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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The skin is also called the _____ system or ________.

A

integumentary or cutaneous membrane

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2
Q

_______ hold cells together.

A

Desmosomes

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3
Q

______ hold the epithelium to the basement membrane.

A

hemidesmosomes

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4
Q

From the outside, in, the layers of the skin include the ______, ______, and _______.

A

epidermis,
dermis,
subcutaneous (hypodermis)

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5
Q

The epidermis is mostly comprised of dead cells, which have expelled their nucleus and all organelles and become simply bags of proteins called ______.

A

keratin

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6
Q

Hair roots are found in the dermis, and there is a small bit of muscle (the ________) which controls the angle of each hair.

A

arrector pili

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7
Q

Beneath the dermis is the _______. This is not technically part of the skin but is a layer of areolar and/or adipose connective tissues

A

subcutaneous layer

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8
Q

One dermatological disease that is very troubling is _______. This disease involves an autoimmune attack against the desmosomes.

A

pemphigus

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9
Q 
The skin is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. From the deepest to the most superficial, the layers are:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (only in thick skin)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A pneumonic for these layers from deep to superficial is:
Before Signing, Get Legal Counsel 
or for superficial to deep is:
Cher Likes Getting Skin Botoxed
A 
stratum basale;
stratum spinosum;
stratum granulosum;
stratum lucidum (thick skin)
stratum corneum
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10
Q

Keratinocytes are constantly made in the stratum basale. As cells are pushed superficially, they lose their nucleus and organelles and become dead bags of keratin. These cells are also called _______.

A

corneocytes

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11
Q

Corneocytes are constantly shed from the surface of the stratum corneum. The shed flakes are called _____.

A

squames

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12
Q

_____, which covers everything except the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet, is about 0.1mm thick.

A

Thin skin

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13
Q

______, also called glabrous skin, is found on the ventral (palmar) surface of the hands (palms and fingertips) and on the soles (plantar surface) or the feet.

A

Thick skin

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14
Q

What are the 4 cell types of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocyte;
Melanocyte;
Intradermal macrophage (Langerhans) cell;
Tactile epithelial (Merkel) cell

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15
Q

______ (a cell membrane surrounding the protein keratin) make up about 90% of the cells of the epidermis.

A

Dead keratinocytes

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16
Q

About 8% of the cells are ______, cells which produce and carry pigment granules that give the skin it’s color.

A

melanocytes

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17
Q

More rarely, we find ______, which is the skin’s version of a type of immune cell called a dendritic cell.

A

Langerhans cells

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18
Q

The rarest epidermal cell is the ______, a type of nervous system cell that detects light touch.

A

Merkel disc

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19
Q

The color of the skin comes from 3 classes of pigment: ______, _______, and ______.

A

melanin,
hemoglobin,
carotene

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20
Q

What are the 2 kinds of melanin?

A

pheomelanin,

eumelanin

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21
Q

This kind of melanin is yellow to red.

A

Pheomelanin

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22
Q

This kind of melanin is brown to black.

A

eumelanin

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23
Q

In hair, pheomelanin and eumelanin granules are scattered among the keratin fibers. In skin, these pigments are produced in cells called ______.

A

melanocytes

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24
Q

Melanin is made from the amino acid tyrosine in an organelle called the _______.

A

melanosome

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25
Q

The _______ is the connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis.

A

dermis

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26
Q

What are the 2 regions of the dermis?

A

papillary region and reticular region

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27
Q

The ______ is about a fifth of the thickness of the dermis.It is thrown up into the ridges that penetrate up into the epidermis and each of theses tends to contain blood vessels and the sensory structures known as Meissner corpuscles and free nerve endings.

A

papillary region

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28
Q

The _____ is where the nerve and blood vessels run through the dermis. Also, hair roots (if present) and glands are found here as well.

A

reticular region

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29
Q

Stretching, such as from obesity or pregnancy, can cause tears in the dermis. These are seen on the skin surface as _____ (or, more commonly, “stretch marks”).

A

striae

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30
Q

______ is the superficial portion of the dermis(about 1/5); consists of areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers; contains dermal ridges that house blood capillaries, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings.

A

Papillary

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31
Q

______ is the deeper portion of the dermis (about 4/5); consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers. Spaced between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.

A

Retilcular

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32
Q

The subcutaneous layer of the skin is a typical example of an ______, which is a loose connective tissue made up of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers with adipose (fat) cells suspended in the fiber matrix.

A

areolar connective tissue

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33
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A

eccrine and apocrine

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34
Q

_____ sweat glands are used to cool the skin and restore homeostasis.

A

Eccrine

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35
Q

_____ sweat glands produce a more viscous secretion that eccrine sweat glands. These secretions contain pheromones.

A

Apocrine

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36
Q

______ glands are most often found opening onto the neck of the hair follicle.

A

Sebaceous

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37
Q

Sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion, called ______.

A

sebum

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38
Q

_____ is the portion of the nail that is not visible.

A

nail root

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39
Q

_____ (cuticle) is the stratum corneum of the epidermis.

A

Eponychium

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40
Q

______ is the thick, white part of the nail.

A

Lunula

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41
Q

______ is the skin below the nail plate.

A

Nail bed

42
Q

_____ is the visible portion of the nail.

A

Nail body

43
Q

_____ of the nail extends past the finger or toe.

A

free edge

44
Q

_____ secures nail to the fingertip.

A

Hyponychium

45
Q

_____ is the finger bone.

A

Phalanx

46
Q

______ is the epithelium proximal to the nail root. It contains dividing cells, which produce new nail cells.

A

Nail matrix

47
Q

What are the 3 layers of the hair shaft?

