Module 10 - Muscular system Flashcards
1
Q
Skeletal muscles cause movement of bones when they apply force to ____ and bones.
A
tendons
2
Q
Muscle contractions that are extended for a period of time help maintain ______.
A
posture
3
Q
Sphincters are ring-like bands of _____ muscle tissue.
A
smooth
4
Q
A wave-like contraction of smooth muscle in the GI tract is called ______.
A
peristasis
5
Q
Thermogenesis is a function of ____ muscle tissue.
A
skeletal
6
Q
Multi-nucleated and striated are terms describing _____ muscle.
A
skeletal
7
Q
Striated with one or two central nuclei describes the structure of ______ muscle.
A
cardiac
8
Q
No visible striations and one central nucleus describes _____ muscle tissue.
A
smooth
9
Q
The thin and thick filaments are formed primarily of _____ and _____ proteins, respectively.
A
actin (thin);
myosin (thick)
10
Q
The unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle is called ______.
A
sarcomere
11
Q
______ muscle tissue is under voluntary nervous system control.
A
skeletal
12
Q
Branched muscle fibers with intercalated discs are found in _____ muscle tissue.
A
cardiac
13
Q
Spindle-shaped muscle fibers are associated with _____ muscle tissue.
A
smooth
14
Q
A fascicle is a bundle of ______.
A
muscle fibers (cells)
15
Q
The ______ is the cell membrane covering a muscle cell.
A
sarcolemma
16
Q
_____ is the name of the cytoplasm of the skeletal muscle cell.
A
sarcoplasm
17
Q
Endomysium is composed of _____ connective tissue and surrounds the sarcolemma.
A
areolar
18
Q
Perimysium is ______ connective tissue and surrounds a muscle fascicle.
A
dense irregular
19
Q
The tube-like structures that run perpendicular to the myofibrils are _______.
A
T-tubules
20
Q
The membranous sac filled with calcium is called the ______.
A
sarcoplasmic reticulum
21
Q
An individual muscle cell is formed by many contractile elements called _______.
A
myofibrils
22
Q
The sarcoplasmic reticulum from one sarcomere, a T tubule, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum from another sarcomere is collectively referred to as a ______.
A
triad
23
Q
What myofilaments are parallel to each other and come into contact with each other during a muscle contraction?
A
thin and thick
24
Q
A _____ disc / line separates one sarcomere from another.
A
Z
25
The neuromuscular junction includes the somatic motor neuron and a muscle ______.
fiber
26
_____ is the neurotransmitter released from the terminal processes of the somatic motor neurons.
Acetylcholine
27
The motor end plate contains nicotinic ______ receptors.
acetylcholine
28
What is the role of acetylcholinerase?
It breaks down acetylcholine
29
The ______ is the portion of a motor neuron that carries a signal from the spinal cord to the neuromuscular junction.
axon
30
The binding of acetylcholine to receptors on the motor end plate opens sodium ______.
channels
31
____ tubules allow for the action potential to penetrate deep into the muscle cell.
Transverse (T)
32
_____ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum when the action potential activates the muscle cell.
calcium
33
Because of their role in the contraction cycle, troponin and tropomyosin are _____ proteins.
regulatory
34
_____ filaments have both calcium and myosin binding sites.
Thin
35
_____ is hydrolyzed during the contraction cycle.
ATP
36
Myosin detached from actin when _____ binds to the myosin head.
ATP
37
Tropomyosin covers the binding sites for _____ when calcium is absent.
myosin
38
The sarcomere shortens when thin and ____ filaments slide past each other.
thick
39
_____ is released from the synaptic vesicle at a neuromuscular junction.
Acetylcholine
40
_____ is the largest structural protein. It connects the Z disc to the M line and contributes to a sarcomere's elasticity.
Titin
41
A motor unit consists of a somatic motor neuron and all of the ______ it innervates.
muscle fibers
42
Aerobic oxidation of glucose and anaerobic fermentation of glucose both provide ____ for a muscle contraction.
ATP
43
What muscle fiber type is most consistently used while running a marathon?
slow, oxidative
44
70-80% of the energy used by muscle is lost as _____.
heat
45
Glycogen depletion, decreased ATP, and increased lactic acid contribute to muscle _____.
fatigue
46
Muscles that work together are ______.
agonists
47
Muscles that oppose each other are ______.
antagonists
48
The attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone is called its _____.
origin
49
The attachment of a muscle to the bone it moves (usually distal) is called its ______.
insertion
50
The gluteus maximus is named because of its ______.
size
51
The tibialis anterior is named because of its ______.
location
52
What are the functions of muscular tissue?
Producing body movements
Stabilizing body positions
Storing and moving substances in the body
Generating heat
53
What are the properties of muscular tissue?
