Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy and Physiology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ is bounded by a double membrane and contains the materials needed to control all parts of the cell.

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The genetic material - ________ and 3 forms of ________ - are all made in the nucleus.

A

deoxuribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A
  • Storage of the cell’s genetic material

- Synthesis of the protein coding material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The _____ is a ribosome factory.

A

nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA can be used to make a copy of itself. This process is called __________.

A

replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The process by which DNA makes RNA is called _______. The basic structure of DNA and RNA are the same so this refers to copying from on form to another in the same language.

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

RNA to protein is called ________. This process is a converting from one “language” to another.

A

translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ makes _____ makes _____.

A

DNA - RNA - protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material. These carry the code for an enzyme called _________ that converts RNA to DNA.

A

reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_______ uses RNA as a template to make DNA. After that step, the usual sequence (DNA - RNA - protein) is followed.

A

Reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DNA is visible through the light microscope only when it is packaged into ______ during cell division.

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

______: unspooled, “loose” DNA strands.

A

chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The DNA molecule is a double helix; the two strands are _____, which means that one goes up while the other goes down.

A

antiparallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

We define up and down on the DNA molecule by the numbering of carbons on the sugar part of the backbone. The _____ is where we start reading, and where the enzymes that work on the DNA start their work. The ______ is where everything ends up.

A

5’ carbon;

3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_____ is the most stable of molecules, almost as stable as a rock.

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_____ exists just long enough to make proteins, then it is destroyed.

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

________ is very unstable. It allows for transcriptional control of protein production. It carries the coded message.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_______ is more stable. With proteins, it forms ribosomes; small and large subunits.

A

RIbosomal RNA (rRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

______ is more stable. It is the “truck” to bring amino acids to the growing protein strand.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The rRNA components of the ribosome are (mostly) made in a structure within the nucleus called a _______.

A

nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In the cytoplasm, rRNA and proteins are assembled into the _______.

A

ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ribosomes exist as either ________ or as part of the ________. Either way, they operate as translation factories.

A

free ribosomes;

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_____ complexes with proteins to form the ribosome.

A

rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

On the ribosome, the _____ message is read and the proteins are assembled.

A

mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

_____ molecules carry the amino acids to the ribosome to be incorporated into proteins.

A

tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A _____ is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

A

gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The final edited version of the RNA made from the DNA template is called ______ because it carries the message (instructions for making proteins).

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Messenger RNA leaves the nucleus through _____ to the cytoplasm, where the protein factories - ribosomes - read the mRNA message and translates it to a particular sequence of amino acids in the growing protein (primary structure).

A

nuclear pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The process of RNA synthesis begins as the DNA double helix is opened up. Only one DNA strand is read. It is called the ______, since is carried the genetic code.

A

coding strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

_____ is the expressed region of DNA (made into proteins).

A

Exon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_____ is the intervening region of DNA (not made into proteins).

A

Intron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The ______ is the portion of the DNA that is expressed, or made into protein.

A

exon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The _____ is the portion of the DNA that is not made into protein and must be edited out.

A

Intron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In order to create mRNA, the introns must be sliced out and the exons stitched together, This is accomplished by an organelle called the _______, which is made up of several small nuclear ribonucleoprotein pareticles, or snRNP.

A

spliceosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

A structure called a ____ is formed, the intron is cut out, and the ends of the exon are stitched together.

A

lariat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Mutations, as you might expect, can mess up the process of splicing. This has been shown for the blood disorder called ________.

A

Beta thalassemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

_______ is a protein that makes up half of hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein of red blood cells.

A

Beta-globin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Abnormal splicing of the _______ gene produces an abnormally short globin mRNA.

A

beta globin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

RNA is ____ into protein.

A

translated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

______ changes nucleic acid “language” (mRNA) to amino acid “language” (protein).

A

Translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The _____ polymer is a coded message containing the adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U).

A

mRNA

42
Q

The ____ polymer is the product of translation: 20 different types of amino acids strung together in a specific order make up the protein’s primary structure.

A

protein

43
Q

Protein synthesis occurs through the action of a macromolecule machine called a _______.

A

ribosome

44
Q

______ make proteins that the cell needs.

A

Free ribosomes

45
Q

The _____, ____, and _______ together make proteins for export, to be embedded in the cell membrane, or to recycle proteins that are malformed.

A

ribosomes, RER, and Golgi

46
Q

______ are usually, but not always, found on the cell surface.

A

Glycoproteins

47
Q

________ carries the coded message from the nucleus to the ribosome.

A

Messenger RNA

48
Q

The ribosome is made up of _____ and ______.

A

ribosomal RNA and proteins

49
Q

Each tRNA has a unique _____ (a set of 3 ribonucleotides which will bind to the mRNA).

A

anticodon

50
Q

The anticodon is paired with a specific amino acids which binds to an _______.

A

acceptor arm

51
Q

What are the steps for translation?

A
  1. Ribosome attaches to mRNA.
  2. AUG start codon matched up to tRNA - methionine.
  3. Next tRNA-amino acid arrives.
  4. Peptide bond forms.
  5. Ribosome shifts 3 mRNA bases.
  6. Polypeptide chain grows.
  7. Ribosome reaches stop codon; polypeptide released
52
Q

Three base pairings on mRNA coding for an amino acid are called a ______.

A

codon

53
Q

Transfer RNAs contain an ______ at one end of the molecule that lines up with and complements the mRNA codon.

A

anticodon

54
Q

The 3 base sequence representing each amino acid is called the _______.

