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ANAT100 > Module 11 > Flashcards

Module 11 Flashcards

1
Q

how are the accessory digestive organs beneficial?

A
  • significant part of acquiring nutrients from food
  • provide enzymes for the breakdown of food molecules and bile for the digestion of dietary fat
  • an important process in the storage of molecules that provide energy for the body
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2
Q

what are the three accessory digestive organs?

A
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
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3
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A
  • produces bile for the digestion of fats

- stores dietary glucose in the form of glycogen, so that is can be later broken down and converted to energy

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4
Q

the liver stores dietary glucose in the form of ______

A

glycogen

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5
Q

the liver plays a role in the metabolism of _____, ____ and _____ in the blood

A

toxins, drugs and alcohol

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6
Q

the pancreas is a _____ gland

A

mixed

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7
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

controls levels of blood glucose

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8
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

secrete digestive enzymes into the intestine

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9
Q

where is the liver located?

A

upper right abdominal quandrant, inferior to the diaphragm and anterior to the inferior vena cava

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10
Q

what are the four lobes of the liver

A
  1. right
  2. left
  3. caudate (below)
  4. quadrate (above)
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11
Q

what is the purpose of the ligaments of the liver?

A

attach the liver to the surrounding abdominal peritoneum and the diaphragm

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12
Q

which ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver?

A

falciform ligament

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13
Q

the porta hepatis is also known as the

A

hilum or hepatic portal

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14
Q

what happens at the hilum of the liver?

A

where the hepatic vessels and ducts enter and leave the liver

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15
Q

where is the porta hepatis of the liver located?

A

on the inferior of the liver surrounded by the four lobes

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16
Q

what are the three components of the porta hepatis?

A
  1. portal vein
  2. hepatic artery
  3. common hepatic duct
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17
Q

what does the portal vein do?

A

carries nutrient rich blood from the digestive system into the liver, where those nutrients absorbed from the digested food can be stored

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18
Q

any toxins or drugs that are ingested travel through the _____ into the liver to be metabolized

A

portal vein

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19
Q

what does the hepatic artery do?

A

carries oxygenated blood to the liver

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20
Q

the hepatic artery _____ to supply each ___ of the liver

A

branches, lobe

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21
Q

what does the common hepatic duct do?

A

drains the bile produced in the liver

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22
Q

the common hepatic duct joins with the _________ to form the common bile duct

A

cystic duct of the gall bladder

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23
Q

what are the functional units of the liver called?

A

liver lobule

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24
Q

what shape are the liver lobule

A

hexagonal

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25
Q

what kind of cells make up the liver lobule?

A

cuboidal liver cells called HEPATOCYTES

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26
Q

how are hepatocytes arranged?

A

in plates (cords) that radiate outward from a central vein

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27
Q

between the plates of the hepatocytes are spaces called _____ where…

A

sinusoids where venous blood flows through

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28
Q

what are portal triads?

A

branches of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and common duct from the porta hepatis

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29
Q

each lobule is surrounded by ___ triads

A

six (one for each corner of the hexagon)

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30
Q

how does venous blood flow through the liver lobule?

A
  • nutrient rich blood from the portal veins travels in the sinusoids
  • in sinusoids, nutrients from the blood are taken up into the hepatocytes
  • the blood in the sinusoids then drains into the central veins, which join to form the hepatic veins
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31
Q

bile is produced by what cells

A

hepatocytes

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32
Q

purpose of bile

A

aid in digestion of dietary fats

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33
Q

where does bile flow after it is produced in the hepatocytes?

A

drains into small channels called canaliculi, that empty into the bile ductules of the portal triad, and eventually the hepatic ducts

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34
Q

what is liver cirrhosis?

A
  • slow progressive disease

- healthy liver tissue is replaced by scare tissue (prevent liver from functioning properly)

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35
Q

symtpoms of liver cirrhosis?

A

block the flow of blood and bile through the portal triads of the liver.

  • jaundice (yellowing of skin) due to build up of bile
  • distended abdomen due to buildup of fluid from the venous system
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36
Q

what shape is the gall bladder

A

pear

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37
Q

where is the gall bladder located?

