Module 1 Flashcards
What are the four areas of anatomy
- histology
- gross anatomy
- neuroanatomy
- embryology
what is the difference between axial and appendicular?
axial - main vertical axis
appendicular - structures further from midline (limbs)
what are the 6 levels of human body structures
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system level
- organismal level
what are the 11 organ systems
integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine digestive respiratory cardiovascular lymphatic urinary reproductive
which body system so the skin, hair and nails belong to?
integumentary
which system does the spleen belong to?
lymphatic
what are the two dorsal cavities?
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
what are the two halves of the ventral cavities
top half = thoracic cavity
bottom half = abdominopelvic cavity
what makes up the thoracic cavity?
- superior mediastinum
- pericardial cavity
- pleural cavities
what is housed by the superior mediastinum?
sternum, trachea, espophagus, aorta
What is housed by the pericardial cavity
heart
what cavity are the lungs housed in?
pleural cavities
what are the two parts of the abdominopelvic cavity
- abdominal cavity
2. pelvic cavity
what is housed in the abdominal cavity?
digestive viscera
what is housed in the pelvic cavity?
bladder and reproductive organs
which way are the palms facing in the standard anatomical position?
forward
Superior
above/over
inferior
below/under
anterior (ventral)
in front
posterior (dorsal)
behind
medial
middle
lateral
away from midline
proximal
near, close to
distal
away from, further
superficial
close to surface
deep
further from surface
parietal
related to the walls of the cavity
visceral
located on or among the vicera
what is the opposite of interior?
superior
opposite of anterior
posterior
opposite of dorsal
ventral
opposite of lateral
medial
opposite of proximal
distal
opposite of deep
superficial
what is the sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides body into left and right
which plane divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior parts?
coronal
what is the horizontal plane
divides body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)
what plane passes through the body on an angle?
oblique
what is the longitudinal plane?
any plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane
what are the four basic tissues?
- epithelial
- connective
- nervous
- muscular
composition of epithelium
closely apposed (side by side) cells with very little or no intervening intercellular substance
two types of epitheilum
- covering epithelium
2. glandular epithelium
what is covering epithelium?
cells that cover the external and internal surfaces
what is glandular epithelium?
cells that produce and secrete product (ie. hormones)
four characteristics of epithelium? What do they mean?
- cellularity = adjacent epithelial cells are joined by specialized junctions (four types: tight, adhering, desmosomes, gap)
- polarity = an epithelial cell has an exposed surface that faces the exterior of the body of internal space as well as a basal surface where is it attached to the underlying tissue
- attachment = attached to the basal lamina (basement membrane)
- avascularity = no direct contact with blood vessels, recieve nutrients from blood vessels in underlying tissue
- regeneration = renewed constantly
what are the functions of epithelium???
- cover and line surfaces
- protection (skin)
- permeability (absorption in the digestive system)
- sensation (skin)
- contractility/secretion (of glandular cells)
in what two ways is epithelium classified?
- cell organization (number of cell layers)
2. cell shape
what is simple epithelium
- only one cell layer thick
what is stratified epithelium?
two or more cell layers thick, only the deepest layer of cells is in contact with the basal lamina
What are the three epithelial cell shapes?
- squamous = flat, thin, wide
- cuboidal = same size on all sides, nucleus in the centre
- columnar = taller than wide, nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell
How is epithelium named?
First = cell organization second = cell shape
where can simple squamous be found?
lining blood vessels
- blood vessels need a thin barrier to allow for rapid exchange of materials to and from cells
where can simple cubodial epithelium be found?
lining some glands
NOT IMPOTANT
where can simple columnar epithelium be found?
lining the GI tract
- the single layer allows for rapid secretion or absorption of material
where can stratified squamous be found?
the most superficial layer of skin
allows the skin to protect deeper structures
what kind of epithelial cells can be found lining the GI tract?
simple columnar
which kind of epithelium is relatively rare in the human body but can be found in the male urethra?
stratified columnar
what is transitional epithelium?
multiple layers of epithelial cells that allow for stretching.