Electrical excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
54
_____ is a dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body.
Fascia
55
_____ is the outer layer, encircling the entire muscle. It consists of dense irregular tissue.
Epimysium
56
______ is dense irregular tissue that surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called fascicles.
Perimysium
57
______ penetrates the interior of each fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers from one another.
Endomysium
58
The inability of a muscle to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity is called _______.
muscle fatigue
59
A _____ consists of a somatic motor neuron plus all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates.
motor neuron
60
In an _____ contraction, tension remains constant as muscle length decreases or increases.
isotonic
61
In an ______ contraction, tension increases greatly without change in muscle length.
isometric
62
DIRECTION: Parallel to the midline
Rectus
63
DIRECTION: Perpendicular to the midline
Transverse
64
DIRECTION: Diagonal to the midline
Oblique
65
SIZE: largest
maximus
66
SIZE: smallest
minimus
67
SIZE: long
longus
68
SIZE: short
brevis
69
SIZE: widest
latissimus
70
SIZE: longest
longissimus
71
SIZE: large
magnus
72
SIZE: larger
major
73
SIZE: smaller
minor
74
SIZE: huge
vastus
75
SHAPE: triangular
deltoid
76
SHAPE: trapezoid
trapezius
77
SHAPE: saw-toothed
serratus
78
SHAPE: diamond-shaped
rhomboid
79
SHAPE: circular
orbicularis
80
SHAPE: comblike
pectinate
81
SHAPE: pear-shaped
piriformis
82
SHAPE: flat
platys
83
SHAPE: square, four-sided
quadratus
84
SHAPE: slender
gracillus
85
ACTION: decreases joint angle
flexor
86
ACTION: increases joint angle
extensor
87
ACTION: moves bone away from midline
abductor
88
ACTION: moves bone closer to midline
adductor
89
ACTION: raises or elevated body part
levator
90
ACTION: lowers or depresses body part
depressor
91
ACTION: turns palm anteriorly
supinator
92
ACTION: turns palm posteriorly
pronator
93
ACTION: decreases size of an opening
sphincter
94
ACTION: makes body part rigid
tensor
95
ACTION: rotates bone around longitudinal axis
rotator
96
NUMBER OF ORIGINS: 2
biceps
97
NUMBER OF ORIGINS: 3
triceps
98
NUMBER OF ORIGINS: 4
quadriceps
99
What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
100
extraocular action, origin, and insertion
action: eye movement
origin: skull
insertion: eyeball
101
masseter action, origin, and insertion
action: closes the mouth
origin: maxilla, zygomatic arch
insertion: mandible
102
sternocleidomastoid action, origin, and insertion
action: tilt head toward shoulder
origin: clavicle, sternum
insertion: temporal bone (mastoid process)
103
trapezius action, origin, and insertion
action: move scapula
origin: occipital bone, cervical spine
insertion: clavicle, scapula
104
pectoralis major action, origin, and insertion
action: adduct arm
origin: clavicle, upper ribs
insertion: humerus
105
latissimus dorsi action, origin, and insertion
action: pulls arm inferiorly and posteriorly
origin: thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, iliac of pelvis
insertion: humerus
106
deltoid action, origin, and insertion
action: abduct, flex, medially rotate upper arm
origin: clavicle, scapula
insertion: humerus
107
biceps brachii action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes forearm at elbow
origin: scapula
insertion: radius
108
triceps brachii action, origin, and insertion
action: extends forearm at elbow
origin: scapula, humerus
insertion: ulna (olecranon process)
109
brachialis action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes forearm at elbow
origin: humerus
insertion: ulna
110
brachioradialis action, origin, and insertion
action: supinates forearm
origin: humerus
insertion: radius
111
diaphragm action, origin, and insertion
action: breathing
origin: ribs 7-12, sternum, lumbar vertebrae
insertion: central tendon
112
external and internal intercostals action, origin, and insertion
action: changes volume of chest in breathing
origin: lower surface of ribs
insertion: upper surface of ribs
113
rectus abdominis action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: pubic bone of pelvis
insertion: ribs 5-7, sternum
114
external oblique action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: ribs 5-12
insertion: iliac crest of pelvis, linea alba
115
internal oblique action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: iliac crest of pelvis
insertion: ribs 7-10, linea alba
116
transversus abdominis action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: iliac crest of pelvis, ribs 5-10
insertion: rib 12, L1-L4
117
gluteus maximus action, origin, and insertion
action: extension of thigh, lateral rotation of thigh
origin: iliac crest of pelvis, sacrum, coccyx
insertion: femur
118
What are the 3 compartments of the thigh?
anterior
posterior
medial
119
______ compartment of the thigh contains femur + quadriceps group.
Anterior
120
_____ compartment of the thigh contains hamstring group.
Posterior
121
What are the muscles that make up the quadriceps group?
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
122
quadriceps group action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes thigh, extends leg
origin: iliac spine of pelvis, femur
insertion: quadriceps tendon --> patella --> patellar ligament --> tibia
123
What are the muscles that make up the hamstring group?
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
124
hamstring group action, origin, and insertion
action: extends thigh, flexes leg
origin: ischial tuberosity of pelvis
insertion: fibula, tibia
125
gastrocnemius action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes foot
origin: femur
insertion: calcaneous (heel) via calcaneal tendon
126
soleus action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes foot
origin: fibula, tibia
insertion: calcaneous (heel) via calcaneal tendon
