Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four areas of anatomy
A
- histology
- gross anatomy
- neuroanatomy
- embryology
2
Q
what is the difference between axial and appendicular?
A
axial - main vertical axis
appendicular - structures further from midline (limbs)
3
Q
what are the 6 levels of human body structures
A
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system level
- organismal level
4
Q
what are the 11 organ systems
A
integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine digestive respiratory cardiovascular lymphatic urinary reproductive
5
Q
which body system so the skin, hair and nails belong to?
A
integumentary
6
Q
which system does the spleen belong to?
A
lymphatic
7
Q
what are the two dorsal cavities?
A
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
8
Q
what are the two halves of the ventral cavities
A
top half = thoracic cavity
bottom half = abdominopelvic cavity
9
Q
what makes up the thoracic cavity?
A
- superior mediastinum
- pericardial cavity
- pleural cavities
10
Q
what is housed by the superior mediastinum?
A
sternum, trachea, espophagus, aorta
11
Q
What is housed by the pericardial cavity
A
heart
12
Q
what cavity are the lungs housed in?
A
pleural cavities
13
Q
what are the two parts of the abdominopelvic cavity
A
- abdominal cavity
2. pelvic cavity
14
Q
what is housed in the abdominal cavity?
A
digestive viscera
15
Q
what is housed in the pelvic cavity?
A
bladder and reproductive organs
16
Q
which way are the palms facing in the standard anatomical position?
A
forward
17
Q
Superior
A
above/over
18
Q
inferior
A
below/under
19
Q
anterior (ventral)
A
in front
20
Q
posterior (dorsal)
A
behind
21
Q
medial
A
middle
22
Q
lateral
A
away from midline
23
Q
proximal
A
near, close to
24
Q
distal
A
away from, further
25
superficial
close to surface
26
deep
further from surface
27
parietal
related to the walls of the cavity
28
visceral
located on or among the vicera
29
what is the opposite of interior?
superior
30
opposite of anterior
posterior
31
opposite of dorsal
ventral
32
opposite of lateral
medial
33
opposite of proximal
distal
34
opposite of deep
superficial
35
what is the sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides body into left and right
36
which plane divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior parts?
coronal
37
what is the horizontal plane
divides body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)
38
what plane passes through the body on an angle?
oblique
39
what is the longitudinal plane?
any plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane
40
what are the four basic tissues?
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. nervous
4. muscular
41
composition of epithelium
closely apposed (side by side) cells with very little or no intervening intercellular substance
42
two types of epitheilum
1. covering epithelium
| 2. glandular epithelium
43
what is covering epithelium?
cells that cover the external and internal surfaces
44
what is glandular epithelium?
cells that produce and secrete product (ie. hormones)
45
four characteristics of epithelium? What do they mean?
1. cellularity = adjacent epithelial cells are joined by specialized junctions (four types: tight, adhering, desmosomes, gap)
2. polarity = an epithelial cell has an exposed surface that faces the exterior of the body of internal space as well as a basal surface where is it attached to the underlying tissue
3. attachment = attached to the basal lamina (basement membrane)
4. avascularity = no direct contact with blood vessels, recieve nutrients from blood vessels in underlying tissue
5. regeneration = renewed constantly
46
what are the functions of epithelium???
- cover and line surfaces
- protection (skin)
- permeability (absorption in the digestive system)
- sensation (skin)
- contractility/secretion (of glandular cells)
47
in what two ways is epithelium classified?
1. cell organization (number of cell layers)
| 2. cell shape
48
what is simple epithelium
- only one cell layer thick
49
what is stratified epithelium?
two or more cell layers thick, only the deepest layer of cells is in contact with the basal lamina
50
What are the three epithelial cell shapes?
1. squamous = flat, thin, wide
2. cuboidal = same size on all sides, nucleus in the centre
3. columnar = taller than wide, nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell
51
How is epithelium named?
```
First = cell organization
second = cell shape
```
52
where can simple squamous be found?
lining blood vessels
| - blood vessels need a thin barrier to allow for rapid exchange of materials to and from cells
53
where can simple cubodial epithelium be found?
lining some glands
| NOT IMPOTANT
54
where can simple columnar epithelium be found?
lining the GI tract
| - the single layer allows for rapid secretion or absorption of material
55
where can stratified squamous be found?
the most superficial layer of skin
| allows the skin to protect deeper structures
56
what kind of epithelial cells can be found lining the GI tract?
simple columnar
57
which kind of epithelium is relatively rare in the human body but can be found in the male urethra?
stratified columnar
58
what is transitional epithelium?
multiple layers of epithelial cells that allow for stretching.
- vary in shape, depending on whether the tissue is stretched or relaxed
- characteristic feature = domed shaped surface cells
- in the urinary bladder - change shape as urine accumulates
59
which kind of epithelium has the characteristic of dome shaped surface cells?
transitional
60
what is pseudostratified epithelium?
a single layer of cells with the cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelium
- short cilia (hair like projections) on the surface help in moving mucous
- found throughout respiratory tract
61
which tissue is the most abundant and widespread in the body?
connective
62
which tissue is the most diverse of the four tissues?
connective
63
what are the overall functions of connective tissue
1. support
2. anchor
3. connect
64
what are the three things that make up connective tissue?
1. cells
2. fibres
3. ground substance
65
what is the difference between fixed cells and wandering cells?
```
fixed = permanent residents int he connective tissue
wandering = transient migrants who have entered the connective tissue from the blood in response to specific stimuli
```
66
what are the three types of fibres in connective tissue
collagen
reticular
elastic
67
what are the fibres of connective tissue made from?
proteins made of long peptide chains
68
what is ground substance?
- occupies the space between the cells and fibres
| - high water content, transparent, colourless, viscous
69
what are three types of connective tissue?
1. connective tissue proper
2. supporting connective tissue
3. fluid connective tissue
70
what are the two classifications of connective tissue proper?
- loose
| - dense
71
what are the two classifications of supporting connective tissue?
- cartilage
| - bone
72
what are the three types of loose connective tissue proper?
1. areolar
2. adipose
3. reticular
73
what are the three types of dense connective tissue proper??
1. regular
2. irregular
3. elastic
74
what are the three kinds of cartilage?
1. hyaline
2. fibrocartilage
3. elastic
75
what are the 2 kinds of bone
1. compact
| 2. spongy
76
what are the two fluid connective tissues?
1. blood
| 2. lymph
77
characteristics of loose connective tissue
- relatively fewer cells and fibres than dense
- fibres are LOOSELY ARRANGED,
- lots of ground substance
78
characteristics of aerolar tissue
- less collagen and elastic fibres
- lots of open space
- viscous ground substance
79
adipose tissue
- made up of adipocytes
- fat stores
- protects, stores fat, insulates
80
reticular tissue
- meshwork of reticular fibres
- holds blood in place
- forms stroma of lumphatic organs
81
characteristics of dense connective tissue
- higher proportion of fibres to ground substance
| - protein fibres densely packed together
82
regular dense connective tissue
- collagen fibres parallel to direction of stress
| - tendons, ligaments
83
irregular dense connective tissue
- collagen fibres are interwoven, irregularly clumped together and project in all directions
- dermis of skin, capsules of organs
84
elastic dense connective tissue
- stretchy
| - found around spine, walls of large arteries
85
what is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome? Symptoms?
genetic disorder that causes collagen defects.
Collagen fibres provide strength and fexibility to tissue and resist large forces, so without it: loose and fragile skin, flexible joints (leading to pain/arthritis)
86
characteristics of supporting connective tissue
provides a strong, durable framework to protect and support soft body tissues
87
where is cartilage found?
- the joint between moveable bones
- between the vertebrae in the spine
- ears and nose
- bronchial tubes or airways
88
What is cartilage?
firm tissue, but softer and more flexible than bone
89
what are the components of cartilage?
CELLS - primarily chondrocytes, located throughout the ground substance in small spaces called lacunae that contain one or more cells
FIBRES - various collagen or elastic fibres scattered throughout
GROUND SUBSTANCE - firm gel that makes cartilage solid, contains chondrocytes
PERICHONDRIUM - dense irregular connective tissue that envelops cartilage to provide nutrients to it, not found in all types of cartilage
LACUNAE - a small space in cartilage that houses one or more chondrocytes
90
Characteristics of Hyaline cartilage
- wear-resistant
- designed to bear and distribute weight
- strong, rubbery, flexible
- most common type
91
Where can hyaline cartilage be found?
- joint surface of moveable joints
| - walls of the nose, trachea, bronchi and ribs
92
characteristics of fibrocartilage
tough, inflexible, durable, resistant to compression
93
where is fibrocartilage found
intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis
94
which kind of cartilage can be found in the external ear?
elastic
95
elastic cartilage is more or less flexible than hyaline cartilage?
MORe
96
Where can elastic cartilage be found?
- external ear
- Eustachian tubes (connects ear to nose)
- epiglottis
97
what are the functions of bone?
- support
- locomotion
- protection
- blood cell production
- mineral metabolism
98
what proportion of bone is organic/inorganic??
1/3 organic
| 2/3 inorganic
99
what parts of bone are organic? inorganic?
```
ORGANIC = cells, fibres, ground substance
INORGANIC = minerals and salts
```
100
How is bone structured?
- structural pattern of repeating cylindrical structures, known as osteons (many osteons form bone tissue)
- each osteon is made from concentric rings with a hollow central canal (Haversian Canal)
- The cellular components of bone are located beteen the concentric rings
