Module 10 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the structures of the digestive tract?
A
- mouth
- oral cavity
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- anus
2
Q
what is another name for the digestive tract?
A
the alimentary canal
3
Q
what are the accessory digestive organs?
A
- tongue
- teeth
- salivary glands
- liver
- biliary ducts
- gall bladder
- pancreas
4
Q
what are the layers of the digestive tract?
A
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- adventitia or serosa
5
Q
what are the three different types of mucosa in the digestive tract?
A
- surface epithelium (reflects expected function of organ)
- lamina propria (loose connective tissue under the surface epithelium)
- muscularis mucosa (composed of smooth muscle fibres under the lamina propria)
6
Q
submucosa of the digestive tract is located where? composed of what? and contains what?
A
- below mucosa
- dense irregular connective tissue
- contains blood vessels, lymphatics, glands, and nerve plexuses
7
Q
muscularis externa of the digestive tract i composed of?
A
circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle with nerve plexuses between the layers
8
Q
what are the nerve plexuses in the muscularis externa of the digestive tract responsible for?
A
muscular contraction to propel food through the digestive tract
9
Q
the outermost layer of the digestive tract is either ____ or _____
A
serosa or adventitia
10
Q
when is the outer layer of the digestive tract serosa?
A
when the outer layer is a serious membrane, which secretes a lubricating fluid
11
Q
when is the outer layer of the digestive tract adventitia?
A
when the outer layer is loose connective tissue
12
Q
what are the two parts of the oral cavity?
A
- the vestibule (space between cheek, lips or gums)
2. oral cavity proper (other areas of the mouth)
13
Q
what six structures are found in the oral cavity?
A
- palate
- tongue
- salivary glands
- teeth
- pharynx
- tonsils
14
Q
what makes up the superior border of the oral cavity?
A
the palate
15
Q
what is the palate divided into?
A
- hard palate (bone)
2. soft palate (muscle)
16
Q
what is the uvula?
A
posterior extension of the soft palate
17
Q
what is the tongue?
A
a muscle associated with speech, taste, and the mechanical manipulation of food
18
Q
what are the two kinds of tongue muscles and what do they do?
A
1) intrinsic muscles - control the shape of the tongue itself
2) extrinsic muscles - move the tongue during chewing and speech
19
Q
what is the frenulum? where is it found?
A
found on the inferior surface of the tongue.
Anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth
20
Q
the superior and lateral surfaces of the tongue are covered in ______
A
papillae (projections or bumps)
21
Q
how many kinds of papillae are there?
A
4 - some of which are taste buds
22
Q
what do the salivary glands do?
A
secrete digestive enzymes and mucous to help break down food during mastication
23
Q
what are the three salivary glands?
A
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
24
Q
what does the parotid gland secrete?
A
serous (watery) fluid
25
what does the submandibular gland secrete?
serous and mucous (viscous) fluids
26
what does the sublingual gland secrete
mucous (viscous) fluids
27
what are the two classifications of teeth?
1. deciduous teeth (baby teeth)
| 2. permanent teeth
28
how many deciduous teeth are there?
20
29
how many permanent teeth are there?
32
30
deciduous teeth consist of ____ in each quadrant of the jaw
2 incisors, 1 canine (cuspid), 2 molars
31
permanent teeth consist of ____ in each quadrant of the jaw
2 incisors, 1 canine (cuspid), 2 premolars (bicuspids), and 3 molars
32
what is another name for the premolars
bicuspids
33
what are tonsils? what is there role?
collections of lymphoid tissue found in areas of the pharynx. role in the immune system
34
what are the three tonsils?
1. pharyngeal tonsils
2. palatine tonsils
3. lingual tonsils
35
what is the esophagus? where is it?
a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach
36
how long is the esophagus?
25cm
37
what is the mucosa of the esophagus made up of? why?
stratified squamous.
| It protects the esophagus from friction as food travels from the oral cavity to the stomach
38
what does the submucosa of the esophagus contain? what does that help with?
contains mucus-secreting glands, which help lubricate the passage of food
39
how is the muscularis externa different in the esophagus than in other structures?
in the esophagus, this layer includes both smooth AND skeletal muscles whereas in other structures, it usually only has smooth muscle
40
what is the breakdown of the musclaris externa in the esophagus
upper 1/3 = only skeletal muscle
middle 1/3 = mixed skeletal and smooth muscle fibers
lower 1/3 = entirely smooth muscle
41
what covers the esophagus
adventitia
42
stomach anatomy: the greater _____ hangs off the greater curvature
omentum
43
the top part of the stomach is called the
fundus
44
the middle part of the stomach is called the
body
45
the bottom part of the stomach is called the
antrum
46
is the stomach covered in serosa or adventitia?
serosa
47
the mucosa of the stomach are folded into ridges and folds called ____
rugae
48
what are rugae?
non-permanent folds that allow the stomach to expand following ingestion of food or liquid
49
what kind of epithelium is the mucosa of the stomach? what does it contain?
simple columnar. contains gastric glands
50
the epithelium of the mucosa of the stomach secretes what? why?
secretes mucous, which helps protect the stomach from stomach acids secreted by the gastric glands. These acids facilitate chemical digestion of food
51
what is contained in the submucosa of the stomach
blood vessels, lymphatics, glands, and nerve plexuses to supply the stomach tissue with oxygen and control contraction of the musculature
52
how many layers of smooth muscle does the stomach have
3
53
why does the stomach have another layer of muscle than the esophagus?
the stomach needs the extra muscular power to churn food and push it towards the intestine
54
what are the three layers of smooth muscle of the stomach?
1. outer longitudinal
2. middle circular
3. inner oblique
55
approx how long is the small intestine?
6m
56
the small intestine is attached to the _____ abdominal wall
posterior
57
what are the three portions of the small intestine (in the correct order)
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
58
dudenum
- 25cm
- c shaped
- encloses the head of the pancreas
59
how long is the jejunum?
2.5m
60
which portion of the small intestine is the longest?
the ileum
61
how long is the ileum?
3.5m
62
which portion of the small intestine actually attaches to the posterior abdominal wall?
the ileum
63
what are the 5 kinds of mucosa found on the small intestine
1. epithelium
2. villi
3. lamina propria
4. intestinal glands
5. plicae circulares
64
the epithelium of the small intestine is found on the ____
villi
65
what kind of epithelium is found in the stomach
simple columnar with many absorptive cells whose apical surfaces have microvillli, also known as a brush border
66
what does the brush border do?
increase surface area of absorption of nutrients
67
between the absorptive cells in the epithelium of the stomach, there are ________
goblet cells
68
what do the goblet cells in the epithelium of the stomach do?
secrete mucous to help lubricate the passage of food
69
what are the villi in the stomach and what do they do
fingerlike projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine
70
what does the lamina propria do?
forms a core for each villus, which contains blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries
71
what are the collections of lymphatic tissue located in the lamina propria called?
Peyer's patches
72
Peyer's patches are abundant primarily in the ___
ileum
73
what's another name for the intestinal glands of the small intestine
"crypts of Leberkuhn"
74
What are the Plicae circulares?
permanent transverse folds that help increase the surface area of absorption
75
the duodenum contains ______ glands that secrete ____ mucous
the duodenum contains duodenal (Brunner's) glands that secrete alkaline mucous
76
purpose of the alkaline mucous secretes by Brunner's glands?
to help protect the small intestine from the stomach acid that may be present in the partially digested food after leaving the stomach
77
how many smooth muscle layers does the small intestine have?
2 (circular and longitudinal)
78
what is located between the two layers of smooth muscles in the small intestine?
a nerve plexus
79
what is the outermost layer of the small intestine?
serosa
80
what are the three sections of the large intestine? (in order)
1. cecum
2. colon
3. rectum
81
what is the cecum?
first portion of the large intestine and has an extension off of it called the vermiform appendix (looks like a worm)
82
what are the four sections of the colon?
1. ascending colon
2. transverse colon
3. descending colon
4. sigmoid colon
83
the ascending colon extends from the ____ to the ______
cecum to the hepatic flexure
84
what's another name for the hepatic flexure
right colic flexure
85
what;s another name for the left colic flexure?
splenic flexure
86
the transverse colon extends from the ____ to the ______
hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure
87
the descending colon extends from the ____ to the ______
splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon
88
what does the sigmoid colon lead to q
the rectum
89
where is the rectum located?
extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal
90
what is the mucosa of the large intestine made up of?
similar to small intestine except without plicae circularis or villi
91
goblet cells in the large intestine are most abundant in the ___
anus
92
in the anal canal, the epithelium switches from simple columnar to _______
stratified squamous
93
what kind of epithelium is found in the large intestine?
simple columnar and contains an increasing amount of goblet cells
94
the intestinal glands of the large intestine function in the same way as the small intestine but in addition...
accumulations of lymphatic tissue are present in the lamina propria (and submucosa)
95
the submucosa of the large intestine contains..
blood vessels, lymphatics, glands and nerve plexuses
96
what is the makeup of muscularis externa in the cecum and colon?
the outer longitudinal layer forms three longitudinal bands (teniae coli) that contract and form the sac-like structures called haustra
97
what is the makeup of muscularis externa in the anal canal?
the circular muscle layer thickens as the internal anal sphincter that is involved with waste secretion
98
is the large intestine covered in serosa or adventitia?
BOTH! some regions covered in serosa, some in adventitia
99
what are the two features of the anal canal
1) anal column (longitudinal ridges in the canal)
| 2) internal and external sphincters ( help with excretion of waste)