- vary in shape, depending on whether the tissue is stretched or relaxed
- characteristic feature = domed shaped surface cells
- in the urinary bladder - change shape as urine accumulates
which kind of epithelium has the characteristic of dome shaped surface cells?
transitional
what is pseudostratified epithelium?
a single layer of cells with the cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelium
- short cilia (hair like projections) on the surface help in moving mucous
- found throughout respiratory tract
which tissue is the most abundant and widespread in the body?
connective
which tissue is the most diverse of the four tissues?
connective
what are the overall functions of connective tissue
- support
- anchor
- connect
what are the three things that make up connective tissue?
- cells
- fibres
- ground substance
what is the difference between fixed cells and wandering cells?
fixed = permanent residents int he connective tissue wandering = transient migrants who have entered the connective tissue from the blood in response to specific stimuli
what are the three types of fibres in connective tissue
collagen
reticular
elastic
what are the fibres of connective tissue made from?
proteins made of long peptide chains
what is ground substance?
- occupies the space between the cells and fibres
- high water content, transparent, colourless, viscous
what are three types of connective tissue?
- connective tissue proper
- supporting connective tissue
- fluid connective tissue
what are the two classifications of connective tissue proper?
- loose
- dense
what are the two classifications of supporting connective tissue?
- cartilage
- bone
what are the three types of loose connective tissue proper?
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
what are the three types of dense connective tissue proper??
- regular
- irregular
- elastic
what are the three kinds of cartilage?
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic
what are the 2 kinds of bone
- compact
2. spongy
what are the two fluid connective tissues?
- blood
2. lymph
characteristics of loose connective tissue
- relatively fewer cells and fibres than dense
- fibres are LOOSELY ARRANGED,
- lots of ground substance
characteristics of aerolar tissue
- less collagen and elastic fibres
- lots of open space
- viscous ground substance
adipose tissue
- made up of adipocytes
- fat stores
- protects, stores fat, insulates
reticular tissue
- meshwork of reticular fibres
- holds blood in place
- forms stroma of lumphatic organs
characteristics of dense connective tissue
- higher proportion of fibres to ground substance
- protein fibres densely packed together
regular dense connective tissue
- collagen fibres parallel to direction of stress
- tendons, ligaments
irregular dense connective tissue
- collagen fibres are interwoven, irregularly clumped together and project in all directions
- dermis of skin, capsules of organs
elastic dense connective tissue
- stretchy
- found around spine, walls of large arteries
what is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome? Symptoms?
genetic disorder that causes collagen defects.
Collagen fibres provide strength and fexibility to tissue and resist large forces, so without it: loose and fragile skin, flexible joints (leading to pain/arthritis)
characteristics of supporting connective tissue
provides a strong, durable framework to protect and support soft body tissues
where is cartilage found?
- the joint between moveable bones
- between the vertebrae in the spine
- ears and nose
- bronchial tubes or airways
What is cartilage?
firm tissue, but softer and more flexible than bone
what are the components of cartilage?
CELLS - primarily chondrocytes, located throughout the ground substance in small spaces called lacunae that contain one or more cells
FIBRES - various collagen or elastic fibres scattered throughout
GROUND SUBSTANCE - firm gel that makes cartilage solid, contains chondrocytes
PERICHONDRIUM - dense irregular connective tissue that envelops cartilage to provide nutrients to it, not found in all types of cartilage
LACUNAE - a small space in cartilage that houses one or more chondrocytes
Characteristics of Hyaline cartilage
- wear-resistant
- designed to bear and distribute weight
- strong, rubbery, flexible
- most common type
Where can hyaline cartilage be found?
- joint surface of moveable joints
- walls of the nose, trachea, bronchi and ribs
characteristics of fibrocartilage
tough, inflexible, durable, resistant to compression
where is fibrocartilage found
intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis
which kind of cartilage can be found in the external ear?
elastic
elastic cartilage is more or less flexible than hyaline cartilage?
MORe
Where can elastic cartilage be found?
- external ear
- Eustachian tubes (connects ear to nose)
- epiglottis
what are the functions of bone?
- support
- locomotion
- protection
- blood cell production
- mineral metabolism
what proportion of bone is organic/inorganic??
1/3 organic
2/3 inorganic
what parts of bone are organic? inorganic?
ORGANIC = cells, fibres, ground substance INORGANIC = minerals and salts
How is bone structured?
- structural pattern of repeating cylindrical structures, known as osteons (many osteons form bone tissue)
- each osteon is made from concentric rings with a hollow central canal (Haversian Canal)
- The cellular components of bone are located beteen the concentric rings