A

genetic code

55
Q

Because there are 64 combinations of bases for 20 amino acids, the genetic code is called _______, meaning there are more possible codes than there are amino acids to encode.

A

degenerate

56
Q

Protein synthesis ends with either _____, ______, or ______. These are called stop codons.

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

57
Q

UAA is called _____.

A

ochre

58
Q

UGA is called ______.

A

umber

59
Q

UAG is called _____.

A

amber

60
Q

A _____ is a change in the sequence of DNA which changes the mRNA made from the coding strand.

A

.gene polymorphism

61
Q

If the change in the DNA (and mRNA) results in a change in the amino acid sequence, which then changes the function if the resulting protein, then the change is called a ______.

A

mutation

62
Q

If we introduce a mutation after the start codon, that either adds or subtracts a base, the entire frame is shifted so that all amino acids downstream from the mutation are wrong. This is called a _________.

A

frameshift mutation

63
Q

Frameshift mutations are not the only kind. Sometimes a single base is changed, which does not shift the reading frame. This is called a ________.

A

point mutation

64
Q

The mutation that produces the disease, sickle-cell anemia is a ________.

A

point mutation

65
Q

After replicating their DNA in preparation for cell division, chromosomes consist of two identical ______.

A

chromatids

66
Q

Each _____ is a single, continuous DNA molecule.

A

chromatid

67
Q

______: two identical halves of the chromosome, joined at the centromere.

A

Chromatid

68
Q

______: DNA strand.

A

Chromatin

69
Q

_______: visible packaging of DNA and histones into X-shaped structures.

A

Chromasomes

70
Q

______ carry a lot of positive charges to screen of negative energy that DNA gives off.

A

Histones

71
Q

Cells which are dividing go through a series of steps that is called the _______.

A

cell cycle

72
Q

The actual process of cell division is called _____ or ______.

A

mitosis or M phase

73
Q

After mitosis, a dividing cell enters a _____ called G1. G1 takes 8-10 hours to complete.

A

first growth phase

74
Q

If a cell becomes _______ (i.e. is in a resting state), or if it is incapable of cell division, it is “parked” in a part of the cell cycle called G0.

A

quiescent

75
Q

During the S phase, the cell’s DNA is _____ so that it can be divided equally between the daughter cells in mitosis. This process takes about 8 hours.

A

replicated

76
Q

After S phase, cells enter the _____ or ______ called G2. During G2, the cell finalizes its preparations for mitosis. After 4-6 hours of G2, the cell enters M phase, which completes the cycle.

A

second growth or gap phase

77
Q

________, the copying of all the cell’s DNA molecules, occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.

A

DNA replication

78
Q

The 2 strands of the DNA double helix are ______.

A

anti-parallel

79
Q

As DNA is replicated, 2 different strategies are used:

A
  1. leading strand built continuously 5’ —> 3’

2. lagging strand uses Okazaki frangments to build short segments which are then stitched together.

80
Q

____ is the term for all parts of the cell cycle except mitosis: G0, G1, S, and G2.

A

Interphase

81
Q

During interphase, the DNA is loosely packed so that it may be transcribed to RNA as needed. In this form, it is called ______.

A

chromatin

82
Q

Mitosis has 4 parts: ____, _____, _____, and ______.

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

83
Q

In the last step in mitosis, the cells must physically divide into 2 daughter cells. This physical division is called ________.

A

cytokinesis

84
Q

While all parts of interphase involve preparation for, or recovery from, mitosis, the first phase of mitosis that involves an obvious, observable visual change in the cell is ______.

A

prophase

85
Q

The ______, which grows out of the chromosome is made up of the microtubules used to move chromosomes.

A

mitotic spindle

86
Q

_____, as the name implies, is the middle phase of mitosis, in which everything in the parent cell lines up in the middle.

A

Metaphase

87
Q

Metaphase is the stage of mitosis used to create a _____, a picture of the chromosomes that is used (for example) to diagnose disorders with a change in the number of chromosomes. Trisomy 21, or Down syndrome is an exmaple.

A

karyotype

88
Q

_____ is the stage of mitosis where the contents of the 2 daughter cells move backwards, away from each other.

A

anaphase

89
Q

During _____, mitosis is completed.

A

telophase

90
Q

A _____ appears in the middle of the parent cell, and as the furrow deepens, the cell is split into 2 daughter cells.

A

cleavage furrow

91
Q

The daughter cells move apart in a process called ______.

A

cytokinesis

92
Q

______ are those that can make new little humans.

A

Germ cells

93
Q

To evenly divide up the replicated amount of DNA between gametes, a slightly different mechanism of cell division is needed. This is called ______.

A

meiosis

94
Q

One major advantage to sex is that it provides the opportunity for _____ during meiosis. This scrambles the genetic material so that each sibling, even in a large family, has a different complement of DNA.

A

crossing over

95
Q

_____ creates 2 daughter cells that are identical to the “parent”.

A

Mitosis

96
Q

______ halves the DNA content in Meiosis I and then Meiosis II resembles mitosis.

A

Meiosis

97
Q

In Mendelian terminology, the variations of these genes are called ______.

A

alleles

98
Q

_______ are those where inheriting one copy (from mom or dad) will give you a condition or disease.

A

Dominant alleles

99
Q

______ are those where inheriting one copy makes you a carrier, and inheriting 2 copies will give you a condition or disesase.

A

Recessive alleles

100
Q

_______ are used to analyze Mendelian genetics.

A

Punnett squares

Human Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions