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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Module 11 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 11 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The receptors of the nervous system are _________, receiving many types of sensations.

A

Sensory receptors

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2
Q

The _________ of the central nervous system is the brain.

A

Control center

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3
Q

Pathways into the central nervous system are called ________.

A

Afferent

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4
Q

Pathways out of the central nervous system are called ________.

A

Efferent

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5
Q

________ information is received in the internal or external environment and, through a process called transduction, is converted to a form the nervous system can use.

A

Sensory

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of:

A 
Cranial nerves III-XII
Spinal nerves
Ganglia
Enteric plexuses
Sensory receptors
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7
Q

The ________ comprises those effectors which are not under conscious control.

A

Autonomic motor system (ANS)

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8
Q

The central nervous system is comprised of:

A

The brain

The spinal cord

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9
Q

A ________ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.

A

Ganglion

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10
Q

A _______ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

The walls of digestive organs have a network of neurons in an arrangement called a ________.

A

Plexus

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12
Q

________ are the cells that receive, process and transmit information in a point to point fashion in the nervous system.

A

Neurons

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13
Q

________ maintain the structural and chemical environment of the brain, and function in ways we probably don’t fully appreciate.

A

Glial cells

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14
Q

What are the four types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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15
Q

_______ form the borders of the CNS.

HINT: forms the pia mater, A thin membrane covering the brain

HINT: with endothelial cells of capillaries, form blood brain barrier which keeps certain substances out of CNS

HINT: “Sponge up” excess ions and toxins

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

_________ forms myelin sheaths which insulate nerve axons that must send information over long distances.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

_______ are the brains equivalent of macrophages.

HINT: immune defense

A

Microglia

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18
Q

________, along with the border – forming astrocytes, make up a single layer of border cells lining the ventricles.

HINT: make cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of glial cells?

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

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20
Q

________ in the PNS perform the same basic functions as astrocytes in the CNS: maintenance of a favorable chemical environment and mechanical/structural support. Mostly found in ganglia, collections of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.

A

Satellite cells

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21
Q

_________ are found in the PNS in place of the oligodendrocytes of the CNS.

A

Schwann cells

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22
Q

A bundle of axons all traveling together in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

A

Nerve

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23
Q

A bundle of axons all traveling together in the central nervous system (CNS).

A

Tract

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24
Q

___________: all atoms want to move from high concentration to low concentration.

A

Concentration forces

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25
Q

__________: positive ions want to be where there are excess negative charges. Negative ions want to be where there are excess positive charges.

A

Electrical forces

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26
Q

The __________ is the voltage at which the chemical and electrical forces are equal and opposite.

A

Equilibrium potential

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27
Q

The _________ of a neuron is maintained by leak channels.

A

Resting potential

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28
Q

The _________ is used to send information over long distances through axons

A

Action potential

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29
Q

The _________ results from the opening and closing of voltage gated channels.

A

Action potential

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30
Q

What are the steps in the action potential?

A
  1. Resting potential
  2. Threshold
  3. Depolarization
  4. Peak
  5. Repolarization
  6. After hyperpolarization
  7. Return to resting potential
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31
Q

Action potential begins at the __________.

A

Trigger zone

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32
Q

A _______ is where neurons send information to other neurons or to an effector cell.

A

Synapse

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33
Q

When ________ binds to its receptor, the receptor changes shape and opens a pore.

A

Ligand

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34
Q

________ are gated channels that randomly open and close

A

Leakage channels

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35
Q

_________ are gated channels that open in response to the binding of a ligand (chemical) stimulus.

A

Ligand-gated channels

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36
Q

_________ are gated channels that open in response to mechanical stimulus.

A

Mechanically gated channels

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37
Q

___________ are gated channels that open in response to a voltage stimulus (change in membrane potential).

A

Voltage gated channels

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38
Q

Receptors for chemicals like neurotransmitters or drugs

A

Logan’s-gated channels

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39
Q

Essential for action potentials or synapses.

A

Voltage gated channels

40
Q

________ is defined as any change in the neuron which makes it more difficult to reach threshold.

A

Inhibition

41
Q

________ neurotransmitter receptors cause a change in the ionic environment of the neuron.

A

Ionotropic

42
Q

___________ neurotransmitter receptors cause a change in the biochemical environment of the neuron.

A

Metabotropic

43
Q

Inputs such as pH of blood, body temperature, blood Ca++ levels, and outputs like increased heart rate, increased salivation, contraction of skeletal muscles etc. are all monitored by the _________ System.

A

Nervous

44
Q

In the nervous system feedback loop, the light-sensitive cells of the retina in the eye would be an example of a __________ in the nervous system.

A

Receptor (sensory)

45
Q

In the nervous system feedback loop, the tissue/organ that carries out a desired function is called a/an __________.

A

Effector (motor)

46
Q

In the nervous system feedback loop, the spinal cord, medulla, pons, and midbrain are a few of the structures of the nervous system that are part of the _________ __________.

