Module 1 Flashcards
The study of the structure of the human body.
Anatomy
The study of the function of the human body.
Physiology
The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.
Homeostatis
Which subdivision of anatomy studies organism development from conception to the eighth week of gestation?
Embryology
Which subdivision of anatomy studies all stages of development?
Developmental Biology
Which subdivision of anatomy studies cell structure and function?
Cell Biology
Which subdivision of anatomy studies microscopic structure of tissues?
Histology
Which subdivision of anatomy studies surface markings of the body and is observed through visualization and palpitation (perception by touch)?
Surface Anatomy
Which subdivision of anatomy studies structures viewed without a microscope?
Gross Anatomy
Which subdivision of anatomy studies the structure of specific systems?
Systemic Anatomy
Which subdivision of anatomy studies specific regions of the body?
Regional Anatomy
Which subdivision of anatomy studies body structures visualized with x-ray, CT, or MRI?
Radiographic Anatomy
Which subdivision of anatomy studies structural changes with disease?
Pathological Anatomy
Which subdivision of physiology studies functional properties of nerve cells?
Neurophysiology
Which subdivision of physiology studies hormones and how they control body functions?
Endocrinology
Which subdivision of physiology studies function of the heart and blood vessels?
Cardiovascular Physiology
Which subdivision of physiology studies how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents?
Immunology
Which subdivision of physiology studies functions of the air passageways and lungs?
Respiratory Physiology
Which subdivision of physiology studies functions of the kidneys?
Renal Physiology
Which subdivision of physiology studies changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity?
Exercise Physiology
Which subdivision of physiology studies functional changes associated with disease and aging?
Pathophysiology
What are the levels or organization from the smallest to the largest?
Chemical (atomic, molecular), cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
Which system protects the body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold?
Integumentary System (Skin)
Which system supports and protects the body, provides a surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids (fats)?
Skeletal System
Which system produces body movements, such as walking, stabilizes body position (posture), generates heat?
Muscular System
Which system generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions?
Nervous System
Which system regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in the blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ?
Endocrine System
Which system pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels?
Cardiovascular System
Which system returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood, includes structures where lymphocytes (type of white blood cell) that protects against disease-causing microbes mature and proliferate?
Lymphatic System
Which system transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds?
Respiratory System
Which system achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients and water, eliminates solid wastes?
Digestive System
Which system produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids, maintains body’s mineral balance, helps regulate production of red blood cells?
Urinary System
Which system includes the Gonads (ovaries and testes) which produces gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes? This is the only system which is completely different between the 2 genders (male and female). For this reason, differences in these 2 systems are called the primary sexual characteristics.
Reproductive System
Small changes in the balance of an organism, at any level, can cause major problems, a process called __________.
Disease
Describe the Human Anatomical Position