Module 10 - Nervous - Brain

Question 1

Spinal Cord

Answer 1

Spinal Cord
Protected by meninges and CSF
Vertebral column – bony covering
Begins at medulla oblongata
End at second lumbar vertebra
Cauda Equina – end portion
31 pairs of nerves

Question 2

31 pairs of nerves - Spinal Nerves

Answer 2

31 pairs of nerves
8 cervical - neck
12 thoracic – middle back
5 lumbar – lower back
5 sacrum – fused – pelvic area
1 coccyx – fused – tailbone in upper butt

Question 3

Meninges

Answer 3

Meninges – connective tissue layers surround brain and spinal cord
Dura Mater – superficial – against bone of skull – holds sinuses for CSF
Arachnoid – middle – thin layer – no blood vessels and nerves
Pia Mater – deep – adheres to surface of spinal cord and brain

Question 4

White Matter

Answer 4

White matter – high way
Conductions to and from brain
Myelinated axons – sensory and motor nerve fibers
Conducts, processes, and send signals up and down cord
divided into left and right
Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus
Columns
Tracts – Bundles of nerve axon with common origin or destination
Sensory – back – Impulse to brain
Motor – front – Impulse descending to muscles and glands

Question 5

Grey Matter

Answer 5

Grey matter – synapse – “H” – surrounded by white
Receives and integrates in and out info and reflexes
Cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia
Unmyelinated axons
Dendrites of association and motor neurons
Spinal reflexes – signals processed
Divided
Lateral horn – front
Posterior horns – dorsal

Question 6

Central canal

Answer 6

Central canal – runs length – contains cerebrospinal

Question 7

Epineurium

Answer 7

Epineurium – covering spinal nerve

Question 8

Perineurium

Answer 8

Perineurium – cover nerve fascicle

Question 9

Plexus

Answer 9

Plexus – network of branched nerves
Spinal nerves pass intervertebral foramen
nerve fibers from different spinal nerves combined – all fibers to body part in one nerve
types
Cervical – skin & muscles of shoulders upward – some cranial nerve - diaphragm
Brachial – upper extremities – neck and shoulder muscles
Lumbar – abdominal wall – genitals – lower extremities
Sacral – buttocks, perineum, and lower extremities

Question 10

Spinal Cord Function

Answer 10

Spinal Cord Function
Spinal nerves – PNS – connect sensory receptors, muscles, and glands to CNS – split into two at cord
Anterior – Motor – send stim to spinal nerve
Posterior – Sensory – bring stim in to be processes
Ganglion for ANS and SNS

Question 11

Reflex

Answer 11

Reflexes
Fast auto response to change = homeostasis
Functional components Receptor – hot stove
Sensory neuron – afferent
Integrating center neuron
Motor neuron
Effector – hand leaves stove – stimulate causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete

Question 12

Pons

Answer 12

Pons – voluntary skeletal – relay from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
Controls respiratory centre in medulla
Pneumotaxic and apneustic areas

Question 13

Midbrain

Answer 13

Midbrain
motor impulse from cerebrum to cerebellum and cord
sensory from cord to thalamus
regs auditory and visual reflexes
muscle tone
alerts cortex to sensory
maintain consciousness and waking up

Question 14

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 14

Medulla – involuntary – connects to spinal cord
Heart rate
Resp rate
Vasoconstrictions
Swallow
Coughing
Vomit
Sneezing
Hiccupping

Question 15

Diencephalon

Answer 15

Thalamus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus

Question 16

Thalamus

Answer 16

Thalamus – sorts data – relay station
superior to midbrain
Pain and temp
Light touch
Awareness, knowledge, and cognition

Question 17

Pineal Gland

Answer 17

Pineal gland – secrets hormones
Melatonin
Diurnal cycles – eternal clock

Question 18

Limbic system

Answer 18

Limbic system – behaviour, memory, pleasure, and pain

Question 19

Hypothalamus

Answer 19

Hypothalamus – brings back to homeostasis
Inferior thalamus
Control ANS
Pituitary gland
Emotion
Hunger and thirst
Temperature
Circadian rhythm

