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ANAT100 > Module 12 > Flashcards

Module 12 Flashcards

1
Q

function of the male reproductive system

A

create and transport the male gamete cell, sperm

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2
Q

what are the four parts of a sperm?

A

head, neck, midpiece, tail

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3
Q

what shape is the head of a sperm?

A

flat and oval

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4
Q

what is contained in the head of a sperm?

A

nucleus and acrosomal cap

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5
Q

what does the nucleus of the sperm needed for?

A

to contribute either an X or Y chromosome to the fertilization process

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6
Q

what is the acrosomal cap?

A

contains enzymes that are released prior to fertilization to help the sperm pass through layers of the egg

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7
Q

neck of the sperm

A

connects the head to the midpiece

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8
Q

the midpiece of the sperm

A

a continuation of the neck with a mitochondrial collar that helps produce energy

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9
Q

another name for the tail of a sperm?

A

flagellum

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10
Q

purpose of the spermy tail?

A

source of movement

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11
Q

where is the site of sperm creation and development?

A

the testes

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12
Q

size of the testes?

A 
length = 4-5cm
diameter = 2.5 - 3cm
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13
Q

the testes are ____

A

glands

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14
Q

what are the two coverings of the testes?

A
  1. tunica vaginalis

2. tunica albuginea

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15
Q

tunica vaginalis

A
  • outer protective covering

- extension of the protective covering in the abdominal cavity

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16
Q

tunica albuginea

A
  • inner fibrous coat or capsule
  • extensions from the tunica albuginea penetrate into the testes dividing it into approx 250-300 compartmens, known as lobules
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17
Q

each lobule in the tunica albuginea contains?

A

up to 4 thin and elongated seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

where are the seminiferous tubules located

A

coiled in the testes

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19
Q

what do the seminiferous tubules do

A

produce sperm

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20
Q

how long is each seminiferous tubule hen coiled?

A

approx 8cm

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21
Q

each testes contains its own ______

A

seminiferous tubule

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22
Q

______ are found between the seminiferous tubules in the loose connective tissue

A

Leydig cells

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23
Q

what do leydig cells do?

A

produce and secrete testosterone

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24
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

sac of skin and fascia surrounding the testes, derived from the anterior abdominal wall

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25
Q

what are the two muscles of the scrotum?

A
  1. dartos muscle

2. cremaster muscle

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26
Q

which of the two scrotum muscles is more superficial?

A

dartos muscle

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27
Q

where is the dartos muscle located?

A

in the skin of the scrotum

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28
Q

what causes the wrinkly (rugose) appearance of the scrotum?

A

dartos muscle

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29
Q

function of the cremaster muscle

A

moves the testes and scrotum towards and away from the body to help regulate the temperature of the testes

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30
Q

why is a duct system (males) necessary?

A

following production int he testes, the sperm must travel through the duct system to pass out of the body

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31
Q

the left and right testes each has its own ___ ____

A

duct system

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32
Q

what is the epididymis?

A

first portion of male duct system.

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33
Q

where is the epididymis located? what is its shape?

A

lies on the posterior border is each testes ad is shaped like a comma

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34
Q

how long is the epididymis

A

about 4cm

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35
Q

the epididymis contains long coiled tubules about ____ in length

A

4 - 5m

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36
Q

what are the three regions of the epididymis?

A
  1. head
  2. body
  3. tail
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37
Q

purpose of the head of the epididymis?

A

contains and receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules

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38
Q

where is the body of the epididymis located?

A

on the posterior-lateral border of the testis

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39
Q

where is the tail of the epididymis located?

A

near the inferior border of the testis

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40
Q

at the tail of the epididymis, what happens to the coiled duct?

A

coiling of the duct has diminished and the tube reverses its direction and ascends into the vas deferens

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41
Q

where are the sperm stored prior to ejaculation?

A

the tail of the epididymis

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42
Q

the ducts of the epididymis are lined with _________

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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43
Q

what is the second portion of the male duct system called?

A

Vas Deferens (ductus deferens)

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44
Q

function of the vas deferens?

A

stores and transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

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45
Q

the Vas Deferens has a small _____

A

lumen

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46
Q

the Vas Deferens has a thick _____

A

muscularis, composed of layer of smooth muscle

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47
Q

what are the four structures associated with the Vas Deferens?

A
  1. Ampulla
  2. Seminal vesicle
  3. ejaculatory duct
  4. urethra
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48
Q

what is the final portion of the male duct system?

A

urethra

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49
Q

what is the ampulla

A

expanded distal portion of the vas deferens

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50
Q

the ampulla and seminal vesicle join to form _______

A

the ejaculatory duct

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51
Q

how long is the male urethra?

