Module 7 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four types of tissues?
A
epithelial;
connective;
muscular;
nervous
2
Q
______ is found wherever borders are needed.
A
Epithelial tissue
3
Q
The opening of the intestinal tract is the _____.
A
lumen
4
Q
_____ is used for strength and to hold organs together.
A
Connective tissue
5
Q
_______ moves body parts around.
A
Muscular tissue
6
Q
_______ forms the central nervous system plus the peripheral nervous system (ganglia and nerves).
A
Nervous tissue
7
Q
What are the 2 surfaces of the epithelial cells?
A
apical surface and basal surface
8
Q
A ______ faces the outside world.
A
apical surface
9
Q
A _______ rests on and is attached to, the basement membrane.
A
basal surface
10
Q
The ______ has two thin layers, each called a lamina.
A
basement membrane
11
Q
The ______ is nearest the epithelial cells.
A
basal lamina
12
Q
The _____ is a bit deeper than the basal lamina.
A
reticular lamina
13
Q
What are the features of the epithelium?
A
- Densely packed cells;
- Innervated but avascular;
- One free surface (apical);
- One surface membrane attached to basement membrane;
- Receives nutrients from underlying connective tissue;
- Serves as barriers to keep the outside out and the inside in;
- Serves as barriers that secrete substances
- Serves as barriers for protection
14
Q
______ cells are a single layer and all are in contact with the basement membrane.
A
simple
15
Q
_______ appears to have layers but everyone is in contact with the basement membrane.
A
pseudostratified
16
Q
______ is where the cells are in layers, so only the lowest layer is in contact with the basement membrane.
A
stratified
17
Q
_______ cells, as the name suggests, are flat and shaped like fish scales. They are wider than they are tall.
A
Squamous
18
Q
_______ cells are as wide as they are tall, like little ice cubes.
A
Cuboidal
19
Q
_______ cells, like a column, are taller than they are wide.
A
Columnar
20
Q
_______ epithelia contain cells that change shape depending on whether the organ is enlarged or shrunken.
A
Transitional
21
Q
What type of tissue covers, lines, and forms glands?
A
Epithelial
22
Q
What major tissue type holds structures together?
A
Connective
23
Q
What type of tissue facilitates movement of substances within the body?
A
Muscular
24
Q
What type of tissue conducts electrical impulses to and from the central nervous system?
A
Nervous
25
A basement membrane is found in ______ tissues.
epithelial
26
Name 2 layers of the basement membrane.
basal lamina and reticular lamina
27
Anchoring epithelial tissues to the underlying connective tissue it the function of the _______.
basement membrane
28
Flat, tile-like epithelial cells are more accurately called ______ epithelium.
squamous
29
Cells that are taller than they are wide are referred to as _______ epithelium.
columnar
30
Epithelial cells that are as wide as they are tall are known as _______ epithelium.
cuboidal
31
What is the name of the tissue that has nuclei at different levels but each cell is attached to the basement membrane?
pseudostratified
32
The epithelial tissue in which all the cells are in a single layer is called ______ epithelium.
simple
33
Multiple layers of cells are referred to as being _______.
stratified
34
A tissue consists of many layers of epithelial cells. At the basal surface, the cells appear to be cuboidal in shape. At the apical surface, the cells appear as flat, tile-like cells. This tissue would be appropriately classified as _______ epithium.
transitionanal
35
A single layer of cells which are thin and flat (a ______ epithelium) is used where substances need to diffuse across the epithelium, or where filtration is taking place.
simple squamous
36
What are the locations of simple squamous epithelia?
- lining of the heart;
- lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels;
- air sacs of the lungs;
- kidney filtration;
- eardrum;
- one layer of serous membrane
37
A ______ is often found where secretion or absorption is taking place.
simple cuboidal epithelium
38
What are the locations of the simple cuboidal epithelia?
- surface of ovaries;
- eye;
- kidney tubules;
many glands
39
What is the difference in the 2 subtypes of simple columnar epithelia?
one has cilia on its apical surface to help move mucus and substances across the cell;
the other does not have cilia but has many microvilli and is used for secretion and absorption
40
Where are ciliated simple columnar epithelia found?
