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ANAT100 > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two phases of breathing?

A
  1. inspiration (inhalation)

2. expiration (exhalation)

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2
Q

which phase of breathing involves drawing oxygen rich air into the lungs?

A

inhalation/inspiration

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3
Q

which phase of breathing involves forcing oxygen poor air out of the lungs

A

expiration

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4
Q

what are the 5 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. gas conditioning
  3. sound production
  4. olfaction
  5. defence
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5
Q

what is gas exchange??

A

the movement of gasses across membranes

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6
Q

what two things are involved in external respiration?

A

air and blood

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7
Q

what two things are involved in internal respiration?

A

blood and cells of the body

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8
Q

how does external respiration work?

A
  • inspired oxygen (o2) moves across the cellular membranes of the alveolus of the lung and its associated capillaries into the blood
  • waste carbon dioxide (Co2) moves in the opposite direction and out of the body
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9
Q

what is gas conditioning?

A

gases entering the lungs need to be warmed and cleansed in order to prevent damage to the lungs

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10
Q

where does gas conditioning occur?

A

in the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses

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11
Q

how does gas conditioning work?

A

air is swirled around to become warmed, humidified and cleansed of particulate matter via contact with the mucosal lining of respiratory epithelium

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12
Q

how does sounds production work?

A

occurs by forceful expiration of air through the vocal cords in the larynx causing them to vibrate

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13
Q

different ______ of the vocal cords provide different sounds with the help from the _____, _____ and ______

A

tensions

teeth, lips, and tongue

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14
Q

what kind of epithelium covers the top of the nasal cavity? What important thing is located here?

A

olfactory epithelium. Receptors for smell are located within this epithelium

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15
Q

how does olfaction work?

A
  • when air is inhaled into the nasal cavity, airborne molecules dissolve in the mucus lining the cavity and stimulate the receptors
  • signals from these receptors travel to the brain through the olfactory nerve (CN I)
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16
Q

what is the role of the respiratory system in terms of defense?

A

the course hairs of the nostrils, the ciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium, and mucus all help to trap particles and microorganisms from entering the respiratory system

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17
Q

what two kinds of epithelium are found in the respiratory tract?

A
  1. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

2. goblet mucus cells

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18
Q

what does “pseudostratified” mean in terms of epithelium?

A

all cells are attached to the basal lamina but only some reach the surface

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19
Q

what is the benefit of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in the respiratory tract?

A
  • covered in cilia, providing an increase in surface area for conditioning air
  • cilia also function to trap inhaled particles and microorganisms caught in mucus and sweep them back up the respiratory tract
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20
Q

where are goblet mucus cells located?

A

found interspersed throughout the pseudostratified epithelium

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21
Q

what do goblet mucus cells produce? What do they look like in staining?

A
  • produce mucus

- stain lightly in histological image

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22
Q

what is the benefit of goblet mucus cells in the respiratory tract?

A
  • the mucus forms a protective layer over the epithelium and traps particulae matter or microorganisms that may be inhaled
  • also provides moisture to humidify air before it reaches the lungs
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23
Q

what are the two main regions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. the conducting portion

2. the respiratory portion

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24
Q

what is the function of the conducting portion?

A

transfer inhaled air from the outside world to the lung tissue and vice versa
- also where humidification and trapping of debris happens (no gas exchange)

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25
Q

what structures are included in the conducting portion?

A
  1. nose/nasal cavity
  2. paranasal sinuses
  3. pharynx
  4. larynx
  5. trachea
  6. primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi
  7. terminal bronchioles
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26
Q

what are the structure in the respiratory portion?

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveolar sacs
  4. alveoli
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27
Q

what is the function of the respiratory portion?

A

transfer gases between the lungs and pulmonary capilaries

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28
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

collection of air filled spaces within the bones of the skull communicating with the nasal cavity

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29
Q

what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • aid in the conditioning of air

- defense against pathogens

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30
Q

the paranasal sinuses are lined with what?