A

15-20cm

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52
Q

what is the function of accessory reproductive glands (males)

A

to nourish the sperm as they travel through the duct system

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53
Q

what are the three accessory reproductive glands in males

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral glands
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54
Q

where are the seminal vesicles located

A

two glands, located on the posterior surface of the bladder, in front of the rectum

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55
Q

what are the seminal vesicles

A

large, coiled tubular glands

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56
Q

what do the seminal vesicles do?

A

provide fluid and nutrients to the ejaculate and contribute 60% to the volume of semen

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57
Q

where is the prostate gland? how big is it?

A

located beneath the bladder

size of a walnut

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58
Q

what does the prostate gland consist of?

A

tubular glands embedded in a mass of smooth muscle and connective tissue

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59
Q

what is the function of the prostate gland?

A

produces and secretes sugars and enzymes, which accounts for about 33% of the seminal fluid

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60
Q

where are the bulbourethral glands? how big are they?

A

two, pea sized

located immediately below the prostate at the base of the penis

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61
Q

what do the bulbourethral glands secrete? Why?

A

thick, clear alkaline mucus that drains into the penile urethra

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62
Q

why do the bulbourethral glands secrete before ejaculation?

A

to neutralize traces of acidic urine and to lubricate the urethra

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63
Q

what are the three parts of the penis?

A
  1. root
  2. body
  3. glans
64
Q

where is the root of the penis?

A

fixed portion that attaches the penis to the ischium (pelvic bone)

65
Q

body of the penis

A

tubular moveable portion that consists of three cylinders of erectile tissues and contains the urethra

66
Q

what is the glans?

A

expanded distal end of the penis (tip)

67
Q

what are the two kinds of penile tissue?

A

1) corpora cavernosa

2) corpus spongiosum

68
Q

what are the corpora cavernosa?

A

two erectile cylinders on the dorsal surface OF THE PENIS, which makes up most of the mass of the penis

69
Q

what is the crura of the penis and where does it attach?

A

the proximal portion of the corpora cavernosa. attached to the bony pelvis by muscles

70
Q

the corpus spongiosum contains the ____

A

urethra

71
Q

the corpus spongiosum expands distally to form the __

A

glans of the penis

72
Q

the proximal end of the corpus spongiosum is enlarged and called the ____

A

bulb of the penis

73
Q

what is the function of the female reproductive system?

A

produce the female gamete, an ovum, and to carry a fetus to full term

74
Q

how are the male and female reproductive systems similar?

A

symmetry

75
Q

where are the ovaries located?

A

near the lateral walls of the pelvis

76
Q

what size are the ovaries (length, thickness)

A 
length = 2cm
thickness = 1 - 1.5cm
77
Q

what happens in the ovaries?

A

where the eggs (ova) are produced and stored prior to ovulation

78
Q

what are the two ligaments of the ovaries?

A
  1. ovarian ligament

2. suspensory ligament

79
Q

what purpose do the ligaments of the ovaries serve?

A
  • protect and anchor the ovaries

- also protected by an outer covering of dense connective tissue

80
Q

function of the ovarian ligament?

A

anchor ovaries to the uterus

81
Q

function of the suspensory ligament

A

anchor the ovaries to the pelvic wall

82
Q

the ovaries are surrounded by what?

A

a connective tissue capsule, known as the tunica albuginea

83
Q

each ovary is divided into a ____ and a _____

A

cortex, medulla

84
Q

the cortex of the ovaries contains what?

A

the ovarian follicles

85
Q

the medulla of the ovaries contains what?

A

blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics to supply the tissue of the ovary

86
Q

what are the five kinds of follicles in the cortex of the ovaries

A
  • primordial
  • primary
  • secondary
  • graafian
  • corpus luteum
87
Q

Which follicle is the most immature?

A

primordial follicle

88
Q

what is the primordial follicle

A

one layer of cells surrounding the egg

89
Q

which follicle develops from the primordial follicle?

A

the primary follicle

90
Q

what is the makeup of the primary follicle?

A

two or more layers of cells surrounding the egg

91
Q

the secondary follicle is surrounded by

A

many layers of cells

92
Q

the secondary follicle contains an _____

A

antrum (fluid-filled space)

93
Q

which follicle is the mature one that will be ovulated during a menstrual cycle?

A

Graafian follicle

94
Q

what’s another name for the graafian follicle

A

tertiary follicle

95
Q

what is ovulation?

A

the rupture of a Graafian follicle, where it is ejected from the ovary

96
Q

how many layers of cells surround a graafian follicle?

A

many

97
Q

the graafian follicle contains an _____

A

antrum (much bigger than that in the secondary follicle though)

98
Q

after ovulation, the ____ develops from the remnants of the mature follicle

A

corpus luteum

99
Q

what does the corpus luteum do?

A

mainly produces progesterone and to a lesser extent, estrogen

100
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertalization does not occur?