A

inferior to the right lobe of the liver

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38
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A

store and concentrate bile not immediately required for digestion

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39
Q

the three anatomical features of the gall bladder

A
  1. fundus (anterior)
  2. body
  3. neck (posterior, connected to cystic duct)
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40
Q

what does the biliary system consist of?

A

interconnected ducts that connect the liver and the gallbladder

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41
Q

what does the biliary system do?

A

stores and drains bile into the duodenum

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42
Q

what are the three components of the biliary sysem

A
  1. hepatic ducts
  2. cystic duct
  3. common bile duct
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43
Q

how many hepatic ducts are there? why/

A

2 - right and left, one from each side of the liver

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44
Q

where does the bile go after the hepatic ducts

A

into the common hepatic duct

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45
Q

function of the cystic duct?

A

transport bile to and from the gall bladder

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46
Q

the common bile duct enters the ______

A

duodenum

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47
Q

pancreas shape and location

A

lobular organ that lies deep to the stomach

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48
Q

what are the three divisions of the pancreas?

A
  1. head
  2. body
  3. tail
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49
Q

where is the head of the pancreas located?

A

sits in the concavity of the duodenum on the right side of the abdominal cavity

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50
Q

where is the body of the pancreas located?

A

extends towards the left, passing behind the stomach and tapering to become the tail

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51
Q

the tail of the pancreas touches the __

A

medial side of the spleen

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52
Q

what does the main pancreatic duct dO?

A

collects the exocrine products of the pancreas and secretes them into the duodenum

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53
Q

the main pancreatic duct fuses with _____

A

common bile duct

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54
Q

main pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum at the ______

A

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla of Vater

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55
Q

what percent of the pancreas is exocrine? endorine?

A

99% exocrine

1% endocrine

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56
Q

what is excreted by the pancreas? what does it do

A

the enzyme-rich pancreatic juice from the acini also contains bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid from the stomach

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57
Q

the kidneys mark the beginning of the ____ system

A

urinary

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58
Q

function of kidneys

A

filter the blood to produce urine

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59
Q

what is the benefit of urine being excreted through a series of tubes and organs?

A

in this way, the body can get rid of waste and excess ions

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60
Q

what shape are the kidneys? how many

A

2 - bean-shaped

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61
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

lay against the posterior abdominal wall. sit on both sides of the spine at the level of T12 - L2 vertebrae

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62
Q

what size are the kidneys

A

roughly fist sized

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63
Q

length , width and thickness of the kidneys?

A 
length = 12cm
width = 6.5cm
thickness = 2.5cm
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64
Q

what is the medial surface of the kidneys called?

A

the hilum

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65
Q

what occurs at the hilum of the kidneys

A

this is where the renal arteries and nerves enter and te renal veins and ureters exit

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66
Q

the hilum of the kidneys is continuous with what?

A

in internal space in each kidney called the renal sinus, which is filled with fatty tissue

67
Q

what are the two supportive tissues of the kidneys?

A
  1. renal capsule (or fibrous capsule)

2. adipose capsule (or perinephric fat)

68
Q

where is the renal capsule?

A

covers the outer surface of the kidney

69
Q

what is the renal capsule composed of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

70
Q

function of the renal capsule

A

protect and maintain the shape of the kidney

71
Q

what is the adipose capsule composed of? where is it located?

A

layer of adipose tissue external to the renal capsule

72
Q

function of adipose capsule

A

offers cushion and protection by completely surrounding the kidney

73
Q

what are the two regions of the kidney?

A

cortex (outer layer)

medulla (deep to cortex)

74
Q

extensions of the cortex, called _____ _____ separate the medualla into renal pyramids

A

renal columns

75
Q

what divides the kidney into renal lobes?

A

the renal pyramids

76
Q

the apex of a renal pyramid is called ____

A

the renal papilla

77
Q

a renal lobe consists of what two things?

A
  1. a renal pyramid

2. surrounding cortex and renal columns

78
Q

after urine is produced in the kidneys, where does it flow?

A

through the renal papilla into a funnel shaped space called the minor calyx

79
Q

each minor calyx drains into the _____

A

major calyx

80
Q

the major calyx drains into the

A

large renal pelvis, which continues on as the ureter

81
Q

where do the kidneys get their blood supply?

