Module 8

Question 1

The skin is also called the _____ system or ________.

Answer 1

integumentary or cutaneous membrane

Question 2

_______ hold cells together.

Answer 2

Desmosomes

Question 3

______ hold the epithelium to the basement membrane.

Answer 3

hemidesmosomes

Question 4

From the outside, in, the layers of the skin include the ______, ______, and _______.

Answer 4

epidermis,
dermis,
subcutaneous (hypodermis)

Question 5

The epidermis is mostly comprised of dead cells, which have expelled their nucleus and all organelles and become simply bags of proteins called ______.

Answer 5

keratin

Question 6

Hair roots are found in the dermis, and there is a small bit of muscle (the ________) which controls the angle of each hair.

Answer 6

arrector pili

Question 7

Beneath the dermis is the _______. This is not technically part of the skin but is a layer of areolar and/or adipose connective tissues

Answer 7

subcutaneous layer

Question 8

One dermatological disease that is very troubling is _______. This disease involves an autoimmune attack against the desmosomes.

Answer 8

pemphigus

Question 9

The skin is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. From the deepest to the most superficial, the layers are:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (only in thick skin)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A pneumonic for these layers from deep to superficial is:
Before Signing, Get Legal Counsel 
or for superficial to deep is:
Cher Likes Getting Skin Botoxed

Answer 9

stratum basale;
stratum spinosum;
stratum granulosum;
stratum lucidum (thick skin)
stratum corneum

Question 10

Keratinocytes are constantly made in the stratum basale. As cells are pushed superficially, they lose their nucleus and organelles and become dead bags of keratin. These cells are also called _______.

Answer 10

corneocytes

Question 11

Corneocytes are constantly shed from the surface of the stratum corneum. The shed flakes are called _____.

Answer 11

squames

Question 12

_____, which covers everything except the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet, is about 0.1mm thick.

Answer 12

Thin skin

Question 13

______, also called glabrous skin, is found on the ventral (palmar) surface of the hands (palms and fingertips) and on the soles (plantar surface) or the feet.

Answer 13

Thick skin

Question 14

What are the 4 cell types of the epidermis?

Answer 14

Keratinocyte;
Melanocyte;
Intradermal macrophage (Langerhans) cell;
Tactile epithelial (Merkel) cell

Question 15

______ (a cell membrane surrounding the protein keratin) make up about 90% of the cells of the epidermis.

Answer 15

Dead keratinocytes

Question 16

About 8% of the cells are ______, cells which produce and carry pigment granules that give the skin it’s color.

Answer 16

melanocytes

Question 17

More rarely, we find ______, which is the skin’s version of a type of immune cell called a dendritic cell.

Answer 17

Langerhans cells

Question 18

The rarest epidermal cell is the ______, a type of nervous system cell that detects light touch.

Answer 18

Merkel disc

Question 19

The color of the skin comes from 3 classes of pigment: ______, _______, and ______.

Answer 19

melanin,
hemoglobin,
carotene

Question 20

What are the 2 kinds of melanin?

Answer 20

pheomelanin,

eumelanin

Question 21

This kind of melanin is yellow to red.

Answer 21

Pheomelanin

Question 22

This kind of melanin is brown to black.

Answer 22

eumelanin

Question 23

In hair, pheomelanin and eumelanin granules are scattered among the keratin fibers. In skin, these pigments are produced in cells called ______.

Answer 23

melanocytes

Question 24

Melanin is made from the amino acid tyrosine in an organelle called the _______.

Answer 24

melanosome

Question 25

The _______ is the connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis.

Answer 25

dermis

Question 26

What are the 2 regions of the dermis?

Answer 26

papillary region and reticular region

Question 27

The ______ is about a fifth of the thickness of the dermis.It is thrown up into the ridges that penetrate up into the epidermis and each of theses tends to contain blood vessels and the sensory structures known as Meissner corpuscles and free nerve endings.

Answer 27

papillary region

Question 28

The _____ is where the nerve and blood vessels run through the dermis. Also, hair roots (if present) and glands are found here as well.

