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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Compared to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells will have a ______.

A

true nucleus / membrane-bound nucleus

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2
Q

What prokaryotic cell structure regulated passage if materials into and out of the cell?

A

cell membrane

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3
Q

What is the role of the capsule found surrounding some prokaryotic cells?

A

It contributes to the cells ability to cause disease (pathogenicity)

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4
Q

What tiny, tube-like projections from the cell surface and are associated with the property of adherence for some organisms?

A

Pilus (fimbria)

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5
Q

What are plasmids?

A

segments of DNA outside its chromosome and contains information

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6
Q

What is the term to describe rod-shaped bacteria?

A

Bacillus

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7
Q

What is the term to describe a bacterium with a flexible, corkscrew shape?

A

Spirochete

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8
Q

What is the term that describes bacteria with a spherical shape?

A

Coccus

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9
Q

What compound term is used to describe chains of spherical bacteria?

A

Streptococci

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10
Q

Grape-like or irregular clusters of spherical bacteria are called ________.

A

staphylococci

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11
Q

Spherical bacteria arranged in pairs would be known as ________.

A

diplococci

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12
Q

A thin peptidoglycan layer would be indicative of a Gram-_______ bacterium.

A

negative

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13
Q

The reason there is a difference in the Gram stain is due to the ______ of the cell wall.

A

thickness

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14
Q

Under a light microscope, a Gram stain of a thick peptidoglycan wall would demonstrate a _____ color.

A

purple

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15
Q

Culture media that encourages growth of some organisms, but discourages others would be considered ________ media.

A

selective

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16
Q

One of the properties of differential growth media is that it can differentiate bacteria based on the fermentation of _______.

A

carbohydrates

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17
Q

Which type of culture media encourages the growth of many species of bacteria?

A

enriched

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18
Q

What type of organism would be destroyed in conditions of high atmospheric oxygen?

A

anaerobic

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19
Q

Aerobes would thrive in an environment that is rich in _______.

A

oxygen

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20
Q

The 4 phases of bacterial growth are ______, ______, ______, and ______.

A

lag,
log,
stationary,
decline / death

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21
Q

Bacteria reproduce by a process known as _______.

A

binary fission or

transverse fission

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22
Q

Exponential growth is evident in which phase of the bacterial growth curve?

A

log phase

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23
Q

When bacteria growth has stabilized to match its resources, it is in the ______ phase.

A

stationary

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24
Q

The term to describe the “living-together” relationship of organisms is _______.

A

symbiosis

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25
Q

Describe commensalism.

A

one organism benefits, the other is neutral

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26
Q

Describe mutualism.

A

both the host and the microorganism benefit

27
Q

Describe parasitism.

A

one organism benefits, the other is harmed

28
Q

Organisms that commonly live in or on the body and are usually not pathogenic are part of the body’s _______.

A

normal flora

29
Q

Pathogenicity is the organism’s ability to _______.

A

cause disease

30
Q

Virulence would be described as an organism’s ability to ______.

A

cause severe disease

31
Q

Hyaluronidase is an enzyme, which contributes to the _____ of a bacterium.

A

spread

32
Q

Coagulase is an enzyme that accelerates ______ to cover an organism with fibrin.

A

clotting

33
Q

Streptokinase and staphylokinase break down and prevent _______.

A

fibrin and clotting

34
Q

Gram-positive organisms primarily secrete ______-toxins.

A

exo

35
Q

As they die, Gram-negative bacteria release _____-toxins.

A

endo

36
Q

Certain bacterial species can survive for very long periods of time as _______.

A

endospores

37
Q

Newly synthesized nucleic acids are packaged into complete virons during the _______ stage of viral growth.

A

maturation

38
Q

The return of an endospore to an active, metabolizing state is ________.

A

germination

39
Q

A virus that can infect and transfer genetic material to a bacterium is called a _________.

A

bacteriophage (or phage)

40
Q

Drug resistance is tranferred via a F-pilus (sex pilus) in the process of ______.

A

conjugation

41
Q

A scolex and segments called proglottids are associated with which organism?

A

tapeworms (helminth)

42
Q

A bacteriostatic antimicrobial drug ______ organism growth.

A

inhibits

43
Q

A bacteriocidal antimicrobial drug will _____ an organism.

A

kill

44
Q

A broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug is effective against both _____ and ______ microorganisms.

A

Gram-positive and Gram-negative

45
Q

A _____ spectrum antimicrobial drug is effective against a limited number of microorganisms.

A

narrow

46
Q

A large, clear zone surrounding an antibiotic disc on an agar plate indicates the organism is _____ to the antibiotic.

A

sensitive

47
Q

The lack of a zone of inhibition on an antibiotic sensitivity test indicates that the organism is _____ to the antibiotic.

A

resistant

48
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes is a common cause of ______.

A

strep throat

49
Q

Mycoplasms lack a ________

A

cell wall

50
Q

An insect that transmits an organism is called a _______.

A

vector

51
Q

Bacteria that have different shapes and sizes are said to be _______.

A

pleomorphic

52
Q

Chlamydia and Rickettsia are obligate, _______ microorganisms.

A

intracellular

53
Q

The nucleic acid core of a virus is either _____ or _____ but never both.

A

DNA or RNA

54
Q

A ______ is a protective coat that encloses the viral nucleic acid.

A

capsid

55
Q

Viral replication involves the following steps:

A
  1. Adsorption
  2. Penetration
  3. Synthesis
  4. Maturation
  5. Release
56
Q

A virus that can reappear and produce disease symptoms is called a ____ virus.

A

Latent / persistent

57
Q

A prion-related disease called bovine spongiform encephalopathy is more commonly known as _______.

A

mad cow disease

58
Q

Brain tissue can be affected by infectious, misfolded proteins called ______.

A

prions

59
Q

Ringworm is a type of ______ infection.

A

fungal

60
Q

The motile, adult, invasive form of an infective protozoan is called a ________.

A

trophozoite stage

61
Q

The dormant, infective stage of a protozoan is referred to as the ______.

A

cyst stage

62
Q

A _____ host harbors the parasite when it reproduces by sexual reproduction.

A

definite

63
Q

A host that is not part of the normal life cycle is called a ______ host.

A

accidental

Human Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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