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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Module 10 - Muscular system > Flashcards

Module 10 - Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscles cause movement of bones when they apply force to ____ and bones.

A

tendons

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2
Q

Muscle contractions that are extended for a period of time help maintain ______.

A

posture

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3
Q

Sphincters are ring-like bands of _____ muscle tissue.

A

smooth

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4
Q

A wave-like contraction of smooth muscle in the GI tract is called ______.

A

peristasis

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5
Q

Thermogenesis is a function of ____ muscle tissue.

A

skeletal

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6
Q

Multi-nucleated and striated are terms describing _____ muscle.

A

skeletal

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7
Q

Striated with one or two central nuclei describes the structure of ______ muscle.

A

cardiac

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8
Q

No visible striations and one central nucleus describes _____ muscle tissue.

A

smooth

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9
Q

The thin and thick filaments are formed primarily of _____ and _____ proteins, respectively.

A

actin (thin);

myosin (thick)

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10
Q

The unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle is called ______.

A

sarcomere

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11
Q

______ muscle tissue is under voluntary nervous system control.

A

skeletal

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12
Q

Branched muscle fibers with intercalated discs are found in _____ muscle tissue.

A

cardiac

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13
Q

Spindle-shaped muscle fibers are associated with _____ muscle tissue.

A

smooth

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14
Q

A fascicle is a bundle of ______.

A

muscle fibers (cells)

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15
Q

The ______ is the cell membrane covering a muscle cell.

A

sarcolemma

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16
Q

_____ is the name of the cytoplasm of the skeletal muscle cell.

A

sarcoplasm

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17
Q

Endomysium is composed of _____ connective tissue and surrounds the sarcolemma.

A

areolar

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18
Q

Perimysium is ______ connective tissue and surrounds a muscle fascicle.

A

dense irregular

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19
Q

The tube-like structures that run perpendicular to the myofibrils are _______.

A

T-tubules

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20
Q

The membranous sac filled with calcium is called the ______.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

An individual muscle cell is formed by many contractile elements called _______.

A

myofibrils

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22
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum from one sarcomere, a T tubule, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum from another sarcomere is collectively referred to as a ______.

A

triad

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23
Q

What myofilaments are parallel to each other and come into contact with each other during a muscle contraction?

A

thin and thick

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24
Q

A _____ disc / line separates one sarcomere from another.

A

Z

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25
Q

The neuromuscular junction includes the somatic motor neuron and a muscle ______.

A

fiber

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26
Q

_____ is the neurotransmitter released from the terminal processes of the somatic motor neurons.

A

Acetylcholine

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27
Q

The motor end plate contains nicotinic ______ receptors.

A

acetylcholine

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28
Q

What is the role of acetylcholinerase?

A

It breaks down acetylcholine

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29
Q

The ______ is the portion of a motor neuron that carries a signal from the spinal cord to the neuromuscular junction.

A

axon

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30
Q

The binding of acetylcholine to receptors on the motor end plate opens sodium ______.

A

channels

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31
Q

____ tubules allow for the action potential to penetrate deep into the muscle cell.

A

Transverse (T)

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32
Q

_____ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum when the action potential activates the muscle cell.

A

calcium

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33
Q

Because of their role in the contraction cycle, troponin and tropomyosin are _____ proteins.

A

regulatory

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34
Q

_____ filaments have both calcium and myosin binding sites.

A

Thin

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35
Q

_____ is hydrolyzed during the contraction cycle.

A

ATP

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36
Q

Myosin detached from actin when _____ binds to the myosin head.

A

ATP

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37
Q

Tropomyosin covers the binding sites for _____ when calcium is absent.

A

myosin

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38
Q

The sarcomere shortens when thin and ____ filaments slide past each other.

A

thick

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39
Q

_____ is released from the synaptic vesicle at a neuromuscular junction.

A

Acetylcholine

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40
Q

_____ is the largest structural protein. It connects the Z disc to the M line and contributes to a sarcomere’s elasticity.

