Module 11 Flashcards
1
Q
how are the accessory digestive organs beneficial?
A
- significant part of acquiring nutrients from food
- provide enzymes for the breakdown of food molecules and bile for the digestion of dietary fat
- an important process in the storage of molecules that provide energy for the body
2
Q
what are the three accessory digestive organs?
A
- liver
- gall bladder
- pancreas
3
Q
what is the function of the liver?
A
- produces bile for the digestion of fats
- stores dietary glucose in the form of glycogen, so that is can be later broken down and converted to energy
4
Q
the liver stores dietary glucose in the form of ______
A
glycogen
5
Q
the liver plays a role in the metabolism of _____, ____ and _____ in the blood
A
toxins, drugs and alcohol
6
Q
the pancreas is a _____ gland
A
mixed
7
Q
what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
A
controls levels of blood glucose
8
Q
what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
A
secrete digestive enzymes into the intestine
9
Q
where is the liver located?
A
upper right abdominal quandrant, inferior to the diaphragm and anterior to the inferior vena cava
10
Q
what are the four lobes of the liver
A
- right
- left
- caudate (below)
- quadrate (above)
11
Q
what is the purpose of the ligaments of the liver?
A
attach the liver to the surrounding abdominal peritoneum and the diaphragm
12
Q
which ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
A
falciform ligament
13
Q
the porta hepatis is also known as the
A
hilum or hepatic portal
14
Q
what happens at the hilum of the liver?
A
where the hepatic vessels and ducts enter and leave the liver
15
Q
where is the porta hepatis of the liver located?
A
on the inferior of the liver surrounded by the four lobes
16
Q
what are the three components of the porta hepatis?
A
- portal vein
- hepatic artery
- common hepatic duct
17
Q
what does the portal vein do?
A
carries nutrient rich blood from the digestive system into the liver, where those nutrients absorbed from the digested food can be stored
18
Q
any toxins or drugs that are ingested travel through the _____ into the liver to be metabolized
A
portal vein
19
Q
what does the hepatic artery do?
A
carries oxygenated blood to the liver
20
Q
the hepatic artery _____ to supply each ___ of the liver
A
branches, lobe
21
Q
what does the common hepatic duct do?
A
drains the bile produced in the liver
22
Q
the common hepatic duct joins with the _________ to form the common bile duct
A
cystic duct of the gall bladder
23
Q
what are the functional units of the liver called?
A
liver lobule
24
Q
what shape are the liver lobule
A
hexagonal
25
what kind of cells make up the liver lobule?
cuboidal liver cells called HEPATOCYTES
26
how are hepatocytes arranged?
in plates (cords) that radiate outward from a central vein
27
between the plates of the hepatocytes are spaces called _____ where...
sinusoids where venous blood flows through
28
what are portal triads?
branches of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and common duct from the porta hepatis
29
each lobule is surrounded by ___ triads
six (one for each corner of the hexagon)
30
how does venous blood flow through the liver lobule?
- nutrient rich blood from the portal veins travels in the sinusoids
- in sinusoids, nutrients from the blood are taken up into the hepatocytes
- the blood in the sinusoids then drains into the central veins, which join to form the hepatic veins
31
bile is produced by what cells
hepatocytes
32
purpose of bile
aid in digestion of dietary fats
33
where does bile flow after it is produced in the hepatocytes?
drains into small channels called canaliculi, that empty into the bile ductules of the portal triad, and eventually the hepatic ducts
34
what is liver cirrhosis?
- slow progressive disease
| - healthy liver tissue is replaced by scare tissue (prevent liver from functioning properly)
35
symtpoms of liver cirrhosis?
block the flow of blood and bile through the portal triads of the liver.
- jaundice (yellowing of skin) due to build up of bile
- distended abdomen due to buildup of fluid from the venous system
36
what shape is the gall bladder
pear
37
where is the gall bladder located?
inferior to the right lobe of the liver
38
what is the function of the gallbladder?
store and concentrate bile not immediately required for digestion
39
the three anatomical features of the gall bladder
1. fundus (anterior)
2. body
3. neck (posterior, connected to cystic duct)
40
what does the biliary system consist of?
interconnected ducts that connect the liver and the gallbladder
41
what does the biliary system do?
stores and drains bile into the duodenum
42
what are the three components of the biliary sysem
1. hepatic ducts
2. cystic duct
3. common bile duct
43
how many hepatic ducts are there? why/
2 - right and left, one from each side of the liver
44
where does the bile go after the hepatic ducts
into the common hepatic duct
45
function of the cystic duct?
transport bile to and from the gall bladder
46
the common bile duct enters the ______
duodenum
47
pancreas shape and location
lobular organ that lies deep to the stomach
48
what are the three divisions of the pancreas?
1. head
2. body
3. tail
49
where is the head of the pancreas located?
sits in the concavity of the duodenum on the right side of the abdominal cavity
50
where is the body of the pancreas located?
extends towards the left, passing behind the stomach and tapering to become the tail
51
the tail of the pancreas touches the __
medial side of the spleen
52
what does the main pancreatic duct dO?
collects the exocrine products of the pancreas and secretes them into the duodenum
53
the main pancreatic duct fuses with _____
common bile duct
54
main pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum at the ______
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla of Vater
55
what percent of the pancreas is exocrine? endorine?
99% exocrine
| 1% endocrine
56
what is excreted by the pancreas? what does it do
the enzyme-rich pancreatic juice from the acini also contains bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid from the stomach
57
the kidneys mark the beginning of the ____ system
urinary
58
function of kidneys
filter the blood to produce urine
59
what is the benefit of urine being excreted through a series of tubes and organs?
in this way, the body can get rid of waste and excess ions
60
what shape are the kidneys? how many
2 - bean-shaped
61
where are the kidneys located?
lay against the posterior abdominal wall. sit on both sides of the spine at the level of T12 - L2 vertebrae
62
what size are the kidneys
roughly fist sized
63
length , width and thickness of the kidneys?
```
length = 12cm
width = 6.5cm
thickness = 2.5cm
```
64
what is the medial surface of the kidneys called?
the hilum
65
what occurs at the hilum of the kidneys
this is where the renal arteries and nerves enter and te renal veins and ureters exit
66
the hilum of the kidneys is continuous with what?
in internal space in each kidney called the renal sinus, which is filled with fatty tissue
67
what are the two supportive tissues of the kidneys?
1. renal capsule (or fibrous capsule)
| 2. adipose capsule (or perinephric fat)
68
where is the renal capsule?
covers the outer surface of the kidney
69
what is the renal capsule composed of?
dense irregular connective tissue
70
function of the renal capsule
protect and maintain the shape of the kidney
71
what is the adipose capsule composed of? where is it located?
layer of adipose tissue external to the renal capsule
72
function of adipose capsule
offers cushion and protection by completely surrounding the kidney
73
what are the two regions of the kidney?
cortex (outer layer)
| medulla (deep to cortex)
74
extensions of the cortex, called _____ _____ separate the medualla into renal pyramids
renal columns
75
what divides the kidney into renal lobes?
the renal pyramids
76
the apex of a renal pyramid is called ____
the renal papilla
77
a renal lobe consists of what two things?
1. a renal pyramid
| 2. surrounding cortex and renal columns
78
after urine is produced in the kidneys, where does it flow?
through the renal papilla into a funnel shaped space called the minor calyx
79
each minor calyx drains into the _____
major calyx
80
the major calyx drains into the
large renal pelvis, which continues on as the ureter
81
where do the kidneys get their blood supply?
from the renal arteries, branches off the descending aorta
82
where do the kidneys drain their blood?
venous drainage of the kidneys is by the renal veins into the inferior vena cava
83
what are the functional units of the kidney called? what do they do?
nephrons. filter blood and produce urine
84
how many nephrons are in the kidneys?
millions
85
the nephron is composed of the ____ and _____
glomerulus and renal tubule
86
the glomerulus consists of what?
a bunde of capillaries enclosed within the glomerulus capsule
87
another name for the glomerulus capsule
Bowman's capsule
88
what does the glomerulus capsule do?
creates a space between the capillaries and its walls called the capsular (Bowman's) space
89
how does filtration occur in the glomerulus?
when the components of the blood are removed from the capillary into Bowman's space
90
the material in the Bowman's space is known as _____
filtrate
91
what are the two poles of the glomerulus?
1. the vascular pole
| 2. the urinary pole
92
function of the vascular pole of the glomerulus?
serves as an entry/exit for capillaries within Bowman's space
93
function of the urinary pole of the glomerulus
serves as an exit for filtrate into the renal tubule
94
the capillaries of the glomerulus are ______, (have small holes)
fenestrated
95
why are the capillaries of the glomerulus fenestrated?
to allow ions, water and other molecules to move through their membranes as filtrate
96
what are podocytes?
cells surrounding the glomerular capillaries that have filtration slits at their cell junctions to pass the filtrate into Bowman's space
97
where can the renal tubule be found?
extends throughout the cortex and medulla of the kidney
98
how many sections are in the renal tubule?
3
99
what are the three sections of the renal tubule?
1. proximal convoluted tubule
2. loop of henle
3. distal convoluted tubule
100
where is the proximal convoluted tubule located?
extends from the urinary pole of the glomerulus and forms a twisted tube in the cortex/medulla of the kidney
101
what is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule
actively reabsorb all nutrients, ions, vitamins and proteins from the filtrate
102
where is the loop of Henle located?
projects downwards towards the medulla
103
what are the two parts of the loop of henle?
