Module 3 Flashcards
_______ molecules are those that contain carbon.
Organic
Organic molecules are more complex and generally larger than ________ molecules.
inorganic
What are 5 examples of organic molecules?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
- adenosine triphosphate
Carbon always makes _____ bonds because it always has ____ electrons available in it’s valence shell.
4 (for both)
Carbon-containing compounds exist in many ______; the same number of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and hydrogen atoms can make thousands of different compounds.
isomers
An _____ is just a rearranged form of the same molecules. In other words, same molecular formula, different structure.
isomer
_____ groups are found where an oxygen uses each of its two allowed bonds in a single covalent bond with carbons, one on each side.
Ester
Oxygen and Sulfur are both in group VI of the periodic table. That means they both have a valence of -2, meaning they can form 2 bonds, If one bond is to a hydrogen, then we call these _________ or _______ groups.
hydroxyl (-OH);
sulfhydryl (-SH)
Just as there are common groupings of inorganic atoms into polyatomic ions organic compounds contain common groupings. These arrangements that are commonly found in carbon-containing molecules are called ______________.
functional groups
_______ groups and _______ groups are both important parts of amino acids.
Carboxyl;
Amino
_______ refers to the amino (nitrogen-containing group), which acts as a base, attracting hydrogen ions.
Amino
_____ refers to the carboxylic acid (-COOH) group, which has a wandering hydrogen.
Acid
The _______ is formed from reaction of acid and alcohol. It is found in fats, oils, also nerve chemical acetylcholine.
Ester group
The _______ is the same as in bases. It is found in alcohols ad sugars. It makes organic molecules water-soluble.
Hydroxyl group
The ______ is an organic acid. It is usually charged at cellular pH.
Carboxyl group
________ groups are formed from a phosphorus atom making a double covalent bond to one oxygen and a single covalent bond to 3 others.
Phosphate
________ acts as a base. It binds to H+ at cellular pH.
Amino groups
Amino + carboxyl in the same molecule is an ________.
amino acid
Phosphate groups are found in energy storing molecules and in _________.
nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
A carbon which forms a double covalent bond to an oxygen (the general name is carbonyl) is called a _______ if it’s in the middle of a molecule or an ________ if it’s at the end.
ketone;
aldehyde
_________ contain carbon and oxygen in a double covalent bond. It is found in ketones and part of the water-loving group.
Carbonyl group
________ are formed when fats are broken down.
Ketones
________ is like hydroxyl, but with sulfur instead of oxygen. It is an important protein structure.
Sulfhydryl group
What are the 4 main kinds of biological molecules?
- carbohydrates
- lipids (fats)
- proteins
- nucleic acids
_________ are “watered carbon”. Always one carbon plus one water.
carbohydrates
_______ are more carbon than oxygen and repels water (hydrophobic).
lipids (fats)
______ are made up of amino acids.
Proteins
_________ always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Some, also, include sulfur.
Amino acids
__________ are the sugar “backbone” plus nitrogenous base, Deoxyribose backbone, and Ribose backbone.
Nucleic acids
Biological molecules exist as ________ and ________.
monomers and polymers
Monomer = _______ unit.
one
Many units strung together = __________.
polymer
Polymers are ______ strung together.
monomers
A carbohydrate is a simple sugar (___________) such as glucose.
monosaccharide
A protein monomer is an _______ ________.
amino acid
A nucleic acid monomer is a ________.
nucleotide
_______ is a dimer (2 monomers) of the sugar monomers, ________ and ________.
glucose and fructose
Polymers of amino acids are ________ and ________.
polypeptides and proteins
Polymers of nucleotides are the ________ ________ (____) and ________ _______ (____).
deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
1 Dalton = 1 ____________.
atomic mass unit
Carbohydrates include ___ or ___ carbons.
5 or 6
What is always the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?
1:2:1
Carbohydrates are drawn in which 2 ways?
as a string and as a ring or carbons with oxygens, hydrogens, and hydroxyl groups attached.
The rings of carbohydrates can join by a process called _________ _________.
dehydration synthesis
Five-carbon sugars are called ________.
Pentoses
Six-carbon sugars are called ________.
Hexoses
Ribose and Deoxyribose are ________.
pentoses
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose are _______.
hexoses
__________ are simple sugars that contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
Monosaccharides
______ is the main blood sugar.
Glucose
______ is the sugar found in fruits.
Fructose
______ is a component of milk sugar.
Galactose
_______ is a sugar found in DNA.
Deoxyribose
_______ is a sugar found in RNA.
Ribose
_______ are two monosaccharides joined together, and are the simplest kind of sugar polymers. These are simple sugars formed from the conbination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis.
Disaccharides
_________ are larger polymers of monosaccharides. These are tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
Polysaccharides
Sucrose = _______ + _________
glucose + fructose
Lactose = ________ + _________
glucose + galactose
Maltose = ________ + _________
glucose + glucose
_______ is the stored form of carbohydrates in animals.
Glycogen
_______ is the stored form of carbohydrates in plants and main carbohydrate in food.
Starch
_________ is part of cell walls in plants that cannot be digested by humans but aids movement of food through the intestines.
Cellulose
Hexoses are a _____ source.
food
Pentoses are essential for the structure of ____ and ____.
DNA and RNA
Human cells prefer ______ as a source of energy.
glucose
The opposite process of dehydration synthesis is called ________; a water molecule is added to sucrose as it is broken into glucose and fructose.
hydrolysis
Hydrolysis of sucrose is catalyzed by an enzyme called ________.
invertase (aka: sucrase)
When glucose is plentiful, it is converted by the ______ to glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles.
liver
The synthesis of _________ is when 3 fatty acids are added to glycerol backbone by dehydration synthesis.
triglycerides (tri = 3)
In proteins, the bonds that hold amino acid monomers together are formed from dehydration reactions that each create a __________.
peptide bond
This type of lipid is used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
fatty acids
This type of lipid is used for protection, insulation, and energy storage.
triglycerides (fats and oils)
This type of lipid is a major lipid component of cell membranes.
phospholipids
Cholesterol, Bile salts, vitamin D, adrenocorticol hormones, and sex hormones are all components of what type of lipid?
Steroids
This suptype of lipids is a minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones.
Cholesterol
This subtype of lipids is needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids.
bile salts