Question 20

Cerebellum

Answer 20

Cerebellum – body control and motion memory
Compensates
Attached to brain stem
Coordinate skeletal muscle contractions
Maintain muscle tone, posture, and balance

Question 21

Cerebrum

Answer 21

Cerebrum – integration center
Makes sense of all data
Read, write, speak, plan, and create
White matter
Tracts
Right and left hems – longitudinal fissure
Connected by corpus callosum
Basal ganglia – neurons w/ same function
relay for muscle movement
Limbic system – behaviour, memory, pleasure, and pain

Question 22

Basal ganglia

Answer 22

Basal ganglia – neurons w/ same function
relay for muscle movement

Question 23

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 23

Cerebral Cortex – surface layer of cerebrum
grey matter
Somatic sensory pathway relay – sensory receptors send
Somatic motor pathway relay – brain stem to skeletal muscle
Neurons
Gyri, fissures (deep groves), and sulci
Divided into 4 lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

Question 24

Frontal Lobe

Answer 24

Frontal – movement, speech, memory, emotion, planning and problem solving

Question 25

Parietal Lobe

Answer 25

Parietal – sensations, reactions to environment
integrate sensory signals from skin, process taste, and some visual
finer the motor function, more space it takes

Question 26

Temporal Lobe

Answer 26

Temporal – auditory, memory, and language

Question 27

Occipital Lobe

Answer 27

Occipital – seeing colour, shapes, and integrating to understand

Question 28

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Answer 28

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Mechanical and chemical protection
Carried O2, glucose, & etc. from blood
Circulation through subarachnoid space, ventricles, central canal
Choroid plexuses – materials enter and filtered to produced = blood brain barrier
4 ventricles within brain
Absorbed by arachnoid villi of superior sagittal blood sinus
Constant volume and pressure – reabsorption

Question 29

Blood in Brain

Answer 29

Blood in brain
Circle of Willis at base of brain
Through vertebra to subarachnoid space in spinal cord area
Veins return head to heart

Question 30

Blood CSF Barrier and Blood brain barrier

Answer 30

Blood CSF Barrier and Blood brain barrier
Capillaries lined with epithelia cells
Tight junction allows nothing to pass
Selective channels allow: glucose, O2, proteins, etc.
Blood brain barrier – endothelia tissue that – allows diffusion
Pericytes = immunity – reject bad – phagocytosis
Astrocytes – regulate blood flow and ions coming in

Question 31

Cranial Nerves

Answer 31

Cranial Nerves
12 pairs
1. Olfactory I - smell
2. Optic II – vision
3. Oculomotor III – eye move
4. Trochlear IV – eye move
5. Trigeminal V – face sensory/motor and chewing
6. Abducens VI – eye move
7. Facial VII – face move and taste
8. Vestibulocochlear VIII – auditory and balance
9. Glossopharyngeal IX – Throat sensation, taste, and swallow
10. Vagus X – sensation and motor, abdominal organs
11. Spinal Accessory XI – Neck motor
12. Hypoglossal XII – lower throat motor

Question 32

Cranial Nerve - I

Answer 32

Olfactory I - smell

Question 33

Cranial Nerve - II

Answer 33

Optic II – vision

Question 34

Cranial Nerve - III

Answer 34

Oculomotor III – eye move

Question 35

Cranial Nerve - IV

Answer 35

Trochlear IV – eye move

Question 36

Cranial Nerve - V

Answer 36

Trigeminal V – face sensory/motor and chewing

Question 37

Cranial Nerve - VI

Answer 37

Abducens VI – eye move

Question 38

Cranial Nerve - VII

Answer 38

Facial VII – face move and taste

Question 39

Cranial Nerve - VIII

Answer 39

Vestibulocochlear VIII – auditory and balance

Question 40

Cranial Nerve - IX

Answer 40

Glossopharyngeal IX – Throat sensation, taste, and swallow

Question 41

Cranial Nerve - X

Answer 41

Vagus X – sensation and motor, abdominal organs

Question 42

Cranial Nerve - XI

Answer 42

Spinal Accessory XI – Neck motor

Question 43

Cranial Nerve - XII

Answer 43

Hypoglossal XII – lower throat motor