Answer 28

reticular region

Question 29

Stretching, such as from obesity or pregnancy, can cause tears in the dermis. These are seen on the skin surface as _____ (or, more commonly, "stretch marks").

Answer 29

striae

Question 30

______ is the superficial portion of the dermis(about 1/5); consists of areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers; contains dermal ridges that house blood capillaries, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings.

Answer 30

Papillary

Question 31

______ is the deeper portion of the dermis (about 4/5); consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers. Spaced between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.

Answer 31

Retilcular

Question 32

The subcutaneous layer of the skin is a typical example of an ______, which is a loose connective tissue made up of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers with adipose (fat) cells suspended in the fiber matrix.

Answer 32

areolar connective tissue

Question 33

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

Answer 33

eccrine and apocrine

Question 34

_____ sweat glands are used to cool the skin and restore homeostasis.

Answer 34

Eccrine

Question 35

_____ sweat glands produce a more viscous secretion that eccrine sweat glands. These secretions contain pheromones.

Answer 35

Apocrine

Question 36

______ glands are most often found opening onto the neck of the hair follicle.

Answer 36

Sebaceous

Question 37

Sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion, called ______.

Answer 37

sebum

Question 38

_____ is the portion of the nail that is not visible.

Answer 38

nail root

Question 39

_____ (cuticle) is the stratum corneum of the epidermis.

Answer 39

Eponychium

Question 40

______ is the thick, white part of the nail.

Answer 40

Lunula

Question 41

______ is the skin below the nail plate.

Answer 41

Nail bed

Question 42

_____ is the visible portion of the nail.

Answer 42

Nail body

Question 43

_____ of the nail extends past the finger or toe.

Answer 43

free edge

Question 44

_____ secures nail to the fingertip.

Answer 44

Hyponychium

Question 45

_____ is the finger bone.

Answer 45

Phalanx

Question 46

______ is the epithelium proximal to the nail root. It contains dividing cells, which produce new nail cells.

Answer 46

Nail matrix

Question 47

What are the 3 layers of the hair shaft?

Answer 47

medulla, cortex, cuticle

Question 48

The _____ is the outermost layer for external hairs.

Answer 48

cuticle

Question 49

What are the 3 layers of the hair follicle?

Answer 49

internal, external, dermal root sheath

Question 50

The first stage of hair growth is _____. The hair matrix cells at the base of the follicle divide. This stage lasts 2-6 years

Answer 50

anagen

Question 51

The second stage of hair growth is _____. The cells of the hair matrix stop dividing. This stage lasts 2-3 weeks

Answer 51

catagen

Question 52

The third and final stage of hair growth is _____, which lasts about 3 months.

Answer 52

telogen

Question 53

Melanocytes migrate into the skin from a location near the spinal cord called the ______; they are among the last skin cells to arrive.

Answer 53

neural crest

Question 54

Skin develops from the outermost of the 3 embryonic layers, called the _____.

Answer 54

ectoderm

Question 55

_______ or _______ are a lesion that results from disruption in skin homeostasis.

Answer 55

pressure sores or decubitus ulcers

Question 56

In a _____ burn, only the epidermis is involved. The skin reddens, but there is no permanent damage and the skin returns to normal in under a week.

Answer 56

first-degree

Question 57

In a _____ burn, the heat energy penetrates deeply and both the epidermis and the dermis are damaged. Blood vessels leak fluid and blisters form as the skin fills with the filtrate of blood. Hair follicles and glands are not typically damaged.

Answer 57

second-degree

Question 58

A ______ burn, or _____, destroys all layers of skin. Cells die and the skin function is lost in the affected area. The dead skin may be black, cherry-red, or ash-white.

Answer 58

third-degree or full thickness burn

Question 59

What are the 2 thermoregulatory mechanisms?

Answer 59

circulation; | sweating

Question 60

When the body is too cold, in order to maintain homeostasis, the blood vessels in the dermis _____, conserving heat.

Answer 60

constrict

Question 61

When the body is too hot, in order to maintain homeostasis, the blood vessels in the dermis _______, shedding heat.

Answer 61

dilate

Question 62

The most common type of skin cancer is _____. While they are cancerous, they rarely spread to distant sites (or metastasize).

