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ANAT100 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two divisions of the PNS

A

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

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2
Q

what are the two divisions of the motor (efferent) nervous system?

A

somatic (voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles) and autonomic (involuntary motor control of smooth and cardiac muscle)

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3
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervou system?

A

sympathetic (fight or flight)

parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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4
Q

where do cranial nerves come from?

A

cranial nerves emerge in pairs from the brain and brain stem

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5
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

TWELVE!!!

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6
Q

What is a good way to remember the 12 cranial nerves?

A

On Occasions, Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny - Very Good Vehicle Any How

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7
Q

What are the Twelve cranial nerves?

A 
CN I - olfactory
CN II - optic
CN III - oculomotor
CN IV - trochlear
CN V - trigeminal
CN VI - abducens
CN VII - facial
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear
CN IX - glossopharyngeal
CN X - vagus
CN XI - accessory
CN XII - hypoglossal
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8
Q

function of the olfactory nerve?

A

smell

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9
Q

function of the optic nerve?

A

vision

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10
Q

which three nerves are involved in movement of the eye?

A
  • oculomotor nerve
  • trochlear nerve
  • abducens nerve
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11
Q

function of the trigeminal nerve?

A 
sensory = forehead, eye, upper/lower jaw
motor = mastication
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12
Q

function of the facial nerve?

A 
sensory = anterior 2/3 of the tongue, parasympathetic innervation of tear and salivation glands
motor = facial expression
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13
Q

function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

equilibrium and hearing

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14
Q

sensory functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

1) sensory innervation of the pharynx
2) posterior 1/3 of the tongue
3) parasympathetic innervation of salivary glands

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15
Q

motor function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

pharynx muscles

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16
Q

sensory functions of the vagus nerve?

A

innervation of the larynx, parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic and abdominal organs

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17
Q

motor functions of the vagus nerve?

A

pharynx and larynx muscles

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18
Q

function of the accessory nerve?

A

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

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19
Q

function of hypoglossal nerve?

A

tongue

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20
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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21
Q

how are spinal nerves formed?

A

by the union of the posterior (sensory) and anterior (motor) roots of the spinal cord

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22
Q

how are spinal nerves classified?

A 
letter = region of spinal cord
number = level
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23
Q

Where is the C8 located?

A

between C7 and T1

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24
Q

in the cervical region, the nerves are labelled _____ their corresponding vertebrae

A

above

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25
Q

below the neck, the nerves are labelled _____ their corresponding vertebrae

A

below

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26
Q

what is a nerve plexuses

A

once the spinal nerve exit the vertebral column, fibers from the anterior roots (motor) come together and then redistribute into new networks of nerves that mostly innervate muscles of the limb

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27
Q

each plexus contains…?

A

fibers from a combination of spinal nerves (important in case of injury)

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28
Q

what is another name for the autonomic nervous system?

A

the visceral motor system

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29
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

transmitting involuntary signals from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and glands

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30
Q

between the CNS and any target organ of the autonomic nervous system, there are ____ neurons

A

two - it’s a “two neuron pathway”

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31
Q

what are the three types of neurons that make up the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • preganglionic
  • autonomic
  • posganglionic
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32
Q

what is the preganglionic neuron

A
  • cell body within CNS

- axon enters into PNS and travels to autonomic ganglion

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33
Q

what is the autonomic ganglion

A

where the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons meet/communicate

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34
Q

which two neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in the PNS

A

autonomic and postganglionic

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35
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A
  • cell body is in the autonomic ganglion

- axon travels to target organ

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36
Q

what’s the difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic in terms of EFFECT?

A

sympathetic - widely distributed to many parts of the body

parasympathetic - more limited distribution to target organs, localized effect

37
Q

where is the origin of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

spinal cord segment T1 - L2 (also called THORACOLUMBAR division)

38
Q

where is the origin of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

brain stem and spinal cord segment S2 - S4 (CRANIOSACRAL division)

39
Q

what are the four components of the sympathetic pathway?

A

1) lateral horn of spinal cord
2) sympathetic trunk
3) ganglion
4) effector organ

40
Q

what are the three components of the parasympathetic pathway?

A

1) sacrum
2) autonomic ganglia
3) head

41
Q

what are the special visual receptors which are located at the back of the eye?

A

photoreceptors

42
Q

what are the accessory structures of the eyeball?

A
  • eyelid (palpebrae)
  • lacrimal gland
  • extrinsic eye muscles (extraocular)
43
Q

eyelid

A

contains the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, which controls opening the eyelid

44
Q

lacrimal gland

A

produces tears, which keep the cornea (outside surface of eyeball) moist and clean

45
Q

what do the extrinsic eye muscles do?