- respiratory tract;
- uterine tubes / uterus;
- efferent ducts testes;
- some paranasal sinuses;
- canal of spin cord and ventricles of brain
41
Where are nonciliated columnar epithelia found?
- GI tract;
- glandular ducts;
- gallbladder
42
________ is unusual. It appears to have layers, but does not, all cells are attached to the basement membrane but may not extend to the apical surface.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
43
One place ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia is found is in the upper respiratory tract, where goblet cells secrete mucus to trap dust and invaders, so they can be moved up to the throat by the cilia of the _______.
mucociliary escalator
44
Skin is also called _______.
integument
45
Skin and mucous membranes are both ______ and so it's safe to say this is the most common type of epithelium in the human body.
stratified squamous epithelium
46
______, with 2 or more layers of cube-shaped cells, is found in sweat gland ducts, and parts of the male urethra.
Stratified cuboidal epithlium
47
_______ consists of cells which are taller than they are wide on the apical surface. These form part of the lining of the urethra, the excretory ducts of the esophageal glands, a small part of the anal mucous membrane, and parts of the conjunctiva of the eye.
Stratified columnar epithelium
48
______ is the term used when the shape of cells, and their layering, changes depending on whether the organ is stretched or contracted.
Transitional epithelium
49
Endothelium is a specialized form of epithelium found in the lining of ________.
simple squamous epithelia
50
The 2 main functions of simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium are ______ and ______.
secretion and absorption
51
The structure of simple columnar epithelium can vary. The cells may be ciliated, nonciliated, or contain numerous _____ on their cell surface.
microvilli
52
_____ provide increased surface area for absorption.
Cilia
53
Which type of epithelium would be found in areas of extreme wear and tear?
stratified squamous epithelia
54
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
sweat glands
esophageal glands
urethra
55
Tissue with cells that are as tall as they are wide and having multiple layers would be classified as ______.
stratified columnar epithelia
56
The bladder needs to stretch. Which epithelial tissue would be best for the function?
transitional epithelia
57
______ glands are ductless. They secrete substances into extracellular fluid, then into the blood.
Endocrine
58
_____ glands secrete substances into ducts and empty onto the surface of the epithelium.
Exocrine
59
Glandular epithelium is responsible for _______.
secretion
60
Exocrine glands have a _____, which conducts the secretory product to where it is supposed to end up, and a secretory portion, where the cells that make the glandular secretion are located.
ducts
61
The branching pattern of the unbranched duct is called _____.
simple
62
The branching pattern of the branched duct is called ______.
compound
63
The tube-like shape of the secretory protein is _______.
tubular
64
The grape-like shape of the secretory protein is ______.
acinar
65
The shape of a secretory protein that looks grape-like and tube-like is called _______.
tubuloacinar
66
A _____ shape to the secretory portion is shaped like a tube.
tubular
67
The ______ shape looks like a single grape or a bunch of grapes.
acinar
68
A combination of the tubular and acinar types in the secretory portion is called ______.
tubuloacinar
69
The only glands that are tubuloacinar in their secretory portion are branched in the duct portion, so there is only one type to remember: ________.
compound tubuloacinar
70
There are 3 names in the ____ classification of the cells that make up the secretory portion of the gland.
functional
71
In ______ secretion, the protein is formed in the RER, as with any protein. In the Golgi, it's packaged into vesicles that can then fuse with the cell membrane on demand to release the cell's secretory product. Saliva and pancreatic enzymes are secreted this way.
merocrine
72
______ secretions begin like merocrine secretion, but the vesicles gather together in a little cell life raft which is then jettisoned and broken open, releasing the vesicle product. The male prostate and female mammary glands secrete their products in this way.
Apocrine
73
______ secretion is the most violent and destructive form of secretion. The secretory product is made in the cytoplasm of the cell, and then the cell blows itself to bits, releasing the secretory product. The sebaceous glands of the skin, which are over-active in teenagers, use this mode of secretion.
Holocrine
| (think "Holocaust"
74
What is the main function of glandular epithelium?
secretion
75
Merocrine secretions are released through vesicle-mediated _______.
secretory products
76
Exocrine secretion resulting from the pinching off of the apical surface of a cell is known as ______ secretion.
apocrine
77
Exocrine secretion through cellular rupture is known as _____ secretion.
holocrine
78
Fibroblasts are the most numerous cells in ______ tissue.
connective
79
Goblets produce _______.
mucus
80
Adipocytes are found in ______ tissue.
fatty
81
Plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) produce _______.
antibodies
82
What are the proteins of the Ground Substance?
Fibronectin
Laminin
Proteoglycans
83
______ is the main structural protein of the body.
Collagen
84
______ are made up of collagen.
Collagen fibers
85
Collagen is a ______, meaning 3 long strands twisted together.
triple helix
86
_______ are made up of elastin and are abundant in tissues that need to stretch and then snap back into their previous shape.
Elastin fibers
87
______ are made up of type III collagen.
Reticular fibers
88
Cells found in connective tissue include: ______.
```
fibroblasts,
adipocytes,
mast cells
,white blood cells,
macrophages,
plasma cells
```
89
_______ is the most numerous connective tissue cell.
Fibroblasts
90
______ are important in inflammation.
Mast cells
91
_______ include the immun cells.
White blood cells
92
______ eat debris or invaders.
Macrophages
93
______ lay down the protein fibers: collagen, elastin, and reticular.
Fibroblasts
94
Body fat is produced by _____ and is used for insulation.
adipocytes
95
______ defend the body against invaders and are made up of a group that includes: mast cells, WBCs, macrophages, and plasma cells.
Defensive cells
96
Areolar tissue is classified as a _____ connective tissue.
mature
97
What type of connective tissue is found under the skin, behind the eyes, and in yellow bone marrow?
adipose tissue
98
______ connective tissue has very little extracellular space and has a regular arrangement of collagen fibers.
Dense regular
99
The epiglottis, external ear, amd suditory tubes are formed by ______ cartilage.
elastic
100
What are the two types of bone tissue?
compact and spongy
101
Embryonic connective tissue consists of two types... What are they?
Mesenchyme and Mucous connective tissue
102
Mature connective tissue consists of 5 types: _____.
```
loose connective tissue;
dense connective tissue;
cartilage;
bone;
liquid
```
103
Almost all of the embryo is made up of ____, which is almost fluid in consistency and the cells are widely-spaced,
mesenchyme
104
In the umbilical cord of the embryo, connecting then mother and child, there is a jelly-like connective tissue once called _______ but now termed ______.
Wharton's jelly;
| mucous connective tissue
105
What are the subcategories of loose connective tissue?
areolar connective tissue;
adipose tissue;
reticular connective tissue
106
______ is the most common connective tissue type and is found in a wide variety of locations, such as the layer supporting the skin and mucous membranes, and supporting surrounding organs.
Areolar connective tissue
107
_______, or fat, is found under the skin, around the heart and kidneys, in yellow bone marrow, and forms a cushion in joints and around the eye socket.
Adipose tissue
108
Reticular fibers in a loose meshwork with reticular cells in called ______.
reticular connective tissue
109
Reticular connective tissue forms the _____ of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
stoma
110
Reticular connective tissue also forms the _____ of the basement membrane.
reticular membrane
111
Dense connective tissue has 3 subcategories: _____.
dense regular;
dense irregular;
elastic
112
_____ appears grossly as a white, shiny sheet with a definite "grain" or orientation to the fibers.
Dense regular connective tissue
113
Dense regular tissue is found in ____ (which connects muscle to bone); in _____ (connecting bone to bone); and the sheetlike tendons called _______.
tendons;
ligaments;
aponeuroses
114
______ has fibroblasts and collagen fibers, but as the name suggests, the collagen fibers run in many different directions.
Dense irregular connective tissue
115
____ is made up of many oriented elastic fibers and a few scattered fibroblasts.
Elastic connective tissue
116
_____ is a connective tissue that is harder and less flexible than dense connective tissues.
Cartilage
117
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
hyaline;
fibrocartilage;
elastic cartilage
118
The living part of each type of cartilage is the ____, a cell that looks like a fried egg through the microscope.
chondrocyte
119
______ is the most abundant type of cartilage. It's a shiny, bluish-white substance that consists of fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes.