A

from the renal arteries, branches off the descending aorta

82
Q

where do the kidneys drain their blood?

A

venous drainage of the kidneys is by the renal veins into the inferior vena cava

83
Q

what are the functional units of the kidney called? what do they do?

A

nephrons. filter blood and produce urine

84
Q

how many nephrons are in the kidneys?

A

millions

85
Q

the nephron is composed of the ____ and _____

A

glomerulus and renal tubule

86
Q

the glomerulus consists of what?

A

a bunde of capillaries enclosed within the glomerulus capsule

87
Q

another name for the glomerulus capsule

A

Bowman’s capsule

88
Q

what does the glomerulus capsule do?

A

creates a space between the capillaries and its walls called the capsular (Bowman’s) space

89
Q

how does filtration occur in the glomerulus?

A

when the components of the blood are removed from the capillary into Bowman’s space

90
Q

the material in the Bowman’s space is known as _____

A

filtrate

91
Q

what are the two poles of the glomerulus?

A
  1. the vascular pole

2. the urinary pole

92
Q

function of the vascular pole of the glomerulus?

A

serves as an entry/exit for capillaries within Bowman’s space

93
Q

function of the urinary pole of the glomerulus

A

serves as an exit for filtrate into the renal tubule

94
Q

the capillaries of the glomerulus are ______, (have small holes)

A

fenestrated

95
Q

why are the capillaries of the glomerulus fenestrated?

A

to allow ions, water and other molecules to move through their membranes as filtrate

96
Q

what are podocytes?

A

cells surrounding the glomerular capillaries that have filtration slits at their cell junctions to pass the filtrate into Bowman’s space

97
Q

where can the renal tubule be found?

A

extends throughout the cortex and medulla of the kidney

98
Q

how many sections are in the renal tubule?

A

3

99
Q

what are the three sections of the renal tubule?

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule
  2. loop of henle
  3. distal convoluted tubule
100
Q

where is the proximal convoluted tubule located?

A

extends from the urinary pole of the glomerulus and forms a twisted tube in the cortex/medulla of the kidney

101
Q

what is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

actively reabsorb all nutrients, ions, vitamins and proteins from the filtrate

102
Q

where is the loop of Henle located?

A

projects downwards towards the medulla

103
Q

what are the two parts of the loop of henle?

A
  1. descending limn

2. ascending limb

104
Q

purpose of the loop of henle?

A

facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes

105
Q

where is the distal convoluted tubule located?

A

extends back up into the cortex and contacts the vascular pole

106
Q

primary function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

secrete ions back into the filtrate from the blood

107
Q

where does the filtrate move after the tubules?

A

travels into collecting tubes, then collecting ducts that travel within the renal medulla

108
Q

when can the filtrate be called urine?

A

once it leaves the collecting duct at the renal papilla

109
Q

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?

A

regulates blood pressure of the body by monitoring ion concentrations in the filtrate

110
Q

what are juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteroile

111
Q

what are macula densa?

A

modified cuboidal cells of the distal convoluted tubule

112
Q

function of the urinary tract?

A

transfers and stores the urine produced by the kidneys until it is ready for excretion

113
Q

what are the three parts of the urinary tract

A
  1. the ureters
  2. the bladder
  3. the urethra
114
Q

what are the ureters?

A

two long, thin, muscular tubes connecting the kidneys with the bladder

115
Q

where are the ureters located?

A

begin as a continuation of the renal pelvis and extend downward towards the pelvis where they penetrate the posterior wall of the bladder

116
Q

the wall of the ureters is made up of how many layers?

A

3

117
Q

the mucosa of the ureters is made up of what kind of epithelium?

A

transitional

118
Q

the muscularis of the ureters consists of what

A

two layers of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal and outer circular)

119
Q

what do the muscles of the ureters do?

A

propel urine through the ureters

120
Q

what is the outermost layer of the ureters?

A

adventitia

121
Q

what forms the adventitia of the ureters?

A

loose connective tissue

122
Q

what does the adventitia of the ureters do?

A

anchors the ureters to the posterior abdominal wall

123
Q

what is the urinary bladder?