A

degenerates

101
Q

what’s another name for the uterine tubes

A

fallopian tubes or oviducts

102
Q

what are the uterine tubes

A

the ducts of the female resproductive system

103
Q

how long are the uterine tubes?

A

10 - 12cm

104
Q

what are the three portions of the uterine tubes

A

infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus

105
Q

Infundibulum

A

funnel-shaped distal end of the uterine tubes that opens into the peritoneal cavity and has finger-like extensions called fimbriae

106
Q

what is the function of the infundibulum?

A

capture the egg after it is ovulated

107
Q

which portion of the uterine tubes is the longest and widest?

A

ampulla

108
Q

what part of the uterine tubes does fertilization normally occur?

A

ampulla

109
Q

what part of the uterine tubes is the closest to the uterus?

A

isthmus

110
Q

where does the isthmus travel through?

A

passes through the uterine wall, opening into the lumen of the uterus

111
Q

what are the three parts of the uterus

A
  1. fundus
  2. body
  3. cervix
112
Q

which portion of the uterus is the most superior?

A

fundus

113
Q

what shape and where is the fundus of the uterus?

A

dome-shaped and extends between the uterine tubes

114
Q

the body of the uterus is composed of ____

A

smooth muscle

115
Q

the cervix projects into the ____

A

vagina

116
Q

the cervix contains the _____

A

cervical canal (connects to the vagina)

117
Q

what are the two openings to the cervical canal called

A
  1. internal os

2. external os

118
Q

what does the internal os connect?

A

uterus and cervix

119
Q

what does the external os connect?

A

cervix and vagina

120
Q

what are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A
  1. endometrium
  2. myometrium
  3. perimetrium
121
Q

what is the endometrium

A
  • the glandular inner lining

- undergoes the changes through the menstrual cycle

122
Q

which layer of the uterine wall makes up 10% of the total mass of the uterus?

A

endometrium

123
Q

the myometrium is the ____ layer of the uterine wall made up of ____ muscle

A

middle, smooth

124
Q

myometrium makes up ____ of the total mass of the uterus

A

90%

125
Q

the thin, outer layer capsule of the uterine wall is called the?

A

perimetrium

126
Q

the perimetrium is composed of what?

A

serosa

127
Q

the uterus is supported by the ___ ____ which drapes over the uterus

A

broad ligament

128
Q

where is the vagina located?

A

inferior to the cervix

129
Q

how long is the vagina?

A

10cm

130
Q

what structure connects the uterus to the outside of the body

A

the vagina

131
Q

the vagina also serves as the ____ ____

A

birth canal

132
Q

the mucosa of the vagina is what kind of epithelium?

A

stratified squamous

133
Q

the mucosa of the vagina produces ____?

A

glycogen, which is metabolized by bacteria into lactic acid

134
Q

the mucosa of the vagina serves what purpose?

A

to protect the vagina through creating an acidic environment

135
Q

what kind of tissue is the muscularis of the vagina

A

elastic, loose connective tissue

136
Q

what are the layers of the muscularis of the vagina

A

inner circular layer

outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

137
Q

is the vagina covered in serosa or adventitia?

A

adventitia

138
Q

another name for female external genetalia

A

vulva or pudendum

139
Q

what are the five aspects of the female external genitalia

A
  • mons pubis
  • clitoris
  • labia minora
  • labia majora
  • vestibule
140
Q

what is the mons pubis

A

adipose tissue overlying the pubic bone

141
Q

what is the clitoris?

A

highly sensitive area

142
Q

what is the clitoris composed of?

A

erectile tissue that is homologous to the corpora cavernosa in the male

143
Q

what are the labia minora

A
  • “small lips”

- two thin, fat free folds of skin close to the vestibule

144
Q

what are the labia majora

A
  • “large lips”

- two elongated, fatty folds of skin that are homologous to the male scrotum

145
Q

what is the vestibule (female external genitalia)

A

opening of the vagina

146
Q

the breasts are also the

A

mammary glands

147
Q

what are the mammary glands

A

modified sweat glands

148
Q

what do the mammary glands do?

A

produce and secrete milk

149
Q

how many lobes are apart of the mammary glands?

A

15-20 (they all contain glands)

150
Q

what separates the lobes of the mammary glands?

A

connective tissue septa

151
Q

function of connective tissue septa in the mammary glands?

A

as the suspensory ligaments that attach the breast to the underlying muscle and overlying skin (natural support of breasts)

152
Q

the mammary glands include the _____ ___ which drain into the nipple

A

lactiferous ducts

153
Q

the pigmented area around the nipple is called?

A

the areola

154
Q

what is ectopic pregnancy?

A

when fertilization occurs outside of the typical region of fertilization, resulting in implantation in an abnormal location

155
Q

results of ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • major bleeding
  • put pressure on surrounding organs
  • may not be enough nutrients or space for the fetus

ANAT100 (11 decks)

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