Module 9 Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- support
- protection
- movement
- mineral homeostasis
- hematopoiesis
- fat (energy) storage
The _______ is a bone stem cell and is the precursor to other bone cell types.
osteogenic cell
_______ are dividing cells. They are responsible for laying down the components of bone; we can distinguish them from other cells which all start with “osteo-“ by remembering that they are Bone Building Blasts.
Osteoblasts
Within spaces inside of bone, _______ (“bone cells”) maintain bone integrity.
osteocytes
Bone-Chewing _______ constantly tunnel through bone, dissolving the bone matrix as they go.
osteoclasts
What are the 4 cell types found in bone?
osteogenic;
osteoblast;
osteosyte;
osteoclast
Osteoblast and osteoclast activity is regulated by ______.
hormones
What are the 2 components of bone?
inorganic and organic
The inorganic portion of bone is primarily a mineral called ________, a compound of calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl groups.
hydroxyapatite
Bone is a composite material. The inorganic portion is ______. The organic portion is _______.
inorganic = mineralized; organic = protein
If the bone has too much mineral, it becomes brittle and fractures easily. This happens in the disease _______, or “brittle bone disease”.
osteogenesis imperfecta
If the bone has too much collagen, bones are soft and pliable, as in children with ______ or adults with _____.
rickets;
osteamalacia
What are the 2 main TYPES of bone?
spongy and compact
______ is, as the name suggests, compact. This hard, dense tissue provides structural support. It accounts for 80% of the total bone mass.
Compact bone
The basic structural unit of compact bone is the _____.
osteon
Each osteon consists of a series of concentric rings called ______. In the center of this structure is a canal that runs the length of the bone, carrying blood and lymphatic vessels.
lamellae (latin: thin plate)
Small spaces between the lamellae contain the osteocytes. Small channels (________) join adjacent lacunae.
canaliculi (latin: small canals)
______ (Volkman canals) run radially in long bones to join adjacent central canals.
Perforating canals
______ is found in the marrow cavity of long bones like the femur and humerus.
Spongy bone
_____ bone marrow is where blood cells are made.
red
_____ bone marrow is where fat is stored as energy.
yellow
Spongy bone is made up of _______.
trabeculae (latin: “little roof beam”)
The skeletal system is not all compact bone or spongy bone. Much of the skeleton is made up of ______.
cartilage
_______ gets its name from its resemblance to glass, shiny and translucent. It has a great deal of ground substance with no apparent structure, and the living cells that lay down cartilage are found in little spaces, again called lacunae, here and there amongst the glassy ground substance.
Hyaline cartilage
______ is, of course, more fibrous in appearance and structure. The ground substance has collagen fibers running through it. This is found in the disks between vertebrae; in the pubic symphysis where 2 halves of the pelvis are joined; and in the menisci of joints.
Fibrocartilage
______ has elastin fibers in place of the collagen fibers found in fibrocartilage, but otherwise, it has a similar structure. It is found in the ear and epiglottis, 2 structures that need to be flexible and snap back into shape when moved and released.
Elastic cartilage
What are the 3 types of cartilage found in the skeletal system?
Hyaline cartilage;
Fibrocartilage;
Elastic cartilage
Dense regular connective tissue is represented in the skeletal system by ______, band-like structures that strap one bone to another.
ligaments
A very important dense irregular connective tissue in the skeletal system is the _______, a thin membrane that surrounds all bones.
periosteum
The _______ lines the medullary cavity.
endosteum
_____ bones are longer than they are wide.
Long
Either end of the long bone has an ______; these are the knobby ends of the bone and form joint surfaces.
epiphysis (epi- “on top of”, -physis “nature”)
In the middle of the long bone is the _____. This is the shaft of the long bone.
diaphysis (dia- “through”, -physis “nature”)
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis is a transition in the middle, or ______.
metaphysis
`The specialized region inside the epiphysis is the _________. This is the site of bone growth as these long bones grow during development.
epiphyseal plate
In adults, who are done growing in height, the remnant of the epiphyseal plate is seen as the _______. It is often possible to see this as a landmark in conventional x-rays.
epiphyseal line
The growth of long bones at the epiphyseal plate, and the growth of bones in many other places, occurs through _______. This uses a cartilage “model” to shape the bone; the cartilage is eventually replaced with compact or spongy bone.
endochondral bone formation
In fetuses and very young children, many of the future bones are completely cartilaginous. At some point, a _______ appears in the center of the forming bone, where the diaphysis will be.
primary ossification center
Later in life, a ________ will develop near the joint surface.
secondary ossification center
Endochondral bone formation is one strategy. The other strategy used to form bone is _________.
intramembranous bone formation
In the intramembranous bone formation strategy, instead of a primary and secondary ossification center in the middle and ends of the bone, there are multiple ______ that start as islands and then spread outward. As they spread, they form spongy bone.
ossification centers
________ make bone. They lay down the organic and inorganic extracellular matrix of the bone. They are bone Builders.
Osteoblasts
______ break bone into pieces. They are bone Chewers.
Osteoclasts
_______ is released from a set of small, pea-shaped glands next to the thyroid. This hormone increases osteoclastic activity.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
______ is made by parafollicular cells (C cells) in the thyroid gland. It is released when calcium is high, and inhibits osteoclasts.