Answer 62

basal cell carcinoma

Question 63

The second most common type of skin cancer is ________. This type of cancer will metastasize through the lymphatic system.

Answer 63

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 64

The rarest form of skin cancer is also the most worrisome and deadly: _____. They spread avidly and can cause death when they metastasize.

Answer 64

melanoma

Question 65

To produce "goose bumps", arrector pili muscles are attached to a _______.

Answer 65

hair follicle

Question 66

The primary protein found in dead epithelial skin cells is called ______.

Answer 66

keratin

Question 67

The dermal layer contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and _______.

Answer 67

living skin cells

Question 68

______ is the result of an autoimmune attack on desmosome and hemidesmosome proteins.

Answer 68

Pemphigus

Question 69

Keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium is describing which layer of the skin?

Answer 69

epidermis

Question 70

Where is the stratum corneum in relation to the other skin layers?

Answer 70

superior

Question 71

Melanoma is a dangerous form of ______.

Answer 71

skin cancer

Question 72

Which layer of the epidermis is continually undergoing mitosis?

Answer 72

stratum basale

Question 73

A first-degree burn only involves the ______.

Answer 73

epidermis

Question 74

Langerhans cells in the epidermis function as ________.

Answer 74

immune defense

Question 75

Merkel cells are ______ receptors of the epidermis.

Answer 75

light touch

Question 76

Individuals with little or no ____ are at greater risk for skin cancer.

Answer 76

melanin / pigment

Question 77

The main function of the epidermis is _____.

Answer 77

protection

Question 78

Melanocytes can produce 2 types of melanin called _____ and ______.

Answer 78

pheomelanin and eumelanin

Question 79

The pink coloration of the skin is due to circulating _____.

Answer 79

hemoglobin

Question 80

Ink that only penetrates the ______ will fade quickly.

Answer 80

epidermis

Question 81

Pressure sores are also known as _____ ulcers.

Answer 81

decubitus

Question 82

The _____ region of the dermis contains nerves, blood vessels, hair roots, and glands.

Answer 82

reticular

Question 83

The epidermis gets its nutrients from the _____ loops in the papillary region.

Answer 83

capillary

Question 84

Adipose tissue exists in large quantities in the ______ layer.

Answer 84

subcutaneous

Question 85

_____% of the body surface has been burned if the anterior surfaces of both legs are affected.

Answer 85

18

Question 86

The Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles found deep in the dermis detect ______.

Answer 86

vibration

Question 87

Pain, cold, and warm stimuli are all detected by _____.

Answer 87

free nerve endings

Question 88

Odorant chemicals produced by apocrine sweat glands are called ______.

Answer 88

pheromones

Question 89

Rapidly dividing cells are found in the _____ and _____ matrices.

Answer 89

nail and hair

Question 90

The medulla, cortex, and cuticle are all part of the hair root and the hair _____.

Answer 90

shaft

Question 91

The anagen stage of hair growth is characterized by the _____ of the hair shaft.

Answer 91

growth

Question 92

The telogen stage of hair growth is taking place when the hair shaft is _____.

Answer 92

resting

Question 93

The fetal skin develops from the embryonic layer of tissue called the ______ (4th week).

Answer 93

ectoderm

Question 94

Thermoregulation changes with age because of the redistribution of the _____ layer.

Answer 94

subcutaneous

Question 95

The stratum ____ is the skin layer responsible for filling in superficial wounds.

Answer 95

corneum

Question 96

Deep wounds extend into the epidermis and the _____.

Answer 96

dermis

Question 97

The papillary region of the dermis houses the _____ corpuscles and free nerve endings.

Answer 97

Meissner

Question 98

The palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet are considered to be ____ skin.

Answer 98

thick

Question 99

A second-degree burn involves the epidermis and _____.

Answer 99

dermis.

Question 100

A burn that involves loss of function, both layers of the skin, and even the subcutaneous layer is a _____ burn.

Answer 100

third-degree

Question 101

Adipocytes are found in large quantities in the ____ layer.

Answer 101

subcutaneous

Question 102

______ sweat glands are coiled tubular glands found on all surfaces of the body.

Answer 102

eccrine