A

respiratory epithelium

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31
Q

the paranasal sinuses are _____

A

paired

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32
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses named after?

A

the bones that contain them

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33
Q

what are the 5 paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. frontal
  2. maxillary
  3. ethmoid
  4. sphenoid
  5. nasal
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34
Q

function of nose and nasal cavity

A
  • first line of defence against invading pathogens and debris
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35
Q

how does air flow through the nose and nasal cavity?

A

air enters the vestibules (openings) of the nostrils and is passed into the nasal cavity where it is conditioned

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36
Q

what are the six nasal cavity boundaries?

A
  • roof
  • floor
  • medial wall
  • lateral wall
  • anterior
  • posterior
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37
Q

roof of nasal cavity?

A

bone in the skull called the ethmoid

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38
Q

floor of nasal cavity

A

composed of the hard palate (roof of mouth)

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39
Q

medial wall of nasal cavity

A

makes up the nasal septum, which is composed of the vertical bones in the skull
- separates the two halves of the nasal cavity

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40
Q

lateral wall of nasal cavity

A

contains nasal conchae, which create turbulence in the air as it passes through the cavity, allowing for conditioning and catching debris

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41
Q

anterior boundary of nasal cavity

A

made by the nasla choanae, the opening between the nose and the nasal cavity

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42
Q

posterior boundary of nasal cavity

A

opening to the nasopharynx, which connects to the pharynx

43
Q

nasal cavity histology. why?

A

mostly covered in respiratory epithelium because of its role in protection from airborne debris and microorganisms, as well as the condition of air

44
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity and the larynx

45
Q

what structure connects the oral cavity with the esophgus

A

pharynx

46
Q

what are the three components of the pharynx?

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
47
Q

nasopharynx

A

most superior aspect of the pharynx

48
Q

oropharynx

A

middle aspect of the pharynx

- part of both the respiratory and digestive systems

49
Q

what does the oropharynx do?

A

passes air from the nasopharynx and food from the oral cavity into the laryngopharynx

50
Q

laryngopharynx

A

most inferior aspect of the pharynx

- passes both food and air into their respective systems

51
Q

histology of the nasopharynx?

A

respiratory epithelium

52
Q

histology of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx? why?

A

stratified squamous epithelium .

due to the need for durability when swallowing food

53
Q

what does the larynx do

A

produces sounds

aka voice box

54
Q

what is the pharynx made up of

A

variety of cartilages, ligaments, and muscles

55
Q

where is the larynx located?

A

anterior to the esophagus, connecting the pharynx with the trachea

56
Q

what are the three types of cartilage found in the larynx?

A
  1. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
  3. cricoid cartilage
57
Q

what is the epiglottis? what is its function?

A

large spoon-shaped elastic cartilage that functions to protect food from passing into the trachea

58
Q

what happens with the epiglottis during swallowing?

A

flips downward and covers the opening of the trachea

59
Q

what is the thyroid cartilage?

A

shield-shaped hyaline cartilage that provides attachment for many muscles as well as vocal cords

60
Q

what is cricoid cartilage? What shape is it?

A

a complete ring of hyaline cartilage (narrow anteriorly and broad posteriorly)

61
Q

purpose of cricoid cartilage

A

attachment for muscles and the vocal cords

62
Q

what are the vocal cords?

A

small ligaments attached to laryngeal cartilages that vibrate when air is forced out of the lungs

63
Q

when the vocal cords _____, _____ is produces

A

vibrate, sound

64
Q

how are different sounds produced?

A

by altering the tension on the vocal cords

65
Q

true vocal cords?

A

protected by a membranous flap called the false vocal cords

66
Q

where is the trachea?

A

extends from the larynx to approximately the level of T4/T5, where it splits at a junction called the carina

67
Q

main function of trachea

A

conduction of air to the lungs

68
Q

what is the structure of the trachea? Why is it this way?

A
  • made up of 15 - 20 cartilage rings, which are incomplete posteriorly
  • rings function to keep the airway open
69
Q

what connects the rings of the trachea posteriorly?