Calcitonin
______ is hormonally active Vitamin D. It is released from the kidneys when blood calcium is too low. It works in the digestive system to increase the absorption of calcium from foods.
Calcitriol
What are the 2 D vitamins?
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol); Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
The elderly may have very low levels of hGH and tend to have problems with calcium absorption and homeostasis. This may result in the disease _____, which weakens bones.
osteoporosis
The ______ consists of those bones that are in the center of the body, from head to coccyx. That is - the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum.
axial skeleton
The _______ is bones that form the structure of the upper and lower extremities. Thus, the bones of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand, but we include the scapula and clavicle because these stabilize the shoulder girdle. Also, the bones of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. The pelvis is part of the lower extremity, as well, because it stabilizes the lower extremity and forms the socket of the hip joint.
appendicular skeleton
_____ are about as long as they are wide. They are shaped like a wooden block or a lego. They include the carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the ankle.
Short bones
______ are the bone equivalent of the squamous cells; they are wide and thin. The sternum is an example.
Flat bones
_____ are a garbage category for bones that don’t have any definable shape. An example would be the vertebrae.
Irregular bones
A _____ is a small, round, flat bone that can arise as the result of mechanical stress or trauma to muscle. The only example is the patella.
sesamoid bone
orbit of the eye
lacrimal bone
upper jawbone
maxilla
lower jawbone
mandible
cheekbones
zygomatic bones
interior upper ceiling of the nasal sinuses
ethmoid bone
a horseshoe-shaped, “floating” bone in the neck
hyoid bone
small bone that forms the bridge of the nose
nasal bone
forms the roof of the mouth (hard palate)
palatine bone
In order for blood vessels to pass in and out of the skull, it is necessary to have large and small holes in the skull. These holes are called _______. There are also shallow depressions called ________.
holes = foramina (latin: "hole"); depressions = fossae (latin: "ditch")
In the nasal sinuses, nerves carrying smell information pass through _____ in the sponge-like _______.
olfactory foramina;
cribiform plate
In the sphenoid bone, the ______ forms a hole for the optic nerve to pass from the eye to the brain.
optic foramen
The ______ forms a ditch that holds the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
hypophyseal fossa
An oval-shaped hole (______) allows the passage of several nerves and blood vessels.
foramen ovale
The _____ of the occipital bone, a huge hole allows the spinal cord to exit the skull.
foramen magnum
_____ are stacked in a _____ which runs the length of the back. They are named by region and then numbered, from superior to inferior.
Vertebrae;
vertebral column
neck
cervix (7 cervical vertebrae)
chest
thorax (12 thoracic vertebrae)
loin
lumbar (5 lumbar vertebrae)
holy
sacral (2 sacral vertebrae, fused)
tailbone
coccyx
The largest part of a vertebrae is the _____.
body
A joint between 2 adjacent bodies is filled with a disk of fibrocartilage that has a soft center, like a jelly donut. This is called the _______.
intervertebral disc
Two _____ extend laterally; a ____ connects each of these to the body.
tranverse processes;
pedicle
Along the midline, there is a ______ which protrudes posteriorly. This is joined to the transverse processes by ______.
spinous process;
laminae
Taken together, the medial surfaces of the body, processes, pedicles and laminae form a large hole called the ______ that allows passage of the spinal cord.
vertebral foramen
Your whole world is in your skull, and it’s the first cervical vertebrae (C1) that holds the whole world up. For this reason, C1 is called the _____.
atlas
The joint between the occipital bone of skull and the atlas is called the ________. This joint allows us to nod.
atlanto-occipital joint
The C2 vertebrae has the special name of _____. This articulates (forms a joint) with the atlas that allows for head rotation.
axis
A ______ attached to the atlas wraps around a “tooth” (____) on C2.
transverse ligament;
dens
One unique feature of cervical vertebrae is that the posteriorly-projecting spinous process (the one on the midline) is ______, that is, it has a “forked tongue”.
bifid
The last of the cervical vertebrae, C7, is called ______ because it’s prominent.
vertebra prominens
The 12 ribs make joint with the 12 thoracic vertebrae. There are 2 points at which each rib touches a vertebrae: the _____ of a vertebrae touches the _____ of a rib, and the body of a vertebrae touches the head of a rib.
transverse process;
tubercle
Vertebrae makes joints with each other at _____ and ______.
inferior articular;
superior articular facets
Ribs 1-7 are termed ____ because they connect with the ____ on the anterior surface of the thorax.
true ribs;
sternum
The connection between true ribs and the sternum is _____, a type of hyaline cartilage.
costal cartilage
Ribs 8-10 are called _____ because they use rib 7 to articulate with the sternum, rather than making that connection directly.
