fast auto response to change = homeostasis
Functional components Receptor – hot stove
Sensory neuron – afferent
Integrating center neuron
Motor neuron
Effector – hand leaves stove – stimulate causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete
Pons
Pons – voluntary skeletal – relay from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
Controls respiratory centre in medulla
Pneumotaxic and apneustic areas
Midbrain
Midbrain
motor impulse from cerebrum to cerebellum and cord
sensory from cord to thalamus
regs auditory and visual reflexes
muscle tone
alerts cortex to sensory
maintain consciousness and waking up
Medulla Oblongata
Medulla – involuntary – connects to spinal cord
Heart rate
Resp rate
Vasoconstrictions
Swallow
Coughing
Vomit
Sneezing
Hiccupping
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Thalamus – sorts data – relay station
superior to midbrain
Pain and temp
Light touch
Awareness, knowledge, and cognition
Pineal Gland
Pineal gland – secrets hormones
Melatonin
Diurnal cycles – eternal clock
Limbic system
Limbic system – behaviour, memory, pleasure, and pain
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus – brings back to homeostasis
Inferior thalamus
Control ANS
Pituitary gland
Emotion
Hunger and thirst
Temperature
Circadian rhythm
Cerebellum
Cerebellum – body control and motion memory
Compensates
Attached to brain stem
Coordinate skeletal muscle contractions
Maintain muscle tone, posture, and balance
Cerebrum
Cerebrum – integration center
Makes sense of all data
Read, write, speak, plan, and create
White matter
Tracts
Right and left hems – longitudinal fissure
Connected by corpus callosum
Basal ganglia – neurons w/ same function
relay for muscle movement
Limbic system – behaviour, memory, pleasure, and pain
Basal ganglia
Basal ganglia – neurons w/ same function
relay for muscle movement
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex – surface layer of cerebrum
grey matter
Somatic sensory pathway relay – sensory receptors send
Somatic motor pathway relay – brain stem to skeletal muscle
Neurons
Gyri, fissures (deep groves), and sulci
Divided into 4 lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal Lobe
Frontal – movement, speech, memory, emotion, planning and problem solving
Parietal Lobe
Parietal – sensations, reactions to environment
integrate sensory signals from skin, process taste, and some visual
finer the motor function, more space it takes
Temporal Lobe
Temporal – auditory, memory, and language
Occipital Lobe
Occipital – seeing colour, shapes, and integrating to understand
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Mechanical and chemical protection
Carried O2, glucose, & etc. from blood
Circulation through subarachnoid space, ventricles, central canal
Choroid plexuses – materials enter and filtered to produced = blood brain barrier
4 ventricles within brain
Absorbed by arachnoid villi of superior sagittal blood sinus
Constant volume and pressure – reabsorption
Blood in Brain
Blood in brain
Circle of Willis at base of brain
Through vertebra to subarachnoid space in spinal cord area
Veins return head to heart
Blood CSF Barrier and Blood brain barrier
Blood CSF Barrier and Blood brain barrier
Capillaries lined with epithelia cells
Tight junction allows nothing to pass
Selective channels allow: glucose, O2, proteins, etc.
Blood brain barrier – endothelia tissue that – allows diffusion
Pericytes = immunity – reject bad – phagocytosis
Astrocytes – regulate blood flow and ions coming in
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs
1. Olfactory I - smell
2. Optic II – vision
3. Oculomotor III – eye move
4. Trochlear IV – eye move
5. Trigeminal V – face sensory/motor and chewing
6. Abducens VI – eye move
7. Facial VII – face move and taste
8. Vestibulocochlear VIII – auditory and balance
9. Glossopharyngeal IX – Throat sensation, taste, and swallow
10. Vagus X – sensation and motor, abdominal organs
11. Spinal Accessory XI – Neck motor
12. Hypoglossal XII – lower throat motor
Cranial Nerve - I
Olfactory I - smell
Cranial Nerve - II
Optic II – vision
Cranial Nerve - III
Oculomotor III – eye move
Cranial Nerve - IV
Trochlear IV – eye move
Cranial Nerve - V
Trigeminal V – face sensory/motor and chewing
Cranial Nerve - VI
Abducens VI – eye move
Cranial Nerve - VII
Facial VII – face move and taste
Cranial Nerve - VIII
Vestibulocochlear VIII – auditory and balance
Cranial Nerve - IX
Glossopharyngeal IX – Throat sensation, taste, and swallow
Cranial Nerve - X
Vagus X – sensation and motor, abdominal organs
Cranial Nerve - XI
Spinal Accessory XI – Neck motor
Cranial Nerve - XII
Hypoglossal XII – lower throat motor