A

a muscular, expandable, sac-like pelvic organ that functions in the temporary storage of urine

124
Q

the interior of the bladder has a ____ appearance

A

folded

125
Q

function of rugae in the bladder?

A

allow the bladder to expand in siz without damage to the mucosa

126
Q

where if the neck of the bladder located?

A

constricted. located inferiorly

127
Q

what is the neck of the bladder attached to?

A

urethra

128
Q

the neck of the bladder is surrounded by ____

A

a sphincter muscle, the internal urethral sphincter

129
Q

what is the internal urethral sphincter made up of?

A

smooth muscle

130
Q

is the internal urethral sphincter under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

involuntary

131
Q

where is the bladder located in general?

A

sits in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic bone

132
Q

where is the bladder located in females?

A
  • posterior to pubic symphysis
  • anterior to vagina
  • inferior to uterus
133
Q

where is the bladder located in males

A

posterior to pubic symphysis

- anterior to rectum

134
Q

the innermost layer of the bladder wall is lined with

A

transitional epithelium

135
Q

what shape are the epithelial cells of the bladder when the the bladder is empty?

A

dome-shaped

136
Q

what shape are the epithelial cells of the bladder when the the bladder is full?

A

stratified squamous

137
Q

the submucosa of the bladder is made of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

138
Q

what function does the submucosa of the bladder serve?

A

supports the bladder wall during distention, or stretching

139
Q

what is the detrusor muscle?

A

the three layers of muscle of the bladder wall

140
Q

the inner and outer layers of the detrusor muscle are oriented _____, while the middle layer is _____

A

longitudinally, circular

141
Q

the outer layer of the bladder wall is ____

A

adventitia

142
Q

the adventitia of the bladder does what?

A

anchors the bladder to surrounding structures

143
Q

what is the urethra?

A

a muscular tube connecting the apex of the bladder with the outside world at an opening called the external urethral meatus

144
Q

the urethra differs in ___ and _____ in males and females

A

length and position

145
Q

how long is the female urethra?

A

3 - 5cm

146
Q

the female urethra is attached to what?

A

the anterior wall of the vagina

147
Q

how is the distance between the external urethral sphincter and the external meatus different in males and females?

A

closer in females

148
Q

what is the external urethral sphincter?

A

skeletal muscle around the urethra within the pelvic floor musculature

149
Q

is the external urethral sphincter controlled voluntarily or involuntarily?

A

voluntarily (contracts to hold in urine

150
Q

in females, the epithelium of the urethra gradually changes from _____ to ______

A

transitional (near teh bladder) to stratified squamous (near the meatus)

151
Q

what are the three regions of the male urethra?

A
  1. the prostatic urethra
  2. the membranous urethra
  3. the penile (spongy) urethra
152
Q

how long is the prostatic urethra?

A

3 - 4cm

153
Q

the prostatic urethra passes through the____

A

prostate gland

154
Q

the membranous urethra is between the ____ and the ______

A

prostate, beginning of penis

155
Q

how long is the membranous urethra

A

2cm

156
Q

the membranous urethra is surrounded by the ____

A

voluntary external urethral sphincter?

157
Q

how long is the the penile (spongy) urethra

A

15cm long through the penis

158
Q

what kind of epithelium is found in the prostatic urethra?

A

transitional epithelium

159
Q

what kind of epithelium is found in the membranous epithelium?

A

varies from pseudostratified to stratified columnar

160
Q

what kind of epithelium is found in the penile (spongy) urethra

A

proximally - pseudostratified to stratified columnar

distally - stratified squamous

161
Q

in what order does urine flow after the kidneys? (14)

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
  3. proximal convoluted tubule
  4. loop of henle
  5. distal convoluted tubule
  6. collecting duct
  7. renal papilla
  8. minor calyx
  9. major calyx
  10. renal pelvis
  11. ureter
  12. bladder
  13. urethra
  14. external urethral meatus
162
Q

the act of urination is called ____?

A

micturition

163
Q

how does urination occur?

A

as the urinary bladder contracts, the external urinary sphincter relaxes to expel urine from the bladder into the urethra, and then outside the body

ANAT100 (11 decks)

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