Module 3 Flashcards
_______ molecules are those that contain carbon.
Organic
Organic molecules are more complex and generally larger than ________ molecules.
inorganic
What are 5 examples of organic molecules?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
- adenosine triphosphate
Carbon always makes _____ bonds because it always has ____ electrons available in it’s valence shell.
4 (for both)
Carbon-containing compounds exist in many ______; the same number of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and hydrogen atoms can make thousands of different compounds.
isomers
An _____ is just a rearranged form of the same molecules. In other words, same molecular formula, different structure.
isomer
_____ groups are found where an oxygen uses each of its two allowed bonds in a single covalent bond with carbons, one on each side.
Ester
Oxygen and Sulfur are both in group VI of the periodic table. That means they both have a valence of -2, meaning they can form 2 bonds, If one bond is to a hydrogen, then we call these _________ or _______ groups.
hydroxyl (-OH);
sulfhydryl (-SH)
Just as there are common groupings of inorganic atoms into polyatomic ions organic compounds contain common groupings. These arrangements that are commonly found in carbon-containing molecules are called ______________.
functional groups
_______ groups and _______ groups are both important parts of amino acids.
Carboxyl;
Amino
_______ refers to the amino (nitrogen-containing group), which acts as a base, attracting hydrogen ions.
Amino
_____ refers to the carboxylic acid (-COOH) group, which has a wandering hydrogen.
Acid
The _______ is formed from reaction of acid and alcohol. It is found in fats, oils, also nerve chemical acetylcholine.
Ester group
The _______ is the same as in bases. It is found in alcohols ad sugars. It makes organic molecules water-soluble.
Hydroxyl group
The ______ is an organic acid. It is usually charged at cellular pH.
Carboxyl group
________ groups are formed from a phosphorus atom making a double covalent bond to one oxygen and a single covalent bond to 3 others.
Phosphate
________ acts as a base. It binds to H+ at cellular pH.
Amino groups
Amino + carboxyl in the same molecule is an ________.
amino acid
Phosphate groups are found in energy storing molecules and in _________.
nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
A carbon which forms a double covalent bond to an oxygen (the general name is carbonyl) is called a _______ if it’s in the middle of a molecule or an ________ if it’s at the end.
ketone;
aldehyde
_________ contain carbon and oxygen in a double covalent bond. It is found in ketones and part of the water-loving group.
Carbonyl group
________ are formed when fats are broken down.
Ketones
________ is like hydroxyl, but with sulfur instead of oxygen. It is an important protein structure.
Sulfhydryl group
What are the 4 main kinds of biological molecules?
- carbohydrates
- lipids (fats)
- proteins
- nucleic acids
_________ are “watered carbon”. Always one carbon plus one water.
carbohydrates
_______ are more carbon than oxygen and repels water (hydrophobic).
lipids (fats)
______ are made up of amino acids.
Proteins
_________ always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Some, also, include sulfur.
Amino acids
__________ are the sugar “backbone” plus nitrogenous base, Deoxyribose backbone, and Ribose backbone.
Nucleic acids
Biological molecules exist as ________ and ________.
monomers and polymers
Monomer = _______ unit.
one
Many units strung together = __________.
polymer
Polymers are ______ strung together.
monomers
A carbohydrate is a simple sugar (___________) such as glucose.
monosaccharide
A protein monomer is an _______ ________.
amino acid
A nucleic acid monomer is a ________.
nucleotide
_______ is a dimer (2 monomers) of the sugar monomers, ________ and ________.
glucose and fructose
Polymers of amino acids are ________ and ________.
polypeptides and proteins
Polymers of nucleotides are the ________ ________ (____) and ________ _______ (____).
deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
1 Dalton = 1 ____________.
atomic mass unit
Carbohydrates include ___ or ___ carbons.
5 or 6
What is always the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?
1:2:1
Carbohydrates are drawn in which 2 ways?
as a string and as a ring or carbons with oxygens, hydrogens, and hydroxyl groups attached.
The rings of carbohydrates can join by a process called _________ _________.
dehydration synthesis
Five-carbon sugars are called ________.
Pentoses
Six-carbon sugars are called ________.
Hexoses
Ribose and Deoxyribose are ________.
pentoses
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose are _______.
hexoses
__________ are simple sugars that contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
Monosaccharides
______ is the main blood sugar.
Glucose
______ is the sugar found in fruits.
Fructose
______ is a component of milk sugar.
Galactose
_______ is a sugar found in DNA.
Deoxyribose
_______ is a sugar found in RNA.
Ribose
_______ are two monosaccharides joined together, and are the simplest kind of sugar polymers. These are simple sugars formed from the conbination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis.
