Module 7

Question 1

what are the two types of glands of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

1. endocrine and exocrine

Question 2

what are endocrine glands?

Answer 2

glands that secrete hormones directly from the cells of the gland to the extracellular fluid and bloodstream

Question 3

what are exocrine glands?

Answer 3

glands that secrete cell products into a duct system

Question 4

what are hormones?

Answer 4

act as chemical messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to cause an effect on a target organ

Question 5

what are the five endocrine glands

Answer 5

1. pituitary
2. thyroid
3. parathyroid
4. adrenal
5. pancreas

Question 6

the pituitary gland is the size of a ____

Answer 6

pea !

Question 7

where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 7

at the base of the brain

- inferior to the hypothalamus and superior to the sphenoid bone

Question 8

why is the pituitary gland also known as the “master gland”

Answer 8

due to production and release of hormones that control all other endocrine glands

Question 9

which gland is known as the “master gland?”

Answer 9

pituitary

Question 10

what is important about the physical contact between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

Answer 10

allows for communication between the nervous and endocrine systems

Question 11

what is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

Answer 11

Adenohypophysis

Question 12

what is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland composed of?

Answer 12

glandular (adeno) secretory cells

Question 13

how many stimulating hormones are released by the Adenohypophysis?

Answer 13

seven

Question 14

what are the seven hormones produced and released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Answer 14

1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
2. Prolactin (PRL)
3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
4. Growth Hormone (GH)
5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
7. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Question 15

function of TSH

Answer 15

causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

Question 16

function of prolactin?

Answer 16

stimulates the breast to secrete milk

Question 17

function of ACTH

Answer 17

causes adrenal glands to release their hormones

Question 18

what does the growth hormone do?

Answer 18

stimulates growth in all cells

Question 19

what does FSH do?

Answer 19

causes the maturation of cells in the ovaries and testes

Question 20

function of LH?

Answer 20

causes the ovary to release the mature egg into the uterine tube

Question 21

function of MSH?

Answer 21

causes melanocytes in the skin to produce pigment

Question 22

what kind of tissue makes up the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Answer 22

nervous & connective

Question 23

how many hormones are released by the neurohypophysis?

Answer 23

2

Question 24

what is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

Answer 24

the neurohypophysis

Question 25

the hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are produced where?

Answer 25

the hypothalamus

Question 26

what are the two hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Answer 26

1) Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) | 2) Oxytocin

Question 27

function of ADH?

Answer 27

promotes reabsorption of water at the kidneys

Question 28

what does oxytocin do?

Answer 28

- promotes contraction of the uterus during child birth | - plays a role in milk release following birth

Question 29

what are glandular acini?

Answer 29

small sac-like cavities

Question 30

glandular acini arranged into small groups are found in which lobe of the pituitary gland?

Answer 30

anterior

Question 31

in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, there is _________ between the small groupings of glandular acini

Answer 31

connective tissue

Question 32

in staining, which lobe of the pituitary gland appears darker

Answer 32

anterior

Question 33

the thyroid gland produces hormones important in _____

Answer 33

metabolism

Question 34

the thyroid gland is involved in _________

Answer 34

calcium homeostasis

Question 35

where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 35

sits in the neck anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx

Question 36

what are the three lobes of the thryoid?

Answer 36

1. right lobe 2. left lobe 3. isthmus (between the lobes)

Question 37

what is the thyroid gland composed of?

Answer 37

many structures called follicles | - each follicle is made up of simple cuboidal follicular cells

Question 38

what are dispersed between the follicles of the thyroid gland?

Answer 38

parafollicular or "C" Cells

Question 39

what hormones do follicular cells produce?

Answer 39

1. Triiodothyronine (T3) | 2. Thyroxine (T4)

Question 40

what are the functions of T3 and T4

Answer 40

act to increase the rate of metabolism an oxygen consumption

Question 41

what role to the C - Cells of the thyroid have?

Answer 41

- important in calcium homeostasis | - produce calcitonin, a hormone which lowers blood calcium concentration

Question 42

parathyroid glands are ____ small glands

Answer 42

four (paired)

Question 43

where are the parathyroid glands situated?

Answer 43

on the back of the thyroid gland

Question 44

the parathyroid glands are involved in the maintenance of ______

Answer 44

calcium homeostasis

Question 45

what kind of cells are the parathyroid glands made of?

Answer 45

mostly principal (or "chief") cells

Question 46

what to principal/chief cells produce?

Answer 46

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 47

what does PTH do?

Answer 47

acts to increase calcium ion concentration in the blood

Question 48

where are the adrenal glands located? how are they structured?

Answer 48

two pyramid shaped structures located superiorly on the kidneys

Question 49

what is another name for the adrenal glands?

Answer 49

suprarenal glands

Question 50

role of the adrenal glands?

Answer 50

important roles in the production of corticosteroids, as well as the maintenance of fluid balance

Question 51

what are the two components of the adrenal glands?

Answer 51

1. medulla | 2. cortex

Question 52

the medulla is the _____ of the adrenal gland

Answer 52

core

Question 53

what does the medulla produce? in response to what?

Answer 53

epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation

Question 54

how many layers does the cortex have?

Answer 54

3

Question 55

what does the cortex produce?

Answer 55

over two dozen hormones, collectively called "corticosteroids"

Question 56

outer layer of cortex produces hormones known as ___

Answer 56

mineralacorticoids

Question 57

middle layer of cortex produces hormones known as ___

Answer 57

glucocorticoids

Question 58

inner layer of cortex produces hormones known as ___

Answer 58

androgens (sex hormones)

Question 59

the pancreas is a _____ gland

Answer 59

mixed. because is has both exocrine and endocrine functions

Question 60

what is the shape of the pancreas and where is it located?

Answer 60

long lobular organ that lies posterior to the stomach, extending from the duodenum to the spleen

Question 61

function of the pancreas?

Answer 61

produces enzymes for digestion and the hormone insulin that regulates blood sugar levels

Question 62

endocrine functions of the pancreas are a result of _______

Answer 62

specialized groups of cells in the pancreatic islets (or islets of Langerhans)

Question 63

what are the two types of endocrine cells in the pancreas

Answer 63

alpha & beta

Question 64

alpha cells produce what?

Answer 64

glucagon, a hormone that functions to increase blood glucose level (hyperglycemic hormone)

Question 65

beta cells produce what?

Answer 65

the hormone insulin, which functions to lower blood glucose levels (hypoglycemic hormone)

Question 66

what are some other glands not mentioned in this module?

Answer 66

- thymus - digestive system - kidneys - gonads - heart