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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

epithelial;
connective;
muscular;
nervous

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2
Q

______ is found wherever borders are needed.

A

Epithelial tissue

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3
Q

The opening of the intestinal tract is the _____.

A

lumen

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4
Q

_____ is used for strength and to hold organs together.

A

Connective tissue

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5
Q

_______ moves body parts around.

A

Muscular tissue

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6
Q

_______ forms the central nervous system plus the peripheral nervous system (ganglia and nerves).

A

Nervous tissue

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7
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the epithelial cells?

A

apical surface and basal surface

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8
Q

A ______ faces the outside world.

A

apical surface

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9
Q

A _______ rests on and is attached to, the basement membrane.

A

basal surface

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10
Q

The ______ has two thin layers, each called a lamina.

A

basement membrane

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11
Q

The ______ is nearest the epithelial cells.

A

basal lamina

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12
Q

The _____ is a bit deeper than the basal lamina.

A

reticular lamina

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13
Q

What are the features of the epithelium?

A
  • Densely packed cells;
  • Innervated but avascular;
  • One free surface (apical);
  • One surface membrane attached to basement membrane;
  • Receives nutrients from underlying connective tissue;
  • Serves as barriers to keep the outside out and the inside in;
  • Serves as barriers that secrete substances
  • Serves as barriers for protection
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14
Q

______ cells are a single layer and all are in contact with the basement membrane.

A

simple

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15
Q

_______ appears to have layers but everyone is in contact with the basement membrane.

A

pseudostratified

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16
Q

______ is where the cells are in layers, so only the lowest layer is in contact with the basement membrane.

A

stratified

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17
Q

_______ cells, as the name suggests, are flat and shaped like fish scales. They are wider than they are tall.

A

Squamous

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18
Q

_______ cells are as wide as they are tall, like little ice cubes.

A

Cuboidal

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19
Q

_______ cells, like a column, are taller than they are wide.

A

Columnar

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20
Q

_______ epithelia contain cells that change shape depending on whether the organ is enlarged or shrunken.

A

Transitional

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21
Q

What type of tissue covers, lines, and forms glands?

A

Epithelial

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22
Q

What major tissue type holds structures together?

A

Connective

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23
Q

What type of tissue facilitates movement of substances within the body?

A

Muscular

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24
Q

What type of tissue conducts electrical impulses to and from the central nervous system?

A

Nervous

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25
Q

A basement membrane is found in ______ tissues.

A

epithelial

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26
Q

Name 2 layers of the basement membrane.

A

basal lamina and reticular lamina

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27
Q

Anchoring epithelial tissues to the underlying connective tissue it the function of the _______.

A

basement membrane

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28
Q

Flat, tile-like epithelial cells are more accurately called ______ epithelium.

A

squamous

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29
Q

Cells that are taller than they are wide are referred to as _______ epithelium.

A

columnar

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30
Q

Epithelial cells that are as wide as they are tall are known as _______ epithelium.

A

cuboidal

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31
Q

What is the name of the tissue that has nuclei at different levels but each cell is attached to the basement membrane?

A

pseudostratified

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32
Q

The epithelial tissue in which all the cells are in a single layer is called ______ epithelium.

A

simple

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33
Q

Multiple layers of cells are referred to as being _______.

A

stratified

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34
Q

A tissue consists of many layers of epithelial cells. At the basal surface, the cells appear to be cuboidal in shape. At the apical surface, the cells appear as flat, tile-like cells. This tissue would be appropriately classified as _______ epithium.

A

transitionanal

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35
Q

A single layer of cells which are thin and flat (a ______ epithelium) is used where substances need to diffuse across the epithelium, or where filtration is taking place.

A

simple squamous

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36
Q

What are the locations of simple squamous epithelia?

A
  • lining of the heart;
  • lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels;
  • air sacs of the lungs;
  • kidney filtration;
  • eardrum;
  • one layer of serous membrane
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37
Q

A ______ is often found where secretion or absorption is taking place.

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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38
Q

What are the locations of the simple cuboidal epithelia?

A
  • surface of ovaries;
  • eye;
  • kidney tubules;
    many glands
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39
Q

What is the difference in the 2 subtypes of simple columnar epithelia?

A

one has cilia on its apical surface to help move mucus and substances across the cell;
the other does not have cilia but has many microvilli and is used for secretion and absorption

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40
Q

Where are ciliated simple columnar epithelia found?

A
  • respiratory tract;
  • uterine tubes / uterus;
  • efferent ducts testes;
  • some paranasal sinuses;
  • canal of spin cord and ventricles of brain
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41
Q

Where are nonciliated columnar epithelia found?

A
  • GI tract;
  • glandular ducts;
  • gallbladder
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42
Q

________ is unusual. It appears to have layers, but does not, all cells are attached to the basement membrane but may not extend to the apical surface.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia

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43
Q

One place ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia is found is in the upper respiratory tract, where goblet cells secrete mucus to trap dust and invaders, so they can be moved up to the throat by the cilia of the _______.

A

mucociliary escalator

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44
Q

Skin is also called _______.

A

integument

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45
Q

Skin and mucous membranes are both ______ and so it’s safe to say this is the most common type of epithelium in the human body.

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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46
Q

______, with 2 or more layers of cube-shaped cells, is found in sweat gland ducts, and parts of the male urethra.

A

Stratified cuboidal epithlium

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47
Q

_______ consists of cells which are taller than they are wide on the apical surface. These form part of the lining of the urethra, the excretory ducts of the esophageal glands, a small part of the anal mucous membrane, and parts of the conjunctiva of the eye.

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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48
Q

______ is the term used when the shape of cells, and their layering, changes depending on whether the organ is stretched or contracted.

A

Transitional epithelium

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49
Q

Endothelium is a specialized form of epithelium found in the lining of ________.

A

simple squamous epithelia

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50
Q

The 2 main functions of simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium are ______ and ______.

A

secretion and absorption

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51
Q

The structure of simple columnar epithelium can vary. The cells may be ciliated, nonciliated, or contain numerous _____ on their cell surface.

A

microvilli

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52
Q

_____ provide increased surface area for absorption.

A

Cilia

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53
Q

Which type of epithelium would be found in areas of extreme wear and tear?

A

stratified squamous epithelia

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54
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

sweat glands
esophageal glands
urethra

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55
Q

Tissue with cells that are as tall as they are wide and having multiple layers would be classified as ______.

A

stratified columnar epithelia

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56
Q

The bladder needs to stretch. Which epithelial tissue would be best for the function?

A

transitional epithelia

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57
Q

______ glands are ductless. They secrete substances into extracellular fluid, then into the blood.

A

Endocrine

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58
Q

_____ glands secrete substances into ducts and empty onto the surface of the epithelium.

A

Exocrine

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59
Q

Glandular epithelium is responsible for _______.

A

secretion

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60
Q

Exocrine glands have a _____, which conducts the secretory product to where it is supposed to end up, and a secretory portion, where the cells that make the glandular secretion are located.

A

ducts

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61
Q

The branching pattern of the unbranched duct is called _____.

A

simple

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62
Q

The branching pattern of the branched duct is called ______.

A

compound

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63
Q

The tube-like shape of the secretory protein is _______.

A

tubular

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64
Q

The grape-like shape of the secretory protein is ______.

A

acinar

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65
Q

The shape of a secretory protein that looks grape-like and tube-like is called _______.

A

tubuloacinar

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66
Q

A _____ shape to the secretory portion is shaped like a tube.

A

tubular

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67
Q

The ______ shape looks like a single grape or a bunch of grapes.

A

acinar

68
Q

A combination of the tubular and acinar types in the secretory portion is called ______.

A

tubuloacinar

69
Q

The only glands that are tubuloacinar in their secretory portion are branched in the duct portion, so there is only one type to remember: ________.

A

compound tubuloacinar

70
Q

There are 3 names in the ____ classification of the cells that make up the secretory portion of the gland.

A

functional

71
Q

In ______ secretion, the protein is formed in the RER, as with any protein. In the Golgi, it’s packaged into vesicles that can then fuse with the cell membrane on demand to release the cell’s secretory product. Saliva and pancreatic enzymes are secreted this way.

A

merocrine

72
Q

______ secretions begin like merocrine secretion, but the vesicles gather together in a little cell life raft which is then jettisoned and broken open, releasing the vesicle product. The male prostate and female mammary glands secrete their products in this way.

A

Apocrine

73
Q

______ secretion is the most violent and destructive form of secretion. The secretory product is made in the cytoplasm of the cell, and then the cell blows itself to bits, releasing the secretory product. The sebaceous glands of the skin, which are over-active in teenagers, use this mode of secretion.

A

Holocrine

(think “Holocaust”

74
Q

What is the main function of glandular epithelium?

A

secretion

75
Q

Merocrine secretions are released through vesicle-mediated _______.

A

secretory products

76
Q

Exocrine secretion resulting from the pinching off of the apical surface of a cell is known as ______ secretion.

A

apocrine

77
Q

Exocrine secretion through cellular rupture is known as _____ secretion.

A

holocrine

78
Q

Fibroblasts are the most numerous cells in ______ tissue.

A

connective

79
Q

Goblets produce _______.

A

mucus

80
Q

Adipocytes are found in ______ tissue.

A

fatty

81
Q

Plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) produce _______.

A

antibodies

82
Q

What are the proteins of the Ground Substance?

A

Fibronectin
Laminin
Proteoglycans

83
Q

______ is the main structural protein of the body.

A

Collagen

84
Q

______ are made up of collagen.

A

Collagen fibers

85
Q

Collagen is a ______, meaning 3 long strands twisted together.

A

triple helix

86
Q

_______ are made up of elastin and are abundant in tissues that need to stretch and then snap back into their previous shape.

A

Elastin fibers

87
Q

______ are made up of type III collagen.

A

Reticular fibers

88
Q

Cells found in connective tissue include: ______.

A 
fibroblasts,
adipocytes,
mast cells
,white blood cells,
macrophages,
plasma cells
89
Q

_______ is the most numerous connective tissue cell.

A

Fibroblasts

90
Q

______ are important in inflammation.

A

Mast cells

91
Q

_______ include the immun cells.

A

White blood cells

92
Q

______ eat debris or invaders.

A

Macrophages

93
Q

______ lay down the protein fibers: collagen, elastin, and reticular.

A

Fibroblasts

94
Q

Body fat is produced by _____ and is used for insulation.

A

adipocytes

95
Q

______ defend the body against invaders and are made up of a group that includes: mast cells, WBCs, macrophages, and plasma cells.

A

Defensive cells

96
Q

Areolar tissue is classified as a _____ connective tissue.

A

mature

97
Q

What type of connective tissue is found under the skin, behind the eyes, and in yellow bone marrow?

A

adipose tissue

98
Q

______ connective tissue has very little extracellular space and has a regular arrangement of collagen fibers.

A

Dense regular

99
Q

The epiglottis, external ear, amd suditory tubes are formed by ______ cartilage.

A

elastic

100
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

compact and spongy

101
Q

Embryonic connective tissue consists of two types… What are they?

A

Mesenchyme and Mucous connective tissue

102
Q

Mature connective tissue consists of 5 types: _____.

A 
loose connective tissue;
dense connective tissue;
cartilage;
bone;
liquid
103
Q

Almost all of the embryo is made up of ____, which is almost fluid in consistency and the cells are widely-spaced,

A

mesenchyme

104
Q

In the umbilical cord of the embryo, connecting then mother and child, there is a jelly-like connective tissue once called _______ but now termed ______.

A

Wharton’s jelly;

mucous connective tissue

105
Q

What are the subcategories of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar connective tissue;
adipose tissue;
reticular connective tissue

106
Q

______ is the most common connective tissue type and is found in a wide variety of locations, such as the layer supporting the skin and mucous membranes, and supporting surrounding organs.

A

Areolar connective tissue

107
Q

_______, or fat, is found under the skin, around the heart and kidneys, in yellow bone marrow, and forms a cushion in joints and around the eye socket.

A

Adipose tissue

108
Q

Reticular fibers in a loose meshwork with reticular cells in called ______.

A

reticular connective tissue

109
Q

Reticular connective tissue forms the _____ of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.

A

stoma

110
Q

Reticular connective tissue also forms the _____ of the basement membrane.

A

reticular membrane

111
Q

Dense connective tissue has 3 subcategories: _____.

A

dense regular;
dense irregular;
elastic

112
Q

_____ appears grossly as a white, shiny sheet with a definite “grain” or orientation to the fibers.

A

Dense regular connective tissue

113
Q

Dense regular tissue is found in ____ (which connects muscle to bone); in _____ (connecting bone to bone); and the sheetlike tendons called _______.

A

tendons;
ligaments;
aponeuroses

114
Q

______ has fibroblasts and collagen fibers, but as the name suggests, the collagen fibers run in many different directions.

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

115
Q

____ is made up of many oriented elastic fibers and a few scattered fibroblasts.

A

Elastic connective tissue

116
Q

_____ is a connective tissue that is harder and less flexible than dense connective tissues.

A

Cartilage

117
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline;
fibrocartilage;
elastic cartilage

118
Q

The living part of each type of cartilage is the ____, a cell that looks like a fried egg through the microscope.

A

chondrocyte

119
Q

______ is the most abundant type of cartilage. It’s a shiny, bluish-white substance that consists of fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes.

A

Hyaline cartilage

120
Q

In hyaline cartilage, the chondrocytes are enclosed in _____.

A

lacunae

121
Q

The name _____ is a hunt that this type of cartilage has a more fibrous appearance.

A

fibrocartilage

122
Q

______ makes up the flap that sorts out liquid from ait in the throat, in the external ear, ad in the tubes that connect the ear to the mouth that “pop” when pressure changes.

A

Elastic cartilage

123
Q

The medical term for throat is ______.

A

epiglottis

124
Q

The cells of bones are called ______ which means, naturally enough.

A

osteocytes

125
Q

Compact bone has a regular complex and regular structure consisting of _____ as the basic functional and anatomical unit.

A

osteons

126
Q

_____ has a much more irregular structure. Spikes of mineralized tissue have ample space between for bone marrow.

A

Spongy bone

127
Q

The medical term for RBC is ______.

A

erythrocytes

128
Q

The medical term for WBC is _____.

A

leukocytes

129
Q

The medical term for platelets is ______.

A

thrombocytes

130
Q

A liquid connective tissue matrix (_____) surrounds the formed elements of the blood.

A

plasma

131
Q

_____ is a filtrate of blood with most of the cells and some of the protein removed.

A

Lymph

132
Q

The liquid matrix of the blood is called ______.

A

plasma

133
Q

______ connect adjacent cells and resist separation.

A

adhesion belt

134
Q

_____ junctions form a leak-proof seal between adjacent cells.

A

tight

135
Q

Epithelial cells are connected to the basement membrane by _____.

A

basal lumina

136
Q

____ junctions allow small ions to pass from cell to cell.

A

gap

137
Q

Proteins in gap junctions that form channels to provide a means of ion exchange are called _____.

A

connexon

138
Q

_____ are the ziplock bags of the world.

A

Tight junctions

139
Q

_____ use a protein called cadherin. These junctions work like a belt to keep the tissues’ pants from falling down as they expand and contract.

A

Adherens junction

140
Q

_____ are used as “spot welds” to hold tissue together against mechanical disruption.

A

Desmosomes

141
Q

A ____ is half a desmosome. These are not found bewteen 2 cells, but rather between a cell and its basement membrane.

A

hemidesmosome

142
Q

A protein called ____ is used to link the hemidesmosome to the basement membrane.

A

integrin

143
Q

Epithelial membranes are formed by both ____ and _____ tissues.

A

epithelium and connective

144
Q

What type of membrane lines the exterior surface of the body?

A

Cutaneous membrane

145
Q

Synovial membranes consist mainly of _____ connective tissues.

A

dense

146
Q

Body cavities are lined by _____ membranes.

A

serous

147
Q

The serous membrane has 2 epithelial layers; the outer most is the ______ layer.

A

parietal

148
Q

The serous membrane has 2 epithelial layers; the inner most is the ______ layer.

A

visceral

149
Q

Synovial membranes secrete ____ fluid.

A

synovial

150
Q

_____ line the interface between the body cavities and the outside world.

A

Mucous membranes

151
Q

The connective tissue layer of mucous membranes is called a _____.

A

lamina propria

152
Q

_____ form a lining between the body wall and internal organs.

A

Serous membranes

153
Q

The _____, or skin, covers the outside body away from cavities.

A

cutaneous membrane

154
Q

______ line the space between 2 bones forming a joint.

A

Synovial membranes

155
Q

What are the 3 main types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal;
cardiac;
smooth

156
Q

_____ is also called voluntary muscle because it is under our voluntary control.

A

Skeletal muscle

157
Q

Skeletal muscle is a type of _____ and it appears to be striped under a microscope.

A

striated muscle

158
Q

_____ also has a striated appearance, but it is not generally thought of as under voluntary control.

A

Cardiac muscle

159
Q

_____ is not under voluntary controlnor is it striated.

A

smooth muscle

160
Q

One group of nerve cells (_____) receive sensory information from energy in the environment.

A

neurons

161
Q

Individual neurons carry out the same 3 functions: they ____ information.

A

receive, process, and transmit

162
Q

Neurons are aided by _____, which carry out structural and nutritional support for the nervous system.

A

glial cells

163
Q

Together, muscle and nerve tissue are called ______ because they can produce action potentials and other unique electrical events inside the cell.

A

excitable tissues

164
Q

______ muscle lacks striations and is under involuntary control

A

Smooth

165
Q

______ muscle is under voluntary control.

A

Skeletal

166
Q

Cardiac muscle is different in appearance from smooth muscle because of the presence of ________.

A

Striations

Human Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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