Disaccharides
_________ are larger polymers of monosaccharides. These are tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
Polysaccharides
Sucrose = _______ + _________
glucose + fructose
Lactose = ________ + _________
glucose + galactose
Maltose = ________ + _________
glucose + glucose
_______ is the stored form of carbohydrates in animals.
Glycogen
_______ is the stored form of carbohydrates in plants and main carbohydrate in food.
Starch
_________ is part of cell walls in plants that cannot be digested by humans but aids movement of food through the intestines.
Cellulose
Hexoses are a _____ source.
food
Pentoses are essential for the structure of ____ and ____.
DNA and RNA
Human cells prefer ______ as a source of energy.
glucose
The opposite process of dehydration synthesis is called ________; a water molecule is added to sucrose as it is broken into glucose and fructose.
hydrolysis
Hydrolysis of sucrose is catalyzed by an enzyme called ________.
invertase (aka: sucrase)
When glucose is plentiful, it is converted by the ______ to glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles.
liver
The synthesis of _________ is when 3 fatty acids are added to glycerol backbone by dehydration synthesis.
triglycerides (tri = 3)
In proteins, the bonds that hold amino acid monomers together are formed from dehydration reactions that each create a __________.
peptide bond
This type of lipid is used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
fatty acids
This type of lipid is used for protection, insulation, and energy storage.
triglycerides (fats and oils)
This type of lipid is a major lipid component of cell membranes.
phospholipids
Cholesterol, Bile salts, vitamin D, adrenocorticol hormones, and sex hormones are all components of what type of lipid?
Steroids
This suptype of lipids is a minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones.
Cholesterol
This subtype of lipids is needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids.
bile salts
This subtype of lipids helps regulate calcium level in the body and is needed for bone growth and repair.
vitamin D
This subtype of lipids helps regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt and water balance.
adrenocorticol hormones
This subtype of lipids stimulates reproductive functions and sexual characteristics.
sex hormones
This type of lipid has diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction.
Eicosanoids (prostaglandins and leukotrienes)
This lipid is needed for synthesis of vitamin A, which is used to make visual pigments in the eyes and also functions as antioxidants.
Carotenes
This lipid promotes wound healing, prevents tissue scarring, contributes to the normal structure and function of the nervous system, and functions as an antioxidant.
Vitamin E
This lipid is required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins.
Vitamin K
This lipid transports lipids in the blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues, and removes excess cholesterol from the blood
lipoproteins
______ consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They have different proportions than carbohydrates (less oxygen). They tend to be hydrophobic or non-polar. Is used to build cell membranes.
Lipids
________ means repel water.
hydrophobic
_______ molecules are charged ions and like being around water.
polar
___________ molecules are not charged ions and hate being around water.
non-polar
______ means that it likes being around water.
hydrophillic
Lipids combined with ________ atoms make up compound lipids.
phosphorus
Lipid are found in association with protein carriers in the blood (__________).
lipoproteins
Vitamin A is important in ______.
vision
Vitamin D is important in ____________.
bone formation
Vitamin E is a __________ molecule.
protective
Vitamin K in important in _________.
blood clotting
_____ _____ are the basic building blocks of lipids.
fatty acids
______ fatty acids are those where all the carbons are filled, or saturated, with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms it can bind with.
Saturated
When double bonds form between carbon atoms, fewer hydrogens can bond to carbons and an ________ fatty acid results.
unsaturated
Cell membranes are made up of __________.
phospholipids
Phospholipids have a hydrophillic “_____” group.
head
Phospholipids have a hydrophobic “______” group.
tail
________ heads associate with water.
Hydrophillic
________ tails associate with each other.
Hydrophobic
Phospholipid molecules are _________ because most electrons from hydrogen atoms are in a stable relationship with carbon atoms.
amphipathic
Hydrophilic and ______ are used interchangeably.
polar
Hydrophobic and ______ are used interchangeably.
non-polar
_____ ______ are mostly made up of lipid bilayers.
cell membranes
_______ are lipids derived from arachidonic acid that are key chemicals in immune defense and inflammation.
Eicosanoids
The monomer which makes up proteins is called ________.
amino acid
Strings of amino acids are called __________.
polypeptides
Proteins are _______ of amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis.
polymers
Amino acids have a simple structure: _______ and a _________ form the backbone.
2 carbons and a nitrogen
What is a shorthand way to write the carboxyl group?
-COOH
An amino acid has 3 parts, each attached to a carbon and hydrogen atom (-CH). What are the parts?
- Amino (base) group
- Carboxyl (acid) group
- R group
Polymers of amino acids are formed through the _________.
peptide bonds
The resulting combination of two amino acids is called a __________.
dipeptide
More than two amino acids is called a _______.
polypeptide
Larger polypeptide are called ________, but there is no distinct line between the two.
proteins
_________: two amino acids, one peptide bond
Dipeptide
_________: three amino acids, two peptide bonds.
Tripeptide
_________: lots of amino acids, lots of peptide bonds.
Polypeptide
Average amino acid = ________ molecular weight.
100 Da
Proteins are syntheisized in a specialized cell machine called a ________.
ribosome
Enzymes called _______ or _________ break peptide bonds by hydrolysis. This is what is happening in your gastrointestinal tract when you digest proteins.
peptidases or proteases
_____ is just shorthand for a chemical grouping (can be simple or complex).
R
The 20 amino acids all have one ____ (_____) and and one ______ (_____) end.
amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH)
The simplest amino acid is ______.
glycine
Is serine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic
Is Threonine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
Is Gluatmine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
Is Asparagine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
Is Tyrosine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
Is Serine polar or nonpolar?
polar
Is Threonine polar or nonpolar?
polar
Is Glutamine polar or nonpolar?
polar
Is Asparagine polar or nonpolar?
polar
Is Tyrosine polar or nonpolar?
polar
Is Alanine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
Is Valine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
Is Leucine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
Is Isoleucine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
Is Methionine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
Is Phenylalanine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
Is Tryptophan hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
Is Alanine polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
Is Valine polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
Is Leucine polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
Is Isoleucine polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
Is Methionine polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
Is Phenylalanine polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
Is Tryptophan polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
The ______ structure of protein is the order in which amino acids are strung together with peptide bonds.
Primary
The _________ structure of protein is how the sequence is folded.
secondary
The primary structure may be twisted or folded into a ___________ structure.
secondary
Hair is formed from the protein, _________.
keratin
Each ______ molecule is a sequence of amino acids twisted into an alpha helix.
keratin
What are the 2 types of secondary protein structure?
- alphs helices
2. beta pleated sheets
___________ are found in many proteins in nature (such as spider silk) but are less common in the human body.
Beta pleated sheets
______ diagrams are a common way to represent protein structure.
“Ribbon”
Alpha helices are illustrated as _______.
coils
Beta pleated sheets are illustrated as ______.
arrows
Amino acids that don’t have secondary structure are _______.
threads
The ______ structure of protein is how helices or sheets are arranged in three dimensions (3D).
Tertiary
The _______ structure of protein is the arrangement of multiple 3D structures into a functional protein.
Quaternary
What are the types of atomic interactions leading to tertiary structure?
- Ionic bonds
- Hydrophobic interactions
- Van der Waals interactions
- Disulfide bridges
- Hydrogen bonds
______ _______ are formed when positive and negative charges attract each other.
Ionic bonds
_______ _______ occur where non-polar groups snuggle up to each other, excluding water.
Hydrophobic interactions
___________ are not very well understood. As far as we know, these occur when the “shapes” of molecules fit each other like puzzle pieces.
Van der Waals interactions
_______ _______ are formed between cysteines. Cysteines are the only amino acid with an -SH group.
Disulfide bridges
______ ______ are formed between hydrogens bound to O, N, or S and adjacent O, N, or S atoms.
hydrogen bonds
The ____ _____ is an iron-containing group which holds onto the oxygen molecule.
heme group
Which of the following are proteins? A. actin B. myosin C. triglyceride D. hemoglobin E. testosterone F. enzyme G. sucrose
A. actin
B. myosin
C. hemoglobin
What is the building block of proteins?
Amino acids
What is the building block of triglycerides?
glycerol and fatty acids
What is the building block of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
What is the building block of nucleic acid?
nucleotides
Water molecules are polar because __________.
2 electron pairs are unevenly distributed between oxygen and hydrogen
What is the chemical reaction of an enzyme?
deceases the activation energy
What is the chemical reaction of temperature?
measurement of molecular motion
What is the chemical reaction of concentration?
number of molecules per unit volume
What is the chemical reaction of substrate?
target of an enzyme
What is the chemical reaction of catabolic reaction?
dehydration synthesis
What is the chemical reaction of anabolic reaction?
hydrolysis
What is the chemical reaction of stored energy?
ATP
Blood types A, B and O differ in the:
A. amino acid –R groups
B. number and pattern of carbohydrate molecules attached to a lipid “anchor”
C. number of fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone
D. primary sequence of amino acids
B. number and pattern of carbohydrate molecules attached to a lipid “anchor”
The amino acid cysteine is the only amino acid with a sulfhydryl group. As a result, cysteine residues are found wherever proteins form a _____________ bond.
disulfide
There are 20 different amino acids. How many -R groups are there?
20
There are several different levels of organization of protein molecules. Van der Waals forces, disulfide bridges (Cys–S–S–Cys) and hydrogen bonds between protein chains help maintain the ________ structure.
secondary
The complete, functional signaling protein insulin consists of three A chains and three B chains. This is an example of ________ structure.
quaternary
Proteins in the diet are broken down into amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides in the digestive system. These smaller molecules are mostly used to make:
new proteins