A

Titin

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41
Q

A motor unit consists of a somatic motor neuron and all of the ______ it innervates.

A

muscle fibers

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42
Q

Aerobic oxidation of glucose and anaerobic fermentation of glucose both provide ____ for a muscle contraction.

A

ATP

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43
Q

What muscle fiber type is most consistently used while running a marathon?

A

slow, oxidative

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44
Q

70-80% of the energy used by muscle is lost as _____.

A

heat

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45
Q

Glycogen depletion, decreased ATP, and increased lactic acid contribute to muscle _____.

A

fatigue

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46
Q

Muscles that work together are ______.

A

agonists

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47
Q

Muscles that oppose each other are ______.

A

antagonists

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48
Q

The attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone is called its _____.

A

origin

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49
Q

The attachment of a muscle to the bone it moves (usually distal) is called its ______.

A

insertion

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50
Q

The gluteus maximus is named because of its ______.

A

size

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51
Q

The tibialis anterior is named because of its ______.

A

location

52
Q

What are the functions of muscular tissue?

A

Producing body movements
Stabilizing body positions
Storing and moving substances in the body
Generating heat

53
Q

What are the properties of muscular tissue?

A

Electrical excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

54
Q

_____ is a dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body.

A

Fascia

55
Q

_____ is the outer layer, encircling the entire muscle. It consists of dense irregular tissue.

A

Epimysium

56
Q

______ is dense irregular tissue that surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called fascicles.

A

Perimysium

57
Q

______ penetrates the interior of each fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers from one another.

A

Endomysium

58
Q

The inability of a muscle to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity is called _______.

A

muscle fatigue

59
Q

A _____ consists of a somatic motor neuron plus all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates.

A

motor neuron

60
Q

In an _____ contraction, tension remains constant as muscle length decreases or increases.

A

isotonic

61
Q

In an ______ contraction, tension increases greatly without change in muscle length.

A

isometric

62
Q

DIRECTION: Parallel to the midline

A

Rectus

63
Q

DIRECTION: Perpendicular to the midline

A

Transverse

64
Q

DIRECTION: Diagonal to the midline

A

Oblique

65
Q

SIZE: largest

A

maximus

66
Q

SIZE: smallest

A

minimus

67
Q

SIZE: long

A

longus

68
Q

SIZE: short

A

brevis

69
Q

SIZE: widest

A

latissimus

70
Q

SIZE: longest

A

longissimus

71
Q

SIZE: large

A

magnus

72
Q

SIZE: larger

A

major

73
Q

SIZE: smaller

A

minor

74
Q

SIZE: huge

A

vastus

75
Q

SHAPE: triangular

A

deltoid

76
Q

SHAPE: trapezoid

A

trapezius

77
Q

SHAPE: saw-toothed

A

serratus

78
Q

SHAPE: diamond-shaped

A

rhomboid

79
Q

SHAPE: circular

A

orbicularis

80
Q

SHAPE: comblike

A

pectinate

81
Q

SHAPE: pear-shaped

A

piriformis

82
Q

SHAPE: flat

A

platys

83
Q

SHAPE: square, four-sided

A

quadratus

84
Q

SHAPE: slender

A

gracillus

85
Q

ACTION: decreases joint angle

A

flexor

86
Q

ACTION: increases joint angle

A

extensor

87
Q

ACTION: moves bone away from midline

A

abductor

88
Q

ACTION: moves bone closer to midline

A

adductor

89
Q

ACTION: raises or elevated body part

A

levator

90
Q

ACTION: lowers or depresses body part

A

depressor

91
Q

ACTION: turns palm anteriorly

A

supinator

92
Q

ACTION: turns palm posteriorly

A

pronator

93
Q

ACTION: decreases size of an opening

A

sphincter

94
Q

ACTION: makes body part rigid

A

tensor

95
Q

ACTION: rotates bone around longitudinal axis

A

rotator

96
Q

NUMBER OF ORIGINS: 2

A

biceps

97
Q

NUMBER OF ORIGINS: 3

A

triceps

98
Q

NUMBER OF ORIGINS: 4

A

quadriceps

99
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

100
Q

extraocular action, origin, and insertion

A

action: eye movement
origin: skull
insertion: eyeball

101
Q

masseter action, origin, and insertion

A

action: closes the mouth
origin: maxilla, zygomatic arch
insertion: mandible

102
Q

sternocleidomastoid action, origin, and insertion

A

action: tilt head toward shoulder
origin: clavicle, sternum
insertion: temporal bone (mastoid process)

103
Q

trapezius action, origin, and insertion

A

action: move scapula
origin: occipital bone, cervical spine
insertion: clavicle, scapula

104
Q

pectoralis major action, origin, and insertion

A

action: adduct arm
origin: clavicle, upper ribs
insertion: humerus

105
Q

latissimus dorsi action, origin, and insertion

A

action: pulls arm inferiorly and posteriorly
origin: thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, iliac of pelvis
insertion: humerus

106
Q

deltoid action, origin, and insertion

A

action: abduct, flex, medially rotate upper arm
origin: clavicle, scapula
insertion: humerus

107
Q

biceps brachii action, origin, and insertion

A

action: flexes forearm at elbow
origin: scapula
insertion: radius

108
Q

triceps brachii action, origin, and insertion

A

action: extends forearm at elbow
origin: scapula, humerus
insertion: ulna (olecranon process)

109
Q

brachialis action, origin, and insertion

A

action: flexes forearm at elbow
origin: humerus
insertion: ulna

110
Q

brachioradialis action, origin, and insertion

A

action: supinates forearm
origin: humerus
insertion: radius

111
Q

diaphragm action, origin, and insertion

A

action: breathing
origin: ribs 7-12, sternum, lumbar vertebrae
insertion: central tendon

112
Q

external and internal intercostals action, origin, and insertion

A

action: changes volume of chest in breathing
origin: lower surface of ribs
insertion: upper surface of ribs

113
Q

rectus abdominis action, origin, and insertion

A

action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: pubic bone of pelvis
insertion: ribs 5-7, sternum

114
Q

external oblique action, origin, and insertion

A

action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: ribs 5-12
insertion: iliac crest of pelvis, linea alba

115
Q

internal oblique action, origin, and insertion

A

action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: iliac crest of pelvis
insertion: ribs 7-10, linea alba

116
Q

transversus abdominis action, origin, and insertion

A

action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: iliac crest of pelvis, ribs 5-10
insertion: rib 12, L1-L4

117
Q

gluteus maximus action, origin, and insertion

A

action: extension of thigh, lateral rotation of thigh
origin: iliac crest of pelvis, sacrum, coccyx
insertion: femur

118
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the thigh?

A

anterior
posterior
medial

119
Q

______ compartment of the thigh contains femur + quadriceps group.

A

Anterior

120
Q

_____ compartment of the thigh contains hamstring group.

A

Posterior

121
Q

What are the muscles that make up the quadriceps group?

A

rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis

122
Q

quadriceps group action, origin, and insertion

A

action: flexes thigh, extends leg
origin: iliac spine of pelvis, femur
insertion: quadriceps tendon –> patella –> patellar ligament –> tibia

123
Q

What are the muscles that make up the hamstring group?

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

124
Q

hamstring group action, origin, and insertion

A

action: extends thigh, flexes leg
origin: ischial tuberosity of pelvis
insertion: fibula, tibia

125
Q

gastrocnemius action, origin, and insertion

A

action: flexes foot
origin: femur
insertion: calcaneous (heel) via calcaneal tendon

126
Q

soleus action, origin, and insertion

A

action: flexes foot
origin: fibula, tibia
insertion: calcaneous (heel) via calcaneal tendon

Human Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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