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ANAT100 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how many named bones are in the skeletal system

A

206

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2
Q

what % of body mass is the skeletal system?

A

20%

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3
Q

what are the main functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • support and protection
  • movement
  • hemopoiesis
  • storage of mineral and energy reserves
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4
Q

how does the skeletal system provide support and protection?

A
  • structural support, framework for entire body

- protect delicate tissues and organs from injury/trauma

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5
Q

how does the skeletal system aid with movement?

A
  • attachment sites for muscles, soft tissues and organs
  • muscles attached to the skeleton contract and exert a pull on the skeleton, then functions as a system of levers
  • bones can alter the direction and magnitude of the forces
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6
Q

how does the skeletal system contribute to hemopoiesis?

A

it occurs in the RED BLOOD MARROW, which is located in some spongy bone

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7
Q

what is hemopoiesis?

A

the process of blood cell production

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8
Q

how does the skeletal system provide storage?

A

more than 90% of the body’s reserves of the minerals calcium and phosphate are stored within and released by bone

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9
Q

what makes up the outer layer of bone?

A

compact bone which is hard and strong

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10
Q

what makes up the inner layer of bone?

A

spongy bone

- blood cell production occurs int he inner cavity of the bone!

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11
Q

what are the 4 types of bones (and examples!)

A
  1. Flat - skull
  2. irregular - vertebrae
  3. long - femur
  4. short - ankle, wrist
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12
Q

what are the three components of long bones?

A
  1. epiphysis - big knobby ends, strengthen joints, attachment sites for tendons and ligaments
  2. metaphysis - region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
  3. diaphysis - shaft
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13
Q

what is articular cartilage?

A
  • layer of cartilage that covers the epiphysis
  • reduces friction between joints
  • absorbs shock in movable joints
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14
Q

what bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

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15
Q

how many bones are in the skull?

A

22

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16
Q

where is the frontal cranial bone located?

A

forms the forehead and roof of the orbits (eye sockets)

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17
Q

where are parietal cranial bones located?

A

form superior and lateral surfaces of skull

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18
Q

where are the temporal cranial bones located?

A

forms the lateral and inferior walls of the skull

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19
Q

what are the features of the temporal bone?

A
  1. zygomatic process (long thing sticking out)
  2. external auditory meatus (ear hole)
  3. mastoid process
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20
Q

where is the occipital bone?

A

forms posterior wall and base of skull

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21
Q

features of the occipital bone

A
  1. foramen magnum (big hole)

2. occipital condyles

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22
Q

where is the sphenoid?

A

joins the cranium and facial bones by attaching with almost every other bone in the skull

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23
Q

which bone is known as the “keystone of the skull” ?

A

sphenoid

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24
Q

are are sutures?

A

attachments/articulations between the flat bones of the skull

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25
Q

what are the four main sutures in the skull?

A

Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones
Saggital - between parietal bones
Lambdoid - between occipital and parietal bones
Squamous - between temporal and parietal bones

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26
Q

what is a fossa?

A

depression in a bone

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27
Q

how many fossa are on the floor of the cranium?

A

3

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28
Q

what are the three fossa on the floor of the cranium?

A
  • anterior
  • middle
  • posterior
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29
Q

how many facial bones are there in the skull?? What are they?

A

Maxillary
Nasal
Zygomatic bones
Mandible

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30
Q

Maxillary

A

upper jaw bones

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31
Q

Nasal

A

Articulate with the frontal lobe

forms bridge of nose

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32
Q

zygomatic bones

A

cheekbones

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33
Q

what is the temporal process

A

Part of the zygomatic bones: articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

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34
Q

Mandible

A

lower jaw

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35
Q

What are the features of the mandible?

A
  1. body
  2. ramus
  3. angle
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36
Q

how many bones make up the vertebral column?

A

26

  • 24 vertebrae
  • 1 sacrum
  • 1 coccyx
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37
Q

how long is the spine in an average adult?

A

70cm

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38
Q

what are the five divisions of the vertebral column? How many vertebrae each?

A
  1. Cervical - 7
  2. Thoracic - 12
  3. Lumbar - 5
  4. Sacrum - 5 fused
  5. Coccyx - 4 fused
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39
Q

what are the three components of the vertebrae structure?

A
  1. body (anterior)
  2. vertebral arch (posterior) - spinous and transverse processes
  3. Vertebral Foramen (canal) - houses spinal cord
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40
Q

what are the two processes that are apart of the vertebral arch?

A
  • spinous process: extends posteriorly

- transverse process: paired, extends laterally

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41
Q

What are the two atypical vertebrae?

A

C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)

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42
Q

characteristics of C1

A
  • first cervical vertebra
  • anterior arch: provides attachment with the dens (C2)
  • Lateral masses: provides attachment with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone
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43
Q

characteristics of C2

A
  • second cervical vertebra

- dens: rests within the anterior arch of C1

44
Q

How do C1 and C2 contribute to head movement?

A
  • The skull rests on top of the lateral masses of C1 via the occipital condyles (allows NODDING of the head)
  • The dens of C2 articulates with the anterior arch of C1 (allows SHAKING of the head)
45
Q

what are the two vertebral articulations

A
  1. intervertebral discs

2. intervertebral foramen

46
Q

Characteristics of intervertebral discs

A
  • “jelly-filled donut”
  • located between two vertebra
  • shock absorber
  • made of fibrocartilage
47
Q

characteristics of intervertebral foramen

A
  • lateral openings between adjacent vertebra

- allow for the passage of spinal nerves

48
Q

what are the elements of the sacrum

A

apex
base
sacral formina
sacral canal

49
Q

what is the coccyx

A
  • fusion of 3-5 vertebrae (usually 4)

- little rattlesnake tail looking thing at the bottom of the sacrum

50
Q

Three parts of the THORACIC CAGE

A

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum

51
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there? How many are true? false? floating?

A

12 total.
1-7 are true
8 - 12 false
11 and 12 false floating

52
Q

structure of a typical rib

A

shaft, costal grove, angle, tubercle, neck, head (see pic)

53
Q

what are the three parts of the sternum from top to bottom

A
  1. Manubrim (articulates with rib 1)
  2. Body (articulates with ribs 2-7)
  3. Xiphoid process
54
Q

how many bones are apart of the UPPER limb?

A

31

55
Q

Which bones are apart of the UPPER limb

A
  • Pectoral girdle
  • Arm (humerus)
  • Forearm
  • Wrist and Hand
56
Q

how many bones make up the LOWER limb?

A

32

57
Q

what composes the Lower limb

A
  • pelvic girdle
  • femur
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • ankle and foot
58
Q

PECTORAL GIRDLE

A

connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton

59
Q

what are the two parts of the pectoral girdle?

A

clavicle

scapula

60
Q

what is the clavicle

A

S-shaped bone that joins with the manubrium and the scapula

61
Q

what shape is the scapula

A

triangular

62
Q

what are the three part of the scapula

A
  • anterior surface (coracoid process)
  • posterior surface (acromion and spine)
  • lateral surface (glenoid fossa)
63
Q

purpose of the coracoid process

A

stabilize shoulder joint

64
Q

purpose of the glenoid fossa

A

articulates with the head of the humerus (arm bone) to contribute to the shoulder joint

65
Q

what two bones make up the forearm?

A

radius and ulna

66
Q

what are the four parts of the radius?

A
  • head
  • neck
  • shaft
  • distal end
67
Q

characteristics of the head of the radius

A
  • round, disc shaped

- articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

68
Q

characteristics of the distal end of the radius

A
  • wide and flat
  • articulates with the wrist joint
  • styloid process
69
Q

What are the three components of the ulna

A
  1. olecranon
  2. coronoid process
  3. trochlear notch
70
Q

where is the olecranon

A

fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus

71
Q

where is the coronoid process

A

fits into the corodoin fossa of the humerus

72
Q

where is the trochlear notch

A

interlocks with the trochlea of the humerus

73
Q

what are the three elements of the hand

A

wrist
palm/hand
digits/fingers

74
Q

what kind of bones are in the wrist? How many?

A

8 carpal bones

75
Q

What kind of bones are in the palm/hand? How many?

A

5 metacarpal bones

76
Q

what bones make up the fingers? How many?

A

14 phalanges

77
Q

PELVIC GIRDLE

A

attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton

78
Q

what are the three parts of the pelvic girdle

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
79
Q

Components of the Ilium

A
  • iliac crest
  • grand sciatic notch
  • ASIS
  • AIIS
  • PSIS
  • PIIS
80
Q

which component of the pelvic girdle is the largest?

A

ILIUM

81
Q

components of the ischium

A
  • ischial tuberosity (sit bones)
  • ischial spine
  • lesser sciatic notch
  • ischial ramus
82
Q

where does the pubis fit?

A

fuses with both the ilium and the ischium.

unites with the other pubic bone at the pubic symphysis

83
Q

what are the structures formed by the bones of the pelvic girdle?

A
  1. ACETABULUM

2. OBTURATOR FORAMEN

84
Q

Components of the Proximal end of the femur

A
  • greater trochanter
  • lesser trochanter
  • linea aspera
85
Q

what is the linea aspera?

A

the ridged posterior surface of the shaft, compared to the smooth anterior surface

86
Q

components of the distal end of the femur

A
  • linea aspera
  • medial and lateral condyles
  • intercondylar notch
  • patellar (knee cap) surface
87
Q

What is the difference between the humerus and the femur

A

femur is larger, wider shaft, longer, more circular head, larger condyles
- makes sense, because the femur plays a critical role in supporting the body’s weight

88
Q

what are the four parts of the tibia

A
  1. medial and lateral condyles
  2. intercondylar eminence
  3. shaft
  4. distal end
89
Q

four parts of the fibula

A

head
neck
shaft
distal end (lateral malleolus)

90
Q

which part of the fibula connects to the tibia

A

head (proximal end)

91
Q

Differences between forearm and leg

A

size!
- in forearm, the radius and ulna are similar in size but in the leg, the tibia is much wider than the fibula (to bear weight)

92
Q

bones in the ankle

A

7 tarsal bones

93
Q

bones in the foot

A

5 metatarsal bones

94
Q

bones in the toes

A

14 phalanges

95
Q

what is a joint?????

A

where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth

96
Q

5 kinds of joints

A
  1. Glenohumeral joint (shoulder)
  2. hip joint
  3. elbow joint
  4. intervertebral joint
  5. suture
97
Q

what are the three basic movements made by synovial joints?

A
  1. gliding
  2. angular
  3. rotation
98
Q

define gliding

A

the motion of bones sliding on one another

99
Q

example of a gliding joint

A

hands, spine

100
Q

define angular joint

A

motion that changes the joint angle

101
Q

what are the four types of angular joints

A
  • flexion (bending/decreasing angle)
  • extension (straightening/increasing angle)
  • abduction (taking away from midline)
  • adduction (bringing toward the midline)
102
Q

rotation joints definition

A

when a joint pivots around its own axis

103
Q

the two types of rotation in joints

A 
medial = towards the midline
lateral = away from the midline
104
Q

what are the three special joint movements?

A
  1. Supination/Pronation
  2. Inversion/Eversion
  3. Circumduction
105
Q

what is supination and pronation

A

rotation of the radius over the ulna!

  • supination = palms face front
  • pronation = palms face back
106
Q

inversion and eversion?

A

twisting motion of the ankle

  • Inversion = soles turn inward
  • eversion = soles turn outward
107
Q

what is circumduction?

A

a continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in succession (i.e. arm circles)

ANAT100 (11 decks)

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