A

Control center

47
Q

Because they bring information to the CNS, sensory pathways are _________.

A

Afferent

48
Q

Because they take information from the CNS, motor pathways are ___________.

A

Efferent

49
Q

The motor division of the somatic nervous system controls contraction of ________ ________.

A

Skeletal muscles

50
Q

The motor division of the _________ nervous system controls glandular secretions and smooth muscle contraction.

A

Autonomic

51
Q

Leakage channels have the same probability of being open (or closed), regardless of whether the neuron is generating an ________ _________.

A

Action potential

52
Q

The parasympathetic and sympathetic are subdivisions of the _________ nervous system.

A

Autonomic

53
Q

The brain and spinal cord are organs of the _______ ________ ________.

A

Central nervous system

54
Q

A ________ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

A

Ganglion

55
Q

A ________ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system.

A

Nucleus

56
Q

__________ are the cells of the nervous system that receives, process, and send information.

A

Neurons

57
Q

Ependymal cells are a type of ________ in the CNS.

A

Glia cell

58
Q

Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system form __________.

A

Myelinated sheaths

59
Q

Astrocytes in the central nervous system are analogous to ________ cells in the peripheral nervous system.

A

Satellite

60
Q

Tracts are bundles of axons found in the _________ _________ System.

A

Central nervous

61
Q

Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system are called __________.

A

Nerves

62
Q

Voltage gated channels propagate _________ _______ along axons.

A

Action potentials

63
Q

A ___________ triggers a small positive voltage change in a sensory neuron.

A

Stimulus

64
Q

Depolarization of a neuron occurs when ________ channels open.

A

Sodium

65
Q

The repolarizing phase is when the membrane voltage falls to a negative value, close to the equilibrium potential of ________.

A

Potassium

66
Q

When the membrane potential goes below the average resting potential, _________ has occurred.

A

Hyperpolarization

67
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in a postsynaptic membrane causes the cell to become more _________.

A

Negative

68
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in a postsynaptic membrane causes the cell to become more ________.

A

Positive

69
Q

Ligand-gated channels would be expected to predominate neuronal ___________.

A

Dendrites and cell bodies

70
Q

Voltage gated channels would be expected to predominate in neuronal _________.

A

Axons

71
Q

Ligand-gates channels are generally affected by _______ and __________.

A

Drugs; neurotransmitters

72
Q

What is the major role of the glial cells?

A

Structure and nutrition of the brain

73
Q

Voltage gated channels are proteins that change _________ during the action potential.

A

Shape

74
Q

Alpha motor neurons control contraction of ________ _________ in the somatic nervous system.

A

Skeletal muscles

75
Q

When potassium channels are open in the intracellular membrane potential would be more ________.

A

Negative

76
Q

When the sodium channels are open in the intracellular membrane potential would be more _________.

A

Positive

77
Q

Hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic membrane is the result of an ________.

A

IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

78
Q

Depolarization of a postsynaptic membrane is the result of an _______.

A

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

79
Q

Spatial summation is described as many EPSPs or IPSPs arriving at a similar _________.

A

Location

80
Q

Temporal summation describes many EPSPs or IPSPs arriving at a similar ________.

A

Time

81
Q

Opening of ligand-gated sodium channels would result in the generation of a ___________.

A

EPSP

82
Q

Opening of ligand-gated potassium channels would result in the generation of a ________.

A

IPSP

83
Q

Graded potential’s (IPSPs and EPSPs) will travel _______ distances.

A

Short

84
Q

Typical characteristics of graded potentials (IPSPs and EPSPs) would include:

A
  1. Occur in dendrites and cell bodies
  2. Ligand or mechanically gated channels
  3. Longer duration
  4. Shorter distance
  5. Usually occurs summation
85
Q

Typical characteristics of action potentials would include:

A
  1. Occur at trigger zone in a long axons
  2. Sodium/potassium voltage gated channels
  3. Longer distances
  4. Shorter duration
  5. Occurs without summation (all or nothing)
86
Q

Neurotransmitters such as aspartate and glutamate are _______ amino acids.

A

Unmodified

87
Q

Neurotransmitters such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and serotonin are ________ amino acids.

A

Modified

88
Q

Structurally, substance P is a __________.

A

Polypeptide neurotransmitter

89
Q

At normal body temperature, nitric oxide (NO) is a ___________.

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

90
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) functions to promote the flight or fight response and will _______ blood pressure.

A

Raise

91
Q

Dopamine is a biogenic amine that will facilitate coordinated/smooth _________.

A

Movements

92
Q

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a biogenic amine that regulates ________.

A

Mood

93
Q

Acetylcholine is most often an ________ neurotransmitter.

A

Excitatory

94
Q

Acetylcholine is an __________ neurotransmitter when potassium channels of the postsynaptic cell open.

A

Inhibitory

95
Q

Ionotropic receptors are those that ________ and ________ channels.

A

Open; close

96
Q

Metabotropic receptors change the _________ of a neuron.

A

Biochemical environment

Human Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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