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ANAT100 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

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2
Q

What are the components of all muscles?

A
  • muscle tissue
  • blood vessels
  • tendons
  • nerves
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3
Q

characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • controlled by the nervous system or hormones

- either generally inactive, only responding stimuli OR is rhythmic

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4
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
  • help body move

- most is attached to bones via tendons

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5
Q

characteristics of cardiac tissue

A
  • found in the heart

- contracts rhythmically, modulated by neural activity/hormones

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6
Q

what are the two characterizations of muscle?

A

morphological and functional

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7
Q

what are the two different morphological characterizations of muscle

A

smooth and striated

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8
Q

SMOOTH MUSCLE

A
  • fusi form shaped cells with no striations
  • centrally located nucleus within the cell
  • found in blood vessels, digestive system, other viscera
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9
Q

STRIATED MUSCLE

A
  • marked by both light and dark bands in appearance

- skeletal and cardiac

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10
Q

makeup of skeletal muscle

A
  • long muscle fibres
  • multi-nucleated cells
  • peripherally located nucleus within the cell
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11
Q

makeup of cardiac muscle

A
  • intercalated discs

- centrally located nucleus within the cell

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12
Q

what are the two functional characteristics of muscle?

A

voluntary and involuntary

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13
Q

VOLUNTARY MUSCLE

A
  • consciously controlled in order to perform a specific function
  • SKELETAL MUSCLE only
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14
Q

Which muscles are voluntary and which are involuntary?

A 
VOLUNTARY = skeletal
INVOLUNTARY = smooth, cardiac
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15
Q

what are the two muscle functions?

A

excitability and contractility

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16
Q

what is excitability?

A

muscle tissue recieves electrical signals from nerves or stimulation from hormones to contract

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17
Q

what is contrctility

A

when a muscle cell is activated by a nerve or stimulated by a hormone, this causes the muscle to shorten, resulting in a contraction

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18
Q

how many named muscles are apart of the skeletal muscle system

A

700

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19
Q

how much of a person’s weight is accounted for my skeletal muscle?

A

50%

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20
Q

functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • movement
  • posture
  • stabilize joints
  • control excretion and swallowing
  • produce heat
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21
Q

how are connective tissue and muscle tissue combined in skeletal muscle tissue?

A

the connective tissue surrounds the muscle tissue and attaches the ends of each muscle to bone

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22
Q

what are the three layers of connective tissue that are apart of skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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23
Q

what is epimysium

A

layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

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24
Q

what is permysium?

A

layer of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres (fascicle) within a muscle

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25
Q

What is Endomysium?

A

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibre) within a muscle bundle

26
Q

Six elements of a muscle cell

A

1) sarcolemma
2) nuclei
3) myofibril
4) myofilaments
5) sarcoplasmic reticulum
6) T-Tubules

27
Q

SARCOLEMMA

A
  • cell membrane surrounding muscle cell
  • different than endomysium
  • beneath the sarcolemma are the nuclei, myofibrils, and the sarcoplasm (cellular fluid)
28
Q

NUCLEI

A
  • skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated, meaning they have more than one nucleus
  • these nuclei are located towards the outside of the myofiber
29
Q

MYOFIBRIL

A
  • structural units of the muscle cell

- contain contractile myofilaments

30
Q

MYOFILAMENTS

A
  • contractile units of the muscle cell
31
Q

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A
  • surrounds each myofibril

- where the muscle stores calcium

32
Q

T-TUBULES

A

extensions of the sarcolemma that surround the myofibrils and transmit nerve stimulation to the sarcoplasmic reticulum within the cell

33
Q

Structual makeup of myofilaments

A
  • myofilaments are organized into repeated structural units known as SARCOMERES
  • when shortened, sarcomeres cause contraction of the muscle
  • each unit consists of ACTIN (thin) and MYOSIN (thick)
34
Q

what is sarcomere banding?

A

skeletal muscle has a striated appearance due to the arrangement of actin and myosin into organized sarcomeres that form distinct lines and bands

35
Q

what are the four different sarcomere bands

A

A BAND
Z LINE
M LINE
I BAND

36
Q

which is darker, A band or I band?

A

A BAND

37
Q

What are each of the Bands composed of?

A

A BAND = thick and thin filaments
Z LINE = protein that makes “zig zag” line marking beginning and end of each sarcomere
M LINE = composed of protein down the center of the sarcomere
I BAND = thin filaments, transverses two sarcomeres

38
Q

the process of muscle contraction

A

the actin and myosin filaments slide over each other, which shortens the sarcomere

39
Q

the four muscles involved in facial expression

A
  1. frontalis
  2. orbicularis oculi
  3. zygomaticus
  4. orbicularis oris
40
Q

what is the frontalis

A

the muscle that covers the frontal bone and lifts the eyebrows, causing forehead to wrinkle

41
Q

what is the orbicularis oculi

A

muscle surrounding the eye that forcefully closes teh eye when contracted

42
Q

what is the zygomaticus?

A

extends from the zygomatic arch to the corners of the mouth. makes you SMILE

43
Q

what is the orbicularis oris?

A

surrounds the mouth, enable puckering of the lips

44
Q

what is mastication?

A

chewing

45
Q

what are the two muscles involved with mastication

A
  1. temporalis

2. masseter

46
Q

what is the temporalis?

A

extends from the temporal fossa of the parietal bone to the coronoid process

47
Q

what is the masseter

A

extends from the zygomatic arch to the angle of the jaw. protracts the jaw (forward/backward movement)

48
Q

which muscle is responsible for extending the neck and turning the face slightly to the opposite side?

A

semispinalis capitis

49
Q

what are the two posterior muscles in the head and neck?

A
  1. semispinalis capitis

2. splenius capitis

50
Q

what is the sternocleidomastoid?

A

flexes the neck and rotates the head with bilateral and unilateral contraction, respectively

51
Q

EXTERNAL THORAX

A

external intercostals are the most superficial, their fibres run anteriorly and inferiorly between the ribs. AID IN INSPIRATION

52
Q

INTERNAL THORAX

A

lie deep to the externals, fibres run superiorly and anteriorly. AID IN EXPIRATION.

53
Q

what muscle group helps to keep the spine erect? Where can they be found?

A

erector spinae. RUn down both sides of the spinal column

54
Q

EXTERNAL OBLIQUE

A

most superficial of the lateral abdominal wall musculature. Fibred run anteriorly and inferiorly

55
Q

functions of the external oblique

A

bilateral - flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall. USED IN FORCED EXPIRATION
unilateral - lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column

56
Q

INTERNAL OBLIQUE

A

lies deep to the external oblique, fibres run anteriorly and superiorly

57
Q

functions of the internal oblique

A

bilateral - flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall.
unilateral - lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column

58
Q

what is the transverse abdominus

A

runs horizontally, seep to the internal oblique

59
Q

Functions of the transverse abdominus

A

bilateral - flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall. USED IN FORCED EXPIRATION
unilateral - lateral flexion of the vertebral column

60
Q

RECTUS ABDOMINUS

A

lies on either side of the linea alba (a line of connective tissue down the middle of the abdomen for muscle attachment) and is separated by tendinous intersections
(8 PACK)

61
Q

functions of rectus abdominus

A

flexion of trunk, forced expiration

ANAT100 (11 decks)

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