Module 10 - Muscular system Flashcards
Skeletal muscles cause movement of bones when they apply force to ____ and bones.
tendons
Muscle contractions that are extended for a period of time help maintain ______.
posture
Sphincters are ring-like bands of _____ muscle tissue.
smooth
A wave-like contraction of smooth muscle in the GI tract is called ______.
peristasis
Thermogenesis is a function of ____ muscle tissue.
skeletal
Multi-nucleated and striated are terms describing _____ muscle.
skeletal
Striated with one or two central nuclei describes the structure of ______ muscle.
cardiac
No visible striations and one central nucleus describes _____ muscle tissue.
smooth
The thin and thick filaments are formed primarily of _____ and _____ proteins, respectively.
actin (thin);
myosin (thick)
The unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle is called ______.
sarcomere
______ muscle tissue is under voluntary nervous system control.
skeletal
Branched muscle fibers with intercalated discs are found in _____ muscle tissue.
cardiac
Spindle-shaped muscle fibers are associated with _____ muscle tissue.
smooth
A fascicle is a bundle of ______.
muscle fibers (cells)
The ______ is the cell membrane covering a muscle cell.
sarcolemma
_____ is the name of the cytoplasm of the skeletal muscle cell.
sarcoplasm
Endomysium is composed of _____ connective tissue and surrounds the sarcolemma.
areolar
Perimysium is ______ connective tissue and surrounds a muscle fascicle.
dense irregular
The tube-like structures that run perpendicular to the myofibrils are _______.
T-tubules
The membranous sac filled with calcium is called the ______.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
An individual muscle cell is formed by many contractile elements called _______.
myofibrils
The sarcoplasmic reticulum from one sarcomere, a T tubule, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum from another sarcomere is collectively referred to as a ______.
triad
What myofilaments are parallel to each other and come into contact with each other during a muscle contraction?
thin and thick
A _____ disc / line separates one sarcomere from another.
Z
The neuromuscular junction includes the somatic motor neuron and a muscle ______.
fiber
_____ is the neurotransmitter released from the terminal processes of the somatic motor neurons.
Acetylcholine
The motor end plate contains nicotinic ______ receptors.
acetylcholine
What is the role of acetylcholinerase?
It breaks down acetylcholine
The ______ is the portion of a motor neuron that carries a signal from the spinal cord to the neuromuscular junction.
axon
The binding of acetylcholine to receptors on the motor end plate opens sodium ______.
channels
____ tubules allow for the action potential to penetrate deep into the muscle cell.
Transverse (T)
_____ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum when the action potential activates the muscle cell.
calcium
Because of their role in the contraction cycle, troponin and tropomyosin are _____ proteins.
regulatory
_____ filaments have both calcium and myosin binding sites.
Thin
_____ is hydrolyzed during the contraction cycle.
ATP
Myosin detached from actin when _____ binds to the myosin head.
ATP
Tropomyosin covers the binding sites for _____ when calcium is absent.
myosin
The sarcomere shortens when thin and ____ filaments slide past each other.
thick
_____ is released from the synaptic vesicle at a neuromuscular junction.
Acetylcholine
_____ is the largest structural protein. It connects the Z disc to the M line and contributes to a sarcomere’s elasticity.
Titin
A motor unit consists of a somatic motor neuron and all of the ______ it innervates.
muscle fibers
Aerobic oxidation of glucose and anaerobic fermentation of glucose both provide ____ for a muscle contraction.
ATP
What muscle fiber type is most consistently used while running a marathon?
slow, oxidative
70-80% of the energy used by muscle is lost as _____.
heat
Glycogen depletion, decreased ATP, and increased lactic acid contribute to muscle _____.
fatigue
Muscles that work together are ______.
agonists
Muscles that oppose each other are ______.
antagonists
The attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone is called its _____.
origin
The attachment of a muscle to the bone it moves (usually distal) is called its ______.
insertion
The gluteus maximus is named because of its ______.
size
The tibialis anterior is named because of its ______.
location
What are the functions of muscular tissue?
Producing body movements
Stabilizing body positions
Storing and moving substances in the body
Generating heat
What are the properties of muscular tissue?