1. descending limn
| 2. ascending limb
104
purpose of the loop of henle?
facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes
105
where is the distal convoluted tubule located?
extends back up into the cortex and contacts the vascular pole
106
primary function of the distal convoluted tubule
secrete ions back into the filtrate from the blood
107
where does the filtrate move after the tubules?
travels into collecting tubes, then collecting ducts that travel within the renal medulla
108
when can the filtrate be called urine?
once it leaves the collecting duct at the renal papilla
109
what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?
regulates blood pressure of the body by monitoring ion concentrations in the filtrate
110
what are juxtaglomerular cells
modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteroile
111
what are macula densa?
modified cuboidal cells of the distal convoluted tubule
112
function of the urinary tract?
transfers and stores the urine produced by the kidneys until it is ready for excretion
113
what are the three parts of the urinary tract
1. the ureters
2. the bladder
3. the urethra
114
what are the ureters?
two long, thin, muscular tubes connecting the kidneys with the bladder
115
where are the ureters located?
begin as a continuation of the renal pelvis and extend downward towards the pelvis where they penetrate the posterior wall of the bladder
116
the wall of the ureters is made up of how many layers?
3
117
the mucosa of the ureters is made up of what kind of epithelium?
transitional
118
the muscularis of the ureters consists of what
two layers of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal and outer circular)
119
what do the muscles of the ureters do?
propel urine through the ureters
120
what is the outermost layer of the ureters?
adventitia
121
what forms the adventitia of the ureters?
loose connective tissue
122
what does the adventitia of the ureters do?
anchors the ureters to the posterior abdominal wall
123
what is the urinary bladder?
a muscular, expandable, sac-like pelvic organ that functions in the temporary storage of urine
124
the interior of the bladder has a ____ appearance
folded
125
function of rugae in the bladder?
allow the bladder to expand in siz without damage to the mucosa
126
where if the neck of the bladder located?
constricted. located inferiorly
127
what is the neck of the bladder attached to?
urethra
128
the neck of the bladder is surrounded by ____
a sphincter muscle, the internal urethral sphincter
129
what is the internal urethral sphincter made up of?
smooth muscle
130
is the internal urethral sphincter under voluntary or involuntary control?
involuntary
131
where is the bladder located in general?
sits in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic bone
132
where is the bladder located in females?
- posterior to pubic symphysis
- anterior to vagina
- inferior to uterus
133
where is the bladder located in males
posterior to pubic symphysis
| - anterior to rectum
134
the innermost layer of the bladder wall is lined with
transitional epithelium
135
what shape are the epithelial cells of the bladder when the the bladder is empty?
dome-shaped
136
what shape are the epithelial cells of the bladder when the the bladder is full?
stratified squamous
137
the submucosa of the bladder is made of
dense irregular connective tissue
138
what function does the submucosa of the bladder serve?
supports the bladder wall during distention, or stretching
139
what is the detrusor muscle?
the three layers of muscle of the bladder wall
140
the inner and outer layers of the detrusor muscle are oriented _____, while the middle layer is _____
longitudinally, circular
141
the outer layer of the bladder wall is ____
adventitia
142
the adventitia of the bladder does what?
anchors the bladder to surrounding structures
143
what is the urethra?
a muscular tube connecting the apex of the bladder with the outside world at an opening called the external urethral meatus
144
the urethra differs in ___ and _____ in males and females
length and position
145
how long is the female urethra?
3 - 5cm
146
the female urethra is attached to what?
the anterior wall of the vagina
147
how is the distance between the external urethral sphincter and the external meatus different in males and females?
closer in females
148
what is the external urethral sphincter?
skeletal muscle around the urethra within the pelvic floor musculature
149
is the external urethral sphincter controlled voluntarily or involuntarily?
voluntarily (contracts to hold in urine
150
in females, the epithelium of the urethra gradually changes from _____ to ______
transitional (near teh bladder) to stratified squamous (near the meatus)
151
what are the three regions of the male urethra?
1. the prostatic urethra
2. the membranous urethra
3. the penile (spongy) urethra
152
how long is the prostatic urethra?
3 - 4cm
153
the prostatic urethra passes through the____
prostate gland
154
the membranous urethra is between the ____ and the ______
prostate, beginning of penis
155
how long is the membranous urethra
2cm
156
the membranous urethra is surrounded by the ____
voluntary external urethral sphincter?
157
how long is the the penile (spongy) urethra
15cm long through the penis
158
what kind of epithelium is found in the prostatic urethra?
transitional epithelium
159
what kind of epithelium is found in the membranous epithelium?
varies from pseudostratified to stratified columnar
160
what kind of epithelium is found in the penile (spongy) urethra
proximally - pseudostratified to stratified columnar
| distally - stratified squamous
161
in what order does urine flow after the kidneys? (14)
1. glomerulus
2. Bowman's capsule
3. proximal convoluted tubule
4. loop of henle
5. distal convoluted tubule
6. collecting duct
7. renal papilla
8. minor calyx
9. major calyx
10. renal pelvis
11. ureter
12. bladder
13. urethra
14. external urethral meatus
162
the act of urination is called ____?
micturition
163
how does urination occur?
as the urinary bladder contracts, the external urinary sphincter relaxes to expel urine from the bladder into the urethra, and then outside the body