A

allow you to move your eyes to increase your range of vision

46
Q

what are the six extrinsic eye muscles?

A
  1. medial rectus
  2. superior oblique
  3. superior rectus
  4. lateral rectus (cut)
  5. inferior rectus
  6. inferior oblique
47
Q

what are the three chambers of the eye?

A
  1. anterior cavity
  2. lens
  3. posterior cavity
48
Q

the eye is separated into _______

A

two fluid-filled cavities

49
Q

what fills with the chambers of the anterior cavities

A

aqueous humour (watery-type fluid)

50
Q

what fills the posterior cavity

A

vitreous humour (gelatinous fluid)

51
Q

what are the three layers of the eye

A
  1. outer layer (fibrous)
  2. middle layer (vascular)
  3. deep layer (sensory retina)
52
Q

what are the two parts of the fibrous layer of the eye?

A

the sclera and the cornea

53
Q

cornea

A

external aspect of the eye, located anterior to the lens

54
Q

sclera

A

internal aspect of the fibrous tunic, located posterior to the lens

55
Q

what are the three components of the vascular layer of the eye?

A
  1. choroid
  2. ciliary body
  3. iris
56
Q

choroid

A

contains the blood vessels that supply the eye with oxygen

57
Q

what is in the ciliary body?

A

ciliary muscles (intrinsic eye muscles)

58
Q

IRIS

A

contains the sphincter and dilating muscles (intrinsic eye muscles) which control the narrowing/widening of the pupil. Also contains pigments that create eye colour

59
Q

what are the four components of the deep layer of the eye?

A
  1. neural layer
  2. optic disc
  3. macula
  4. CN II (optic nerve)
60
Q

what are located in the neural layer of the eye?

A

photoreceptors (rods and cones)

61
Q

what do the photoreceptors do?

A

light sensitive cells that send signals to smaller nerves that converge to form CN II

62
Q

OPTIC DISC

A

where smaller nerves converge becoming CN II

63
Q

MACULA

A

area lateral to optic disc

64
Q

The ear is divided into what three parts?

A
  1. External ear
  2. middle ear
  3. inner ear
65
Q

the part of the ear you can touch is called ?

A

The external ear

66
Q

how to sound waves travel through the external ear?

A

sound waves travel through the external auditory canal to reach the tympanic membrane, which marks the boundary of the external and middle ear

67
Q

what is the auricle?

A

the hard part around the edge of the ear

68
Q

what are the ceruminous glands?

A

present in the external auditory canal and secrete EAR WAX

69
Q

which bone of the skull are the middle and inner ear located within?

A

temporal bone

70
Q

the middle ear spans from the ______ to the ______

A

tympanic membrane to the oval window

71
Q

what are the three main components of the middle ear

A
  1. tympanic cavity
  2. eustachian tube
  3. ossicles
72
Q

TYMPANIC CAVITY

A

chamber in the temporal bone

73
Q

eustachian tube

A

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

74
Q

ossicles

A

three small bones that help transmit sound waves to the receptors in the inner ear. Also help dampen very loud noises

75
Q

what are the names of the three ossicles?

A
  1. malleus (hammer)
  2. incus (anvil)
  3. stapes (stirrup)
76
Q

the inner ear houses the ______

A

receptors responsible for hearing and equilibrium

77
Q

what is the vestibular apparatus?

A

contains the receptors for equilibrium

78
Q

______ contains the receptors for hearing and looks like a sea shell

A

cochlea

79
Q

the cochlea and vestibular apparatus are structures as two ______

A

labyrinths

80
Q

what are the names of the two labyrinths formed in the inner ear?

A
  1. membranous (within bony)

2. bony

81
Q

the two labyrinths are filled with what?

A

fluids that allow us to hear or perceive equilibrium

82
Q

endolymph fills what structure?

A

the membranous labyrinth

83
Q

the bony labyrinth is filled with _____

A

perilymph

84
Q

what components of the vestibular apparatus detect positional movement?

A

utricle and saccule

85
Q

what do the semicircular canals do?

A

detect rotational motion

86
Q

what are the three ducts of the cochlea?

A
  1. vestibular
  2. tympanic
  3. cochlear
87
Q

what is corti made up of?

A

specialized cochlear hair cells that rest on a basilar membrane

88
Q

how does the corti function

A

when the membrane is moved by sound waves, the hair cells interpret this information and send it to the brain through CN VIII

ANAT100 (11 decks)

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