false ribs
Ribs 11-12 are also false ribs and more specifically ____ because they “float”; there is no anterior connection to any other structure.
floating ribs
collarbone
clavicle
shoulder blade
scapula
socket for the head of the humerus
glenoid fossa
The longest and thickest bone of the upper extremity is the ______.
humerus
The bones of the forearm, the ____ and _____, articulate with the distal humerus at the elbow joint
radius and ulna
The bones of the wrist are called _____.
carpals
The _____ are named because they line up like Roman soldiers in a phalanx formation.
phalanges
thumb
pollux
What are the 3 bones of the pelvis?
ilium;
ischium;
pubis
large, flat, curved, flared bone of the pelvis
ilium
hip
ischium
groin
pubis
The 2 parts of the pelvis form a large socket for the head of the femur. This depression is called the _____.
acetabulum
The largest bone of the body is the ____, the large, long bone of the thigh.
femur
kneecap
sesamoid patella
larger, medial bone of the leg
tibia
the smaller, more lateral bone of the leg
fibula
ankle bones
tarsal
great toe
hallux
slit-like opening in a bone
fissure
“trench / ditch”;
shallow deression
fossa
“groove”;
shallow depression
sulcus
tube-like opening
meatus
smooth, concave or convex articular surface
facet
rounded, articular projection supported by a neck
head
“knuckle”;
round, articular
condyle
“above” a condyle;
rough, non-articular
epicondyle
“window”
foramen
projection
process
pointy projection
spine
“runner”;
very large projection
trochanter
pulley
trochlea
“little potato”;
rounded projection
tubercle
rough, variable-sized bump
tuberosity
In the fetus and newborn, there are bands of fibrocartilage between the developing bones of the skull. These are called _____. This arrangement allows the head to fit through the birth canal and also allows for some continued growth of the brain after birth.
fontanels
The easiest fontanel to find on a newborn is the _____, the place where the 2 frontal bones join the 2 parietal bones.
anterior fontanel
The _____ is where the temporal, parietal and frontal bones are joined.
anterolateral fontanel
The _____ is along the midline between the parietal and occipital bones.
posterior fontanel
The _____ is where the parietal, occipital and temporal bones meet.
posterolateral fontanel
In the first few months of life, the fontanels fuse and become bone, but the remnants of these joints remain as ____ of the skull, zigzag lines that hold the bones of the skull together tightly.
sutures
In females, the angle between the ischial tuberosities, called the ____, is generally greater than *) degrees, while in males the angle is less than 90 degrees.
pubic arch
The root “_____” means joint.
arthro
_____ are not capable of functional movement.
Synarthrotic joints
_______ are slightly moveable.
Amphiarthrotic joints
_______ are fully moveable.
Diarthrotic joints
_____ are made up of a band of dense irregular connective tissue. This is what holds together the bones of the skull; it is also what holds teeth in place.
Fibrous joints
A _____, like that between the true ribs and the sternum, is where bones are held together by cartilage.
cartilaginous joint
In a ____, a _______ is present and filled with synovial fluid.
synovial joint;
synovial cavity
______ covers the bones where they are in contact.
Articular cartilage
A set of membranes called the _____ holds the bones in the correct position and also encloses the fluid portion of the joint.
joint capsule
At points where tendons and ligaments move across bone, there are slippery bags called _____ that allow these to move past each other without friction.
bursae
Moveable joints can make 2 kinds of movements: _____ and ______.
gliding movements and angular movements
_____ are side-to-side and do not change the angle of a joint.
Gliding movements
_____ change the angle of the joint.
Angular movements
Movements that decrease the angle of a joint are called ______.
flexion
Movements that increase the angle of a joint are called _____.
extension
If an extension movement reaches the anatomical position and keeps going, it is called __________.
hyperextension
Since the vertebrae can bend sideways, the movement of _____ is possible for the back only.
lateral flexion
A motion that takes your body away from the midline is _______.
abduction
A motion that brings your body closer to the midline is _______.
adduction
A circular movement with the shoulder or hip joint is _____.
circumduction
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
planar; hinge; pivot; condyloid; saddle; ball-and-socket
example of planar joit
foot
example of hinge joint
elbow
example of pivot joint
between head of radius and radial notch of ulna
example of condyloid joint
wrist
example of saddle joint
base of thumb
example of ball-and-socket joint
hip
______ is an inflammation of the bursa which allows tendons and ligaments to slide past bones at joints.
Bursitis
______ are microscopic tears in a ligament.
Sprains
______ are tears in a muscle or the tendon that connects muscle to bone.
Strains
The bone’s shaft or body – the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.
Diaphysis
The proximal and distal ends of the bone.
Epiphyses
The regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses.
Metaphyses
A thin layer of hyaline Cartlidge covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone.
Articulate cartilage
A tough connective tissue sheath and it’s associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by an articular cartilage
Periosteum
A hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults
Medullary cavity or marrow cavity
A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
Endosteum
This structure is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
Periosteum
A developing long bone generally has 2 _________.
Secondary ossification centers
