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ANAT100 > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the digestive tract?

A
  1. mouth
  2. oral cavity
  3. pharynx
  4. esophagus
  5. stomach
  6. small intestine
  7. large intestine
  8. anus
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2
Q

what is another name for the digestive tract?

A

the alimentary canal

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3
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs?

A
  1. tongue
  2. teeth
  3. salivary glands
  4. liver
  5. biliary ducts
  6. gall bladder
  7. pancreas
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4
Q

what are the layers of the digestive tract?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. adventitia or serosa
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5
Q

what are the three different types of mucosa in the digestive tract?

A
  1. surface epithelium (reflects expected function of organ)
  2. lamina propria (loose connective tissue under the surface epithelium)
  3. muscularis mucosa (composed of smooth muscle fibres under the lamina propria)
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6
Q

submucosa of the digestive tract is located where? composed of what? and contains what?

A
  • below mucosa
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • contains blood vessels, lymphatics, glands, and nerve plexuses
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7
Q

muscularis externa of the digestive tract i composed of?

A

circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle with nerve plexuses between the layers

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8
Q

what are the nerve plexuses in the muscularis externa of the digestive tract responsible for?

A

muscular contraction to propel food through the digestive tract

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9
Q

the outermost layer of the digestive tract is either ____ or _____

A

serosa or adventitia

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10
Q

when is the outer layer of the digestive tract serosa?

A

when the outer layer is a serious membrane, which secretes a lubricating fluid

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11
Q

when is the outer layer of the digestive tract adventitia?

A

when the outer layer is loose connective tissue

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12
Q

what are the two parts of the oral cavity?

A
  1. the vestibule (space between cheek, lips or gums)

2. oral cavity proper (other areas of the mouth)

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13
Q

what six structures are found in the oral cavity?

A
  1. palate
  2. tongue
  3. salivary glands
  4. teeth
  5. pharynx
  6. tonsils
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14
Q

what makes up the superior border of the oral cavity?

A

the palate

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15
Q

what is the palate divided into?

A
  1. hard palate (bone)

2. soft palate (muscle)

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16
Q

what is the uvula?

A

posterior extension of the soft palate

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17
Q

what is the tongue?

A

a muscle associated with speech, taste, and the mechanical manipulation of food

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18
Q

what are the two kinds of tongue muscles and what do they do?

A

1) intrinsic muscles - control the shape of the tongue itself
2) extrinsic muscles - move the tongue during chewing and speech

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19
Q

what is the frenulum? where is it found?

A

found on the inferior surface of the tongue.

Anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth

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20
Q

the superior and lateral surfaces of the tongue are covered in ______

A

papillae (projections or bumps)

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21
Q

how many kinds of papillae are there?

A

4 - some of which are taste buds

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22
Q

what do the salivary glands do?

A

secrete digestive enzymes and mucous to help break down food during mastication

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23
Q

what are the three salivary glands?

A
  1. parotid
  2. submandibular
  3. sublingual
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24
Q

what does the parotid gland secrete?

A

serous (watery) fluid

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25
Q

what does the submandibular gland secrete?

A

serous and mucous (viscous) fluids

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26
Q

what does the sublingual gland secrete

A

mucous (viscous) fluids

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27
Q

what are the two classifications of teeth?

A
  1. deciduous teeth (baby teeth)

2. permanent teeth

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28
Q

how many deciduous teeth are there?

A

20

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29
Q

how many permanent teeth are there?

A

32

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30
Q

deciduous teeth consist of ____ in each quadrant of the jaw

A

2 incisors, 1 canine (cuspid), 2 molars

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31
Q

permanent teeth consist of ____ in each quadrant of the jaw

A

2 incisors, 1 canine (cuspid), 2 premolars (bicuspids), and 3 molars

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32
Q

what is another name for the premolars

A

bicuspids

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33
Q

what are tonsils? what is there role?

A

collections of lymphoid tissue found in areas of the pharynx. role in the immune system

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34
Q

what are the three tonsils?

A
  1. pharyngeal tonsils
  2. palatine tonsils
  3. lingual tonsils
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35
Q

what is the esophagus? where is it?

A

a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach

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36
Q

how long is the esophagus?

A

25cm

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37
Q

what is the mucosa of the esophagus made up of? why?

A

stratified squamous.

It protects the esophagus from friction as food travels from the oral cavity to the stomach

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38
Q

what does the submucosa of the esophagus contain? what does that help with?

A

contains mucus-secreting glands, which help lubricate the passage of food

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39
Q

how is the muscularis externa different in the esophagus than in other structures?

A

in the esophagus, this layer includes both smooth AND skeletal muscles whereas in other structures, it usually only has smooth muscle

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40
Q

what is the breakdown of the musclaris externa in the esophagus

A

upper 1/3 = only skeletal muscle
middle 1/3 = mixed skeletal and smooth muscle fibers
lower 1/3 = entirely smooth muscle

41
Q

what covers the esophagus

A

adventitia

42
Q

stomach anatomy: the greater _____ hangs off the greater curvature

A

omentum

43
Q

the top part of the stomach is called the

A

fundus

44
Q

the middle part of the stomach is called the

A

body

45
Q

the bottom part of the stomach is called the

A

antrum

46
Q

is the stomach covered in serosa or adventitia?

A

serosa

47
Q

the mucosa of the stomach are folded into ridges and folds called ____

A

rugae

48
Q

what are rugae?

A

non-permanent folds that allow the stomach to expand following ingestion of food or liquid

49
Q

what kind of epithelium is the mucosa of the stomach? what does it contain?

A

simple columnar. contains gastric glands

50
Q

the epithelium of the mucosa of the stomach secretes what? why?

A

secretes mucous, which helps protect the stomach from stomach acids secreted by the gastric glands. These acids facilitate chemical digestion of food

51
Q

what is contained in the submucosa of the stomach

A

blood vessels, lymphatics, glands, and nerve plexuses to supply the stomach tissue with oxygen and control contraction of the musculature

52
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle does the stomach have

A

3

53
Q

why does the stomach have another layer of muscle than the esophagus?

A

the stomach needs the extra muscular power to churn food and push it towards the intestine

54
Q

what are the three layers of smooth muscle of the stomach?

A
  1. outer longitudinal
  2. middle circular
  3. inner oblique
55
Q

approx how long is the small intestine?

A

6m

56
Q

the small intestine is attached to the _____ abdominal wall

A

posterior

57
Q

what are the three portions of the small intestine (in the correct order)

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
58
Q

dudenum

A
  • 25cm
  • c shaped
  • encloses the head of the pancreas
59
Q

how long is the jejunum?

A

2.5m

60
Q

which portion of the small intestine is the longest?

A

the ileum

61
Q

how long is the ileum?

A

3.5m

62
Q

which portion of the small intestine actually attaches to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

the ileum

63
Q

what are the 5 kinds of mucosa found on the small intestine

A
  1. epithelium
  2. villi
  3. lamina propria
  4. intestinal glands
  5. plicae circulares
64
Q

the epithelium of the small intestine is found on the ____

A

villi

65
Q

what kind of epithelium is found in the stomach

A

simple columnar with many absorptive cells whose apical surfaces have microvillli, also known as a brush border

66
Q

what does the brush border do?

A

increase surface area of absorption of nutrients

67
Q

between the absorptive cells in the epithelium of the stomach, there are ________

A

goblet cells

68
Q

what do the goblet cells in the epithelium of the stomach do?

A

secrete mucous to help lubricate the passage of food

69
Q

what are the villi in the stomach and what do they do

A

fingerlike projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine

70
Q

what does the lamina propria do?

A

forms a core for each villus, which contains blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries

71
Q

what are the collections of lymphatic tissue located in the lamina propria called?

A

Peyer’s patches

72
Q

Peyer’s patches are abundant primarily in the ___

A

ileum

73
Q

what’s another name for the intestinal glands of the small intestine

A

“crypts of Leberkuhn”

74
Q

What are the Plicae circulares?

A

permanent transverse folds that help increase the surface area of absorption

75
Q

the duodenum contains ______ glands that secrete ____ mucous

A

the duodenum contains duodenal (Brunner’s) glands that secrete alkaline mucous

76
Q

purpose of the alkaline mucous secretes by Brunner’s glands?

A

to help protect the small intestine from the stomach acid that may be present in the partially digested food after leaving the stomach

77
Q

how many smooth muscle layers does the small intestine have?

A

2 (circular and longitudinal)

78
Q

what is located between the two layers of smooth muscles in the small intestine?

A

a nerve plexus

79
Q

what is the outermost layer of the small intestine?

A

serosa

80
Q

what are the three sections of the large intestine? (in order)

A
  1. cecum
  2. colon
  3. rectum
81
Q

what is the cecum?

A

first portion of the large intestine and has an extension off of it called the vermiform appendix (looks like a worm)

82
Q

what are the four sections of the colon?

A
  1. ascending colon
  2. transverse colon
  3. descending colon
  4. sigmoid colon
83
Q

the ascending colon extends from the ____ to the ______

A

cecum to the hepatic flexure

84
Q

what’s another name for the hepatic flexure

A

right colic flexure

85
Q

what;s another name for the left colic flexure?

A

splenic flexure

86
Q

the transverse colon extends from the ____ to the ______

A

hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure

87
Q

the descending colon extends from the ____ to the ______

A

splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon

88
Q

what does the sigmoid colon lead to q

A

the rectum

89
Q

where is the rectum located?

A

extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal

90
Q

what is the mucosa of the large intestine made up of?

A

similar to small intestine except without plicae circularis or villi

91
Q

goblet cells in the large intestine are most abundant in the ___

A

anus

92
Q

in the anal canal, the epithelium switches from simple columnar to _______

A

stratified squamous

93
Q

what kind of epithelium is found in the large intestine?

A

simple columnar and contains an increasing amount of goblet cells

94
Q

the intestinal glands of the large intestine function in the same way as the small intestine but in addition…

A

accumulations of lymphatic tissue are present in the lamina propria (and submucosa)

95
Q

the submucosa of the large intestine contains..

A

blood vessels, lymphatics, glands and nerve plexuses

96
Q

what is the makeup of muscularis externa in the cecum and colon?

A

the outer longitudinal layer forms three longitudinal bands (teniae coli) that contract and form the sac-like structures called haustra

97
Q

what is the makeup of muscularis externa in the anal canal?

A

the circular muscle layer thickens as the internal anal sphincter that is involved with waste secretion

98
Q

is the large intestine covered in serosa or adventitia?

A

BOTH! some regions covered in serosa, some in adventitia

99
Q

what are the two features of the anal canal

A

1) anal column (longitudinal ridges in the canal)

2) internal and external sphincters ( help with excretion of waste)

ANAT100 (11 decks)

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