Module 11 - Nervous System Flashcards
The receptors of the nervous system are _________, receiving many types of sensations.
Sensory receptors
The _________ of the central nervous system is the brain.
Control center
Pathways into the central nervous system are called ________.
Afferent
Pathways out of the central nervous system are called ________.
Efferent
________ information is received in the internal or external environment and, through a process called transduction, is converted to a form the nervous system can use.
Sensory
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of:
Cranial nerves III-XII Spinal nerves Ganglia Enteric plexuses Sensory receptors
The ________ comprises those effectors which are not under conscious control.
Autonomic motor system (ANS)
The central nervous system is comprised of:
The brain
The spinal cord
A ________ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.
Ganglion
A _______ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.
Nucleus
The walls of digestive organs have a network of neurons in an arrangement called a ________.
Plexus
________ are the cells that receive, process and transmit information in a point to point fashion in the nervous system.
Neurons
________ maintain the structural and chemical environment of the brain, and function in ways we probably don’t fully appreciate.
Glial cells
What are the four types of glial cells?
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
_______ form the borders of the CNS.
HINT: forms the pia mater, A thin membrane covering the brain
HINT: with endothelial cells of capillaries, form blood brain barrier which keeps certain substances out of CNS
HINT: “Sponge up” excess ions and toxins
Astrocytes
_________ forms myelin sheaths which insulate nerve axons that must send information over long distances.
Oligodendrocytes
_______ are the brains equivalent of macrophages.
HINT: immune defense
Microglia
________, along with the border – forming astrocytes, make up a single layer of border cells lining the ventricles.
HINT: make cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cells
What are the 2 types of glial cells?
Satellite cells
Schwann cells
________ in the PNS perform the same basic functions as astrocytes in the CNS: maintenance of a favorable chemical environment and mechanical/structural support. Mostly found in ganglia, collections of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.
Satellite cells
_________ are found in the PNS in place of the oligodendrocytes of the CNS.
Schwann cells
A bundle of axons all traveling together in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Nerve
A bundle of axons all traveling together in the central nervous system (CNS).
Tract
___________: all atoms want to move from high concentration to low concentration.
Concentration forces
__________: positive ions want to be where there are excess negative charges. Negative ions want to be where there are excess positive charges.
Electrical forces
The __________ is the voltage at which the chemical and electrical forces are equal and opposite.
Equilibrium potential
The _________ of a neuron is maintained by leak channels.
Resting potential
The _________ is used to send information over long distances through axons
Action potential
The _________ results from the opening and closing of voltage gated channels.
Action potential
What are the steps in the action potential?
- Resting potential
- Threshold
- Depolarization
- Peak
- Repolarization
- After hyperpolarization
- Return to resting potential
Action potential begins at the __________.
Trigger zone
A _______ is where neurons send information to other neurons or to an effector cell.
Synapse
When ________ binds to its receptor, the receptor changes shape and opens a pore.
Ligand
________ are gated channels that randomly open and close
Leakage channels
_________ are gated channels that open in response to the binding of a ligand (chemical) stimulus.
Ligand-gated channels
_________ are gated channels that open in response to mechanical stimulus.
Mechanically gated channels
___________ are gated channels that open in response to a voltage stimulus (change in membrane potential).
Voltage gated channels
Receptors for chemicals like neurotransmitters or drugs
Logan’s-gated channels