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ANAT100 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of glands of the endocrine system?

A
  1. endocrine and exocrine
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2
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

glands that secrete hormones directly from the cells of the gland to the extracellular fluid and bloodstream

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3
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

glands that secrete cell products into a duct system

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4
Q

what are hormones?

A

act as chemical messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to cause an effect on a target organ

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5
Q

what are the five endocrine glands

A
  1. pituitary
  2. thyroid
  3. parathyroid
  4. adrenal
  5. pancreas
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6
Q

the pituitary gland is the size of a ____

A

pea !

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7
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

at the base of the brain

- inferior to the hypothalamus and superior to the sphenoid bone

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8
Q

why is the pituitary gland also known as the “master gland”

A

due to production and release of hormones that control all other endocrine glands

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9
Q

which gland is known as the “master gland?”

A

pituitary

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10
Q

what is important about the physical contact between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

allows for communication between the nervous and endocrine systems

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11
Q

what is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

A

Adenohypophysis

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12
Q

what is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland composed of?

A

glandular (adeno) secretory cells

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13
Q

how many stimulating hormones are released by the Adenohypophysis?

A

seven

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14
Q

what are the seven hormones produced and released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  2. Prolactin (PRL)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  4. Growth Hormone (GH)
  5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  7. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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15
Q

function of TSH

A

causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

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16
Q

function of prolactin?

A

stimulates the breast to secrete milk

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17
Q

function of ACTH

A

causes adrenal glands to release their hormones

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18
Q

what does the growth hormone do?

A

stimulates growth in all cells

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19
Q

what does FSH do?

A

causes the maturation of cells in the ovaries and testes

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20
Q

function of LH?

A

causes the ovary to release the mature egg into the uterine tube

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21
Q

function of MSH?

A

causes melanocytes in the skin to produce pigment

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22
Q

what kind of tissue makes up the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

nervous & connective

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23
Q

how many hormones are released by the neurohypophysis?

A

2

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24
Q

what is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

A

the neurohypophysis

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25
Q

the hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are produced where?

A

the hypothalamus

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26
Q

what are the two hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

1) Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

2) Oxytocin

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27
Q

function of ADH?

A

promotes reabsorption of water at the kidneys

28
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A
  • promotes contraction of the uterus during child birth

- plays a role in milk release following birth

29
Q

what are glandular acini?

A

small sac-like cavities

30
Q

glandular acini arranged into small groups are found in which lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior

31
Q

in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, there is _________ between the small groupings of glandular acini

A

connective tissue

32
Q

in staining, which lobe of the pituitary gland appears darker

A

anterior

33
Q

the thyroid gland produces hormones important in _____

A

metabolism

34
Q

the thyroid gland is involved in _________

A

calcium homeostasis

35
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

sits in the neck anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx

36
Q

what are the three lobes of the thryoid?

A
  1. right lobe
  2. left lobe
  3. isthmus (between the lobes)
37
Q

what is the thyroid gland composed of?

A

many structures called follicles

- each follicle is made up of simple cuboidal follicular cells

38
Q

what are dispersed between the follicles of the thyroid gland?

A

parafollicular or “C” Cells

39
Q

what hormones do follicular cells produce?

A
  1. Triiodothyronine (T3)

2. Thyroxine (T4)

40
Q

what are the functions of T3 and T4

A

act to increase the rate of metabolism an oxygen consumption

41
Q

what role to the C - Cells of the thyroid have?

A
  • important in calcium homeostasis

- produce calcitonin, a hormone which lowers blood calcium concentration

42
Q

parathyroid glands are ____ small glands

A

four (paired)

43
Q

where are the parathyroid glands situated?

A

on the back of the thyroid gland

44
Q

the parathyroid glands are involved in the maintenance of ______

A

calcium homeostasis

45
Q

what kind of cells are the parathyroid glands made of?

A

mostly principal (or “chief”) cells

46
Q

what to principal/chief cells produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

47
Q

what does PTH do?

A

acts to increase calcium ion concentration in the blood

48
Q

where are the adrenal glands located? how are they structured?

A

two pyramid shaped structures located superiorly on the kidneys

49
Q

what is another name for the adrenal glands?

A

suprarenal glands

50
Q

role of the adrenal glands?

A

important roles in the production of corticosteroids, as well as the maintenance of fluid balance

51
Q

what are the two components of the adrenal glands?

A
  1. medulla

2. cortex

52
Q

the medulla is the _____ of the adrenal gland

A

core

53
Q

what does the medulla produce? in response to what?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation

54
Q

how many layers does the cortex have?

A

3

55
Q

what does the cortex produce?

A

over two dozen hormones, collectively called “corticosteroids”

56
Q

outer layer of cortex produces hormones known as ___

A

mineralacorticoids

57
Q

middle layer of cortex produces hormones known as ___

A

glucocorticoids

58
Q

inner layer of cortex produces hormones known as ___

A

androgens (sex hormones)

59
Q

the pancreas is a _____ gland

A

mixed. because is has both exocrine and endocrine functions

60
Q

what is the shape of the pancreas and where is it located?

A

long lobular organ that lies posterior to the stomach, extending from the duodenum to the spleen

61
Q

function of the pancreas?

A

produces enzymes for digestion and the hormone insulin that regulates blood sugar levels

62
Q

endocrine functions of the pancreas are a result of _______

A

specialized groups of cells in the pancreatic islets (or islets of Langerhans)

63
Q

what are the two types of endocrine cells in the pancreas

A

alpha & beta

64
Q

alpha cells produce what?

A

glucagon, a hormone that functions to increase blood glucose level (hyperglycemic hormone)

65
Q

beta cells produce what?

A

the hormone insulin, which functions to lower blood glucose levels (hypoglycemic hormone)

66
Q

what are some other glands not mentioned in this module?

A
  • thymus
  • digestive system
  • kidneys
  • gonads
  • heart

ANAT100 (11 decks)

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