A

the trachealis muscles

70
Q

what are the three histological layers of the trachea?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. adventitia
71
Q

what is the mucosa of the trachea

A

lined with respiratory epithelium in order to clear any debris or pathogens that make it into the lower respiratory tract

72
Q

submucosa of the trachea is made up of what?

A

made up of connective tissue, containing larger vessels and nerves, as well as mucus secreting glands

73
Q

adventitia of the trachea

A

outer layer of connective tissue surrounding the trachea

- also encloses the c-shaped rings,

74
Q

why are the cartilage rings of the trachea important?

A

make the trachea flexible and durable which is important as the organs in the thoracic cavity shift with the movements of breathing

75
Q

how many primary bronchi are there?

A

2 - left and right

76
Q

function of the primary bronchi?

A

same as trachea

77
Q

histology of the primary bronchi?

A

same as trachea

78
Q

where do the primary bronchi enter the lung?

A

on the medial side at the hilus

79
Q

how does the right primary bronchus differ from the left?

A

right is shorter, wider and more vertical than the left

80
Q

what is the order in which the bronchi divide into smaller tubes?

A
  1. primary bronchi
  2. secondary bronchi
  3. tertiary bronchi
  4. terminal bronchioles
81
Q

how do the walls of the structured in the respiratory portion differ from those in the conducting portion?

A

the walls are one cell layer thick and gasses are able to cross the membrane easily

82
Q

where are the lungs located

A

on either side of the heart within the thoracic cavity

83
Q

how is the right lung different from the left lung?

A

the right lung is slightly larger than the left due to the positioning of the heart
- left lung has cardiac notch

84
Q

what are the four surfaces of the lungs?

A
  1. apex
  2. diaphragmatic
  3. costal
  4. mediastinal
85
Q

apex of the lung?

A

the superior point.

sits just above the first rib

86
Q

diaphragmatic of the lungs

A

base of lung because it is the surface in contact with the diaphragm

87
Q

costal of the lungs

A

curves around the lateral aspect of the lung

88
Q

mediastinal of the lungs?

A

the medial surface. contains the entry and exit points for all vessels and airways at a structure known as the hilus

89
Q

what are the pleura?

A

membranous sacs surrounding the lungs to cushion them and protect them

90
Q

how are the plaura beneficial

A

provide a frictionless surface to ensure that the changes in lung size during inhalation and exhalation do not damage the lungs as they rub up against surrounding structures.

91
Q

what are the pleura membranes?

A
  • pleura consists of two continuous membranes that form a sac around each lung
92
Q

what do the pleura membranes secrete?

A

pleural fluid to fill the pleural space in between the membranes

93
Q

what does the pleural fluid do?

A

helps lubricate the contact with the thoracic wall during inflation and deflation of the lungs

94
Q

what are the two pleaura membranes?

A

parietal pleura (outer) and visceral pleura (inner)

95
Q

what is the parietal membrane? what is it continuous with?

A

outer serious membrane attaches to the walls and floor of the thoracic cavity and lungs. continuous with visceral pleura at the hilus where it is reflected inwards

96
Q

what is the visceral pleura?

A

serious membrane attached to the surface of the lung

97
Q

what kind of epithelium is found in the respiratory bronchioles?

A

thin walled ducts with simple squamous epithelium

98
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A
  • branch of the terminal bronchioles

- first structures to contribute to gas exchange in the lungs

99
Q

what is the alveolar duct?

A

divisions of the respiratory bronchioles lead to appearance of alveolar ducts (ducts with walls completely covered in alveoli for gas exchange)

100
Q

where does alveolar duct terminate?

A

the alveolar sac

101
Q

what is the alveolar sac

A

a cluster of alveoli surrounded by smooth muscle and capillaries

102
Q

what part of the lung does gas exchange take place?

A

alveoli

103
Q

what surrounded the alveoli? Why is this?

A

capillaries in order to maximize the amount of oxygen going into the body and carbon dioxide leaving the body

ANAT100 (11 decks)

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