A

medulla,
cortex,
cuticle

48
Q

The _____ is the outermost layer for external hairs.

A

cuticle

49
Q

What are the 3 layers of the hair follicle?

A

internal,
external,
dermal root sheath

50
Q

The first stage of hair growth is _____. The hair matrix cells at the base of the follicle divide. This stage lasts 2-6 years

A

anagen

51
Q

The second stage of hair growth is _____. The cells of the hair matrix stop dividing. This stage lasts 2-3 weeks

A

catagen

52
Q

The third and final stage of hair growth is _____, which lasts about 3 months.

A

telogen

53
Q

Melanocytes migrate into the skin from a location near the spinal cord called the ______; they are among the last skin cells to arrive.

A

neural crest

54
Q

Skin develops from the outermost of the 3 embryonic layers, called the _____.

A

ectoderm

55
Q

_______ or _______ are a lesion that results from disruption in skin homeostasis.

A

pressure sores or decubitus ulcers

56
Q

In a _____ burn, only the epidermis is involved. The skin reddens, but there is no permanent damage and the skin returns to normal in under a week.

A

first-degree

57
Q

In a _____ burn, the heat energy penetrates deeply and both the epidermis and the dermis are damaged. Blood vessels leak fluid and blisters form as the skin fills with the filtrate of blood. Hair follicles and glands are not typically damaged.

A

second-degree

58
Q

A ______ burn, or _____, destroys all layers of skin. Cells die and the skin function is lost in the affected area. The dead skin may be black, cherry-red, or ash-white.

A

third-degree or full thickness burn

59
Q

What are the 2 thermoregulatory mechanisms?

A

circulation;

sweating

60
Q

When the body is too cold, in order to maintain homeostasis, the blood vessels in the dermis _____, conserving heat.

A

constrict

61
Q

When the body is too hot, in order to maintain homeostasis, the blood vessels in the dermis _______, shedding heat.

A

dilate

62
Q

The most common type of skin cancer is _____. While they are cancerous, they rarely spread to distant sites (or metastasize).

A

basal cell carcinoma

63
Q

The second most common type of skin cancer is ________. This type of cancer will metastasize through the lymphatic system.

A

squamous cell carcinoma

64
Q

The rarest form of skin cancer is also the most worrisome and deadly: _____. They spread avidly and can cause death when they metastasize.

A

melanoma

65
Q

To produce “goose bumps”, arrector pili muscles are attached to a _______.

A

hair follicle

66
Q

The primary protein found in dead epithelial skin cells is called ______.

A

keratin

67
Q

The dermal layer contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and _______.

A

living skin cells

68
Q

______ is the result of an autoimmune attack on desmosome and hemidesmosome proteins.

A

Pemphigus

69
Q

Keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium is describing which layer of the skin?

A

epidermis

70
Q

Where is the stratum corneum in relation to the other skin layers?

A

superior

71
Q

Melanoma is a dangerous form of ______.

A

skin cancer

72
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is continually undergoing mitosis?

A

stratum basale

73
Q

A first-degree burn only involves the ______.

A

epidermis

74
Q

Langerhans cells in the epidermis function as ________.

A

immune defense

75
Q

Merkel cells are ______ receptors of the epidermis.

A

light touch

76
Q

Individuals with little or no ____ are at greater risk for skin cancer.

A

melanin / pigment

77
Q

The main function of the epidermis is _____.

A

protection

78
Q

Melanocytes can produce 2 types of melanin called _____ and ______.

A

pheomelanin and eumelanin

79
Q

The pink coloration of the skin is due to circulating _____.

A

hemoglobin

80
Q

Ink that only penetrates the ______ will fade quickly.

A

epidermis

81
Q

Pressure sores are also known as _____ ulcers.

A

decubitus

82
Q

The _____ region of the dermis contains nerves, blood vessels, hair roots, and glands.

A

reticular

83
Q

The epidermis gets its nutrients from the _____ loops in the papillary region.

A

capillary

84
Q

Adipose tissue exists in large quantities in the ______ layer.

A

subcutaneous

85
Q

_____% of the body surface has been burned if the anterior surfaces of both legs are affected.

A

18

86
Q

The Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles found deep in the dermis detect ______.

A

vibration

87
Q

Pain, cold, and warm stimuli are all detected by _____.

A

free nerve endings

88
Q

Odorant chemicals produced by apocrine sweat glands are called ______.

A

pheromones

89
Q

Rapidly dividing cells are found in the _____ and _____ matrices.

A

nail and hair

90
Q

The medulla, cortex, and cuticle are all part of the hair root and the hair _____.

A

shaft

91
Q

The anagen stage of hair growth is characterized by the _____ of the hair shaft.

A

growth

92
Q

The telogen stage of hair growth is taking place when the hair shaft is _____.

A

resting

93
Q

The fetal skin develops from the embryonic layer of tissue called the ______ (4th week).

A

ectoderm

94
Q

Thermoregulation changes with age because of the redistribution of the _____ layer.

A

subcutaneous

95
Q

The stratum ____ is the skin layer responsible for filling in superficial wounds.

A

corneum

96
Q

Deep wounds extend into the epidermis and the _____.

A

dermis

97
Q

The papillary region of the dermis houses the _____ corpuscles and free nerve endings.

A

Meissner

98
Q

The palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet are considered to be ____ skin.

A

thick

99
Q

A second-degree burn involves the epidermis and _____.

A

dermis.

100
Q

A burn that involves loss of function, both layers of the skin, and even the subcutaneous layer is a _____ burn.

A

third-degree

101
Q

Adipocytes are found in large quantities in the ____ layer.

A

subcutaneous

102
Q

______ sweat glands are coiled tubular glands found on all surfaces of the body.

A

eccrine

Human Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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