Hyaline cartilage
120
In hyaline cartilage, the chondrocytes are enclosed in _____.
lacunae
121
The name _____ is a hunt that this type of cartilage has a more fibrous appearance.
fibrocartilage
122
______ makes up the flap that sorts out liquid from ait in the throat, in the external ear, ad in the tubes that connect the ear to the mouth that "pop" when pressure changes.
Elastic cartilage
123
The medical term for throat is ______.
epiglottis
124
The cells of bones are called ______ which means, naturally enough.
osteocytes
125
Compact bone has a regular complex and regular structure consisting of _____ as the basic functional and anatomical unit.
osteons
126
_____ has a much more irregular structure. Spikes of mineralized tissue have ample space between for bone marrow.
Spongy bone
127
The medical term for RBC is ______.
erythrocytes
128
The medical term for WBC is _____.
leukocytes
129
The medical term for platelets is ______.
thrombocytes
130
A liquid connective tissue matrix (_____) surrounds the formed elements of the blood.
plasma
131
_____ is a filtrate of blood with most of the cells and some of the protein removed.
Lymph
132
The liquid matrix of the blood is called ______.
plasma
133
______ connect adjacent cells and resist separation.
adhesion belt
134
_____ junctions form a leak-proof seal between adjacent cells.
tight
135
Epithelial cells are connected to the basement membrane by _____.
basal lumina
136
____ junctions allow small ions to pass from cell to cell.
gap
137
Proteins in gap junctions that form channels to provide a means of ion exchange are called _____.
connexon
138
_____ are the ziplock bags of the world.
Tight junctions
139
_____ use a protein called cadherin. These junctions work like a belt to keep the tissues' pants from falling down as they expand and contract.
Adherens junction
140
_____ are used as "spot welds" to hold tissue together against mechanical disruption.
Desmosomes
141
A ____ is half a desmosome. These are not found bewteen 2 cells, but rather between a cell and its basement membrane.
hemidesmosome
142
A protein called ____ is used to link the hemidesmosome to the basement membrane.
integrin
143
Epithelial membranes are formed by both ____ and _____ tissues.
epithelium and connective
144
What type of membrane lines the exterior surface of the body?
Cutaneous membrane
145
Synovial membranes consist mainly of _____ connective tissues.
dense
146
Body cavities are lined by _____ membranes.
serous
147
The serous membrane has 2 epithelial layers; the outer most is the ______ layer.
parietal
148
The serous membrane has 2 epithelial layers; the inner most is the ______ layer.
visceral
149
Synovial membranes secrete ____ fluid.
synovial
150
_____ line the interface between the body cavities and the outside world.
Mucous membranes
151
The connective tissue layer of mucous membranes is called a _____.
lamina propria
152
_____ form a lining between the body wall and internal organs.
Serous membranes
153
The _____, or skin, covers the outside body away from cavities.
cutaneous membrane
154
______ line the space between 2 bones forming a joint.
Synovial membranes
155
What are the 3 main types of muscle tissue?
skeletal;
cardiac;
smooth
156
_____ is also called voluntary muscle because it is under our voluntary control.
Skeletal muscle
157
Skeletal muscle is a type of _____ and it appears to be striped under a microscope.
striated muscle
158
_____ also has a striated appearance, but it is not generally thought of as under voluntary control.
Cardiac muscle
159
_____ is not under voluntary controlnor is it striated.
smooth muscle
160
One group of nerve cells (_____) receive sensory information from energy in the environment.
neurons
161
Individual neurons carry out the same 3 functions: they ____ information.
receive, process, and transmit
162
Neurons are aided by _____, which carry out structural and nutritional support for the nervous system.
glial cells
163
Together, muscle and nerve tissue are called ______ because they can produce action potentials and other unique electrical events inside the cell.
excitable tissues
164
______ muscle lacks striations and is under involuntary control
Smooth
165
______ muscle is under voluntary control.
Skeletal
166
Cardiac muscle is different in appearance from smooth muscle because of the presence of ________.
Striations