Electrical excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
_____ is a dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body.
Fascia
_____ is the outer layer, encircling the entire muscle. It consists of dense irregular tissue.
Epimysium
______ is dense irregular tissue that surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called fascicles.
Perimysium
______ penetrates the interior of each fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers from one another.
Endomysium
The inability of a muscle to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity is called _______.
muscle fatigue
A _____ consists of a somatic motor neuron plus all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates.
motor neuron
In an _____ contraction, tension remains constant as muscle length decreases or increases.
isotonic
In an ______ contraction, tension increases greatly without change in muscle length.
isometric
DIRECTION: Parallel to the midline
Rectus
DIRECTION: Perpendicular to the midline
Transverse
DIRECTION: Diagonal to the midline
Oblique
SIZE: largest
maximus
SIZE: smallest
minimus
SIZE: long
longus
SIZE: short
brevis
SIZE: widest
latissimus
SIZE: longest
longissimus
SIZE: large
magnus
SIZE: larger
major
SIZE: smaller
minor
SIZE: huge
vastus
SHAPE: triangular
deltoid
SHAPE: trapezoid
trapezius
SHAPE: saw-toothed
serratus
SHAPE: diamond-shaped
rhomboid
SHAPE: circular
orbicularis
SHAPE: comblike
pectinate
SHAPE: pear-shaped
piriformis
SHAPE: flat
platys
SHAPE: square, four-sided
quadratus
SHAPE: slender
gracillus
ACTION: decreases joint angle
flexor
ACTION: increases joint angle
extensor
ACTION: moves bone away from midline
abductor
ACTION: moves bone closer to midline
adductor
ACTION: raises or elevated body part
levator
ACTION: lowers or depresses body part
depressor
ACTION: turns palm anteriorly
supinator
ACTION: turns palm posteriorly
pronator
ACTION: decreases size of an opening
sphincter
ACTION: makes body part rigid
tensor
ACTION: rotates bone around longitudinal axis
rotator
NUMBER OF ORIGINS: 2
biceps
NUMBER OF ORIGINS: 3
triceps
NUMBER OF ORIGINS: 4
quadriceps
What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
extraocular action, origin, and insertion
action: eye movement
origin: skull
insertion: eyeball
masseter action, origin, and insertion
action: closes the mouth
origin: maxilla, zygomatic arch
insertion: mandible
sternocleidomastoid action, origin, and insertion
action: tilt head toward shoulder
origin: clavicle, sternum
insertion: temporal bone (mastoid process)
trapezius action, origin, and insertion
action: move scapula
origin: occipital bone, cervical spine
insertion: clavicle, scapula
pectoralis major action, origin, and insertion
action: adduct arm
origin: clavicle, upper ribs
insertion: humerus
latissimus dorsi action, origin, and insertion
action: pulls arm inferiorly and posteriorly
origin: thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, iliac of pelvis
insertion: humerus
deltoid action, origin, and insertion
action: abduct, flex, medially rotate upper arm
origin: clavicle, scapula
insertion: humerus
biceps brachii action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes forearm at elbow
origin: scapula
insertion: radius
triceps brachii action, origin, and insertion
action: extends forearm at elbow
origin: scapula, humerus
insertion: ulna (olecranon process)
brachialis action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes forearm at elbow
origin: humerus
insertion: ulna
brachioradialis action, origin, and insertion
action: supinates forearm
origin: humerus
insertion: radius
diaphragm action, origin, and insertion
action: breathing
origin: ribs 7-12, sternum, lumbar vertebrae
insertion: central tendon
external and internal intercostals action, origin, and insertion
action: changes volume of chest in breathing
origin: lower surface of ribs
insertion: upper surface of ribs
rectus abdominis action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: pubic bone of pelvis
insertion: ribs 5-7, sternum
external oblique action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: ribs 5-12
insertion: iliac crest of pelvis, linea alba
internal oblique action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: iliac crest of pelvis
insertion: ribs 7-10, linea alba
transversus abdominis action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
origin: iliac crest of pelvis, ribs 5-10
insertion: rib 12, L1-L4
gluteus maximus action, origin, and insertion
action: extension of thigh, lateral rotation of thigh
origin: iliac crest of pelvis, sacrum, coccyx
insertion: femur
What are the 3 compartments of the thigh?
anterior
posterior
medial
______ compartment of the thigh contains femur + quadriceps group.
Anterior
_____ compartment of the thigh contains hamstring group.
Posterior
What are the muscles that make up the quadriceps group?
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
quadriceps group action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes thigh, extends leg
origin: iliac spine of pelvis, femur
insertion: quadriceps tendon –> patella –> patellar ligament –> tibia
What are the muscles that make up the hamstring group?
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
hamstring group action, origin, and insertion
action: extends thigh, flexes leg
origin: ischial tuberosity of pelvis
insertion: fibula, tibia
gastrocnemius action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes foot
origin: femur
insertion: calcaneous (heel) via calcaneal tendon
soleus action, origin, and insertion
action: flexes foot
origin: fibula, tibia
insertion: calcaneous (heel) via calcaneal tendon
