Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT100 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Three functions of the nervous system

A

sensory input
integration
motor output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is integration? Where does it occur?

A
  • incorporates multiple simultaneous signals

- occurs in the brain or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the nervous system

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the brain and spinal cord are apart of which subdivision of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system, special sense organs are apart of what subdivision of the nervous system

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do efferent neurons do?

A

carry signals AWAY from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do afferent neurons do?

A

carry signals TOWARDS the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the two principle cell types of the nervous system

A
  1. neurons

2. supporting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neurons

A
  • excitable

- transmit rapid electrical signals to other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the three parts of a neuron’s structure

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the cytoplasmic processes

A

dendrites and the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is another name for the cell body

A

soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the cell body do?

A

houses the nucleus and other organelles. Functions to transfer electrical signals from the dendrites to the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do the dendrites do?

A

receive the neuronal signal from other neurons and transfer those signals to the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the axon?

A

only ONE per neuron. Carry the signal from the cell body to the axon terminals, where the signal is then transferred to other neurons or organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a nerve impulse is _______

A

unidirectional (only occurs in one direction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the order that a nerve impulse moves through a neuron

A

dendrites - cell body - axon - dendrites of adjacent neurons OR target organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how are neurons classified ?

A

based on the number of cellular processes (dendrites and axon) that extend from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pseudounipolar neurons

A

one cellular process that splits into a dendrite and an axon (general sensory nerves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bipolar nerves

A

one dendrite and one axon, two distinct cellular processes (found in special senses like sight and hearing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

multipolar nerves

A

multiple dendrites and one axon, three or more cellular processes, number of dendrites is variable (motor neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

another name for supporting cells

A

neuroglia (or glia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of supporting cells?

A

to protect and support neurons, as well as aid in sending signals between neurons to improve communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the four supporting cells of the CNS

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Ependymal
  4. Oligodendrocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • large, star-shaped cells with numerous processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

function of astrocytes

A

communicate with neurons and blood vessels to maintain the integrity of the neural tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which of the glial cell sin the CNS is the most abundant?

A

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Microglia

A
  • perform many protective functions in the CNS

- able to phagocytose (engulf and destroy other cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what shape is ependymal?

A

simple cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where is ependymal found?

A

lines the cavities of the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

which supporting cell assists int he production, circulation and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Ependymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • wrap around axons in the CNS to form myelin sheath

- a single cell can myelinate up to 60 axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is myelin made up of?

A

mainly fat, appears white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

purpose of myelin?

A

insulates the axon and increases the speed electrical signals can travel down the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

neurofibril nodes are what?

A

unmyelinated regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the supporting cells of the PNS called?

A

SCHWANN CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are Schwann cells?

A

equivalent to the Oligodendrocytes in that they form the myelin sheath around axons in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A single Schwann cell…

A

can only myelinate a portion of one axon, as they don’t have processes like oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the cerebrum is made up of what two parts?

A

Diencephalon and Telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • deep to the telencephalon
  • responsible for sensory and motor relay into and out of the brain
  • controls the autonomic nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the two components of the diencephalon?

A

hypothalamus and the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

controls the release of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A
  • small structure below the thalamus

- connected to the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

structure of the thalamus?

A
  • deep brain structure

- two bodies (one per hemisphere)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

responsibilities of the thalamus

A

relaying sensory information to other areas of the brain (except smell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • bulk of the cerebrum

- responsible for interpreting sensory signals, sending out motor signals and decision making

47
Q

What are the components of the Telencephalon?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • cerebral cortex
  • sulci and gyri
  • lobes of the cerebrum
  • grey matter
  • white matter
48
Q

what separated the two cerebral hemispheres

A

the longitudinal fissure

49
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • outer layer of cerebrum

- distinguished by dark grey colour

50
Q

what is the purpose of the sulci and gyri?

A

increase the surface area of neural tissue, which increases functional capacity

51
Q

SULCI

A

fissures/grooves

52
Q

GYRI

A

lumps/bumps between sulci

53
Q

what is the cerebral cortex? How is it distinguished?

A
  • outer layer of cerebrum

- distinguished by its dark grey colour

54
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
55
Q

what does the central sulcus boundary separate

A

frontal lobe and parietal lobe (i.e motor cortex and sensory cortex)

56
Q

where is the precentral sulcus ?

A

anterior border of motor cortex

57
Q

where is the postcentral sulcus?

A

posterior border of sensory cortex

58
Q

where is the parieto-occipital sulcus ?

A

separates the parietal and occipital lobes

59
Q

what does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

temporal lobe and frontal/parietal lobe

60
Q

what is the precentral gyrus responsibile for?

A

sending motor output signals

61
Q

what is the postcentral gyrus responsible for ?

A

receiving sensory input related to touch and feel

62
Q

which of the specific gyri is posterior?? anterior?

A

precentral gyrus = anterior

postcentral gyrus = posterior

63
Q

what is grey matter made up of?

A

groups of cell bodies of neurons

64
Q

what parts of the brain is grey matter in?

