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ANAT100 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four areas of anatomy

A
  1. histology
  2. gross anatomy
  3. neuroanatomy
  4. embryology
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2
Q

what is the difference between axial and appendicular?

A

axial - main vertical axis

appendicular - structures further from midline (limbs)

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3
Q

what are the 6 levels of human body structures

A
  1. chemical level
  2. cellular level
  3. tissue level
  4. organ level
  5. organ system level
  6. organismal level
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4
Q

what are the 11 organ systems

A 
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
digestive
respiratory
cardiovascular
lymphatic
urinary
reproductive
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5
Q

which body system so the skin, hair and nails belong to?

A

integumentary

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6
Q

which system does the spleen belong to?

A

lymphatic

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7
Q

what are the two dorsal cavities?

A

cranial cavity

vertebral cavity

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8
Q

what are the two halves of the ventral cavities

A

top half = thoracic cavity

bottom half = abdominopelvic cavity

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9
Q

what makes up the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. superior mediastinum
  2. pericardial cavity
  3. pleural cavities
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10
Q

what is housed by the superior mediastinum?

A

sternum, trachea, espophagus, aorta

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11
Q

What is housed by the pericardial cavity

A

heart

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12
Q

what cavity are the lungs housed in?

A

pleural cavities

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13
Q

what are the two parts of the abdominopelvic cavity

A
  1. abdominal cavity

2. pelvic cavity

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14
Q

what is housed in the abdominal cavity?

A

digestive viscera

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15
Q

what is housed in the pelvic cavity?

A

bladder and reproductive organs

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16
Q

which way are the palms facing in the standard anatomical position?

A

forward

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17
Q

Superior

A

above/over

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18
Q

inferior

A

below/under

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19
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

in front

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20
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

behind

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21
Q

medial

A

middle

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22
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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23
Q

proximal

A

near, close to

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24
Q

distal

A

away from, further

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25
Q

superficial

A

close to surface

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26
Q

deep

A

further from surface

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27
Q

parietal

A

related to the walls of the cavity

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28
Q

visceral

A

located on or among the vicera

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29
Q

what is the opposite of interior?

A

superior

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30
Q

opposite of anterior

A

posterior

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31
Q

opposite of dorsal

A

ventral

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32
Q

opposite of lateral

A

medial

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33
Q

opposite of proximal

A

distal

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34
Q

opposite of deep

A

superficial

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35
Q

what is the sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides body into left and right

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36
Q

which plane divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior parts?

A

coronal

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37
Q

what is the horizontal plane

A

divides body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)

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38
Q

what plane passes through the body on an angle?

A

oblique

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39
Q

what is the longitudinal plane?

A

any plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane

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40
Q

what are the four basic tissues?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. nervous
  4. muscular
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41
Q

composition of epithelium

A

closely apposed (side by side) cells with very little or no intervening intercellular substance

42
Q

two types of epitheilum

A
  1. covering epithelium

2. glandular epithelium

43
Q

what is covering epithelium?

A

cells that cover the external and internal surfaces

44
Q

what is glandular epithelium?

A

cells that produce and secrete product (ie. hormones)

45
Q

four characteristics of epithelium? What do they mean?

A
  1. cellularity = adjacent epithelial cells are joined by specialized junctions (four types: tight, adhering, desmosomes, gap)
  2. polarity = an epithelial cell has an exposed surface that faces the exterior of the body of internal space as well as a basal surface where is it attached to the underlying tissue
  3. attachment = attached to the basal lamina (basement membrane)
  4. avascularity = no direct contact with blood vessels, recieve nutrients from blood vessels in underlying tissue
  5. regeneration = renewed constantly
46
Q

what are the functions of epithelium???

A
  • cover and line surfaces
  • protection (skin)
  • permeability (absorption in the digestive system)
  • sensation (skin)
  • contractility/secretion (of glandular cells)
47
Q

in what two ways is epithelium classified?

A
  1. cell organization (number of cell layers)

2. cell shape

48
Q

what is simple epithelium

A
  • only one cell layer thick
49
Q

what is stratified epithelium?

A

two or more cell layers thick, only the deepest layer of cells is in contact with the basal lamina

50
Q

What are the three epithelial cell shapes?

A
  1. squamous = flat, thin, wide
  2. cuboidal = same size on all sides, nucleus in the centre
  3. columnar = taller than wide, nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell
51
Q

How is epithelium named?

A 
First = cell organization
second = cell shape
52
Q

where can simple squamous be found?

A

lining blood vessels

- blood vessels need a thin barrier to allow for rapid exchange of materials to and from cells

53
Q

where can simple cubodial epithelium be found?

A

lining some glands

NOT IMPOTANT

54
Q

where can simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

lining the GI tract

- the single layer allows for rapid secretion or absorption of material

55
Q

where can stratified squamous be found?

A

the most superficial layer of skin

allows the skin to protect deeper structures

56
Q

what kind of epithelial cells can be found lining the GI tract?

A

simple columnar

57
Q

which kind of epithelium is relatively rare in the human body but can be found in the male urethra?

A

stratified columnar

58
Q

what is transitional epithelium?

A

multiple layers of epithelial cells that allow for stretching.

  • vary in shape, depending on whether the tissue is stretched or relaxed
  • characteristic feature = domed shaped surface cells
  • in the urinary bladder - change shape as urine accumulates
59
Q

which kind of epithelium has the characteristic of dome shaped surface cells?

A

transitional

60
Q

what is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

a single layer of cells with the cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelium

  • short cilia (hair like projections) on the surface help in moving mucous
  • found throughout respiratory tract
61
Q

which tissue is the most abundant and widespread in the body?

A

connective

62
Q

which tissue is the most diverse of the four tissues?

A

connective

63
Q

what are the overall functions of connective tissue

A
  1. support
  2. anchor
  3. connect
64
Q

what are the three things that make up connective tissue?

A
  1. cells
  2. fibres
  3. ground substance
65
Q

what is the difference between fixed cells and wandering cells?

A 
fixed = permanent residents int he connective tissue
wandering = transient migrants who have entered the connective tissue from the blood in response to specific stimuli
66
Q

what are the three types of fibres in connective tissue

A

collagen
reticular
elastic

67
Q

what are the fibres of connective tissue made from?

A

proteins made of long peptide chains

68
Q

what is ground substance?

A
  • occupies the space between the cells and fibres

- high water content, transparent, colourless, viscous

69
Q

what are three types of connective tissue?

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. supporting connective tissue
  3. fluid connective tissue
70
Q

what are the two classifications of connective tissue proper?

A
  • loose

- dense

71
Q

what are the two classifications of supporting connective tissue?

A
  • cartilage

- bone

72
Q

what are the three types of loose connective tissue proper?

A
  1. areolar
  2. adipose
  3. reticular
73
Q

what are the three types of dense connective tissue proper??

A
  1. regular
  2. irregular
  3. elastic
74
Q

what are the three kinds of cartilage?

A
  1. hyaline
  2. fibrocartilage
  3. elastic
75
Q

what are the 2 kinds of bone

A
  1. compact

2. spongy

76
Q

what are the two fluid connective tissues?

A
  1. blood

2. lymph

77
Q

characteristics of loose connective tissue

A
  • relatively fewer cells and fibres than dense
  • fibres are LOOSELY ARRANGED,
  • lots of ground substance
78
Q

characteristics of aerolar tissue

A
  • less collagen and elastic fibres
  • lots of open space
  • viscous ground substance
79
Q

adipose tissue

A
  • made up of adipocytes
  • fat stores
  • protects, stores fat, insulates
80
Q

reticular tissue

A
  • meshwork of reticular fibres
  • holds blood in place
  • forms stroma of lumphatic organs
81
Q

characteristics of dense connective tissue

A
  • higher proportion of fibres to ground substance

- protein fibres densely packed together

82
Q

regular dense connective tissue

A
  • collagen fibres parallel to direction of stress

- tendons, ligaments

83
Q

irregular dense connective tissue

A
  • collagen fibres are interwoven, irregularly clumped together and project in all directions
  • dermis of skin, capsules of organs
84
Q

elastic dense connective tissue

A
  • stretchy

- found around spine, walls of large arteries

85
Q

what is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome? Symptoms?

A

genetic disorder that causes collagen defects.
Collagen fibres provide strength and fexibility to tissue and resist large forces, so without it: loose and fragile skin, flexible joints (leading to pain/arthritis)

86
Q

characteristics of supporting connective tissue

A

provides a strong, durable framework to protect and support soft body tissues

87
Q

where is cartilage found?

A
  • the joint between moveable bones
  • between the vertebrae in the spine
  • ears and nose
  • bronchial tubes or airways
88
Q

What is cartilage?

A

firm tissue, but softer and more flexible than bone

89
Q

what are the components of cartilage?

A

CELLS - primarily chondrocytes, located throughout the ground substance in small spaces called lacunae that contain one or more cells
FIBRES - various collagen or elastic fibres scattered throughout
GROUND SUBSTANCE - firm gel that makes cartilage solid, contains chondrocytes
PERICHONDRIUM - dense irregular connective tissue that envelops cartilage to provide nutrients to it, not found in all types of cartilage
LACUNAE - a small space in cartilage that houses one or more chondrocytes

90
Q

Characteristics of Hyaline cartilage

A
  • wear-resistant
  • designed to bear and distribute weight
  • strong, rubbery, flexible
  • most common type
91
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A
  • joint surface of moveable joints

- walls of the nose, trachea, bronchi and ribs

92
Q

characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

tough, inflexible, durable, resistant to compression

93
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A

intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis

94
Q

which kind of cartilage can be found in the external ear?

A

elastic

95
Q

elastic cartilage is more or less flexible than hyaline cartilage?

A

MORe

96
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A
  • external ear
  • Eustachian tubes (connects ear to nose)
  • epiglottis
97
Q

what are the functions of bone?

A
  • support
  • locomotion
  • protection
  • blood cell production
  • mineral metabolism
98
Q

what proportion of bone is organic/inorganic??

A

1/3 organic

2/3 inorganic

99
Q

what parts of bone are organic? inorganic?

A 
ORGANIC = cells, fibres, ground substance
INORGANIC = minerals and salts
100
Q

How is bone structured?

A
  • structural pattern of repeating cylindrical structures, known as osteons (many osteons form bone tissue)
  • each osteon is made from concentric rings with a hollow central canal (Haversian Canal)
  • The cellular components of bone are located beteen the concentric rings

ANAT100 (11 decks)

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