A

in the cerebral cortex and inner areas of the brain

65
Q

what is white matter made up of?

A

the axons of neurons (myelinated axons are white)

66
Q

function of white matter?

A

makes up communication tracts that connect different areas of the brain and spinal cord

67
Q

What three fibers are found in the white matter of the brain?

A
  • association fibers
  • commissural fibers
  • projection fibers
68
Q

Association fibers?

A

communication within one hemisphere

69
Q

commissural fibers?

A

communication between two hemispheres (EX: corpus callosum)

70
Q

projection fibers

A

communication between different levels of the CNS (I.E between brain and spinal cord)

71
Q

where is the brainstem located?

A

just below the diencephalon

72
Q

brainstem

A
  • connects brain to spinal cord

- contains many autonomic reflex centers and white matter tracts necessary for human functioning and survival

73
Q

what are the three components of the brain stem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
74
Q

midbrain

A
  • most superior aspect of brainstem
  • anteriorly: large white matter tracts that make up the cerebral peduncles
  • postero-lateral: two pairs of raised bumps (colliculi)
75
Q

where is the pons located?

A
  • middle of brainstem, behind the 4th ventricle and in front of the cerebellum
76
Q

purpose of the pons

A

has fibers connecting it to the cerebellum

- COMMUNICATION

77
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • most inferior of brainstem

- continuous with the spinal cord

78
Q

where is the cerebellum located?

A
  • appended to the back of the brainstem

- sits underneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum

79
Q

function of the cerebellum?

A

coordinates motor activity

80
Q

what are meninges?

A

three connective tissue membranes protecting the structures of the CNS

81
Q

what are the three meninges that support and protect the brain?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
82
Q

what is the dura mater of the brain composed of?

A

double layer of connective tissue that attaches firmly to the skull

83
Q

arachnoid mater of the brain

A
  • loosely covers the brain

- creates an area called the sub-arachnoid space, filled with cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels

84
Q

pia mater of the brain

A

attached firmly to the cerebral cortex

85
Q

what are the ventricles of the brain?

A

four hollow spaces that are continuous with eachother and the spinal cord

86
Q

what do the ventricles do?

A

produce csf that protects the brain from sudden movements and its own weight

87
Q

what are the lateral ventricles?

A

paired “c” shaped spaces deep within the cerebral hemispheres

88
Q

what are the four components of the lateral venricles and what lobes of the brain are they in?

A

anterior horn: frontal lobe
inferior horn: temporal lobe
posterior horn: occipital lobe
body: parietal lobe

89
Q

where is the third ventricle?

A
  • located in the middle of the diencephalon between the two halves of the thalamus
90
Q

where is the fourth ventricle?

A
  • sits between the pons/medulla and the cerebellum
91
Q

what connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

the cerebral aqueduct

92
Q

what connects the third ventricle with the lateral ventricles?

A

by the interventricular foramina

93
Q

the fourth ventricle is continuous with what?

A

the central spinal cord and the subarachnoid space

94
Q

what is order in which CSF flows?

A
  1. lateral ventricles
  2. interventricular foramen
  3. third ventricle
  4. cerebral aqueduct
  5. fourth ventricle
  6. vertebral column
95
Q

what protects the spinal cord?

A

vertebral canal

96
Q

what does the spinal cord do?

A

facilitates communication between the CNS and the PNS

97
Q

where does the spinal cord start?

A

foramen magnum

98
Q

what is L2 of the spinal cord?

A

conus medullaris

99
Q

what are the axons below L2 called?

A

the axons emerging from the spinal cord below L2 are called cauda equina

100
Q

within the cauda equina?

A

a small thin strand of pia mater anchors the spinal cord to the sacrum, known as the filum terminale

101
Q

what is the conus medullaris?

A

L2 of the spinal cord

102
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

where the spinal cord begins

103
Q

what is the the small thin strand of pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the sacrum called?

A

the filum terminale

104
Q

what are the four regions of the spinal cord from top to bottom?

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
105
Q

what is the reason for spinal enlargements?

A
  • the additional nerves in those areas needed to supply the LIMBS
106
Q

what are the two spinal enlargements?

A

cervical - upper limb

lumbar - lower limb

107
Q

how is the dura mater different between the brain and spinal cord?

A

dura mater in spinal cord is made of only one layer of connective tissue whereas the brain has two layers

108
Q

what is between the external surface of the spinal cord and the bone?

A

fat-filled epidural space

109
Q

the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord is continuous with the subarachnoid space of the brain and contains what?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

110
Q

the pia mater of the spinal cord is directly attached to what?

A

the spinal cord

111
Q

how is the white/grey matter of the spinal cord different from the brain?

A

opposite - inner grey matter, outer white matter

112
Q

what three horns are found in the grey matter of the spinal cord

A 
ventral horn (anterior) - carries motor info
lateral/intermediate horn - carries info from sympathetic nervous system
dorsal horn (posterior) - carries sensory info
113
Q

what does the white matter of the spinal cord consist of?

A

tracts of fibers separated into anterior, lateral, and posterior funiculi (bundles)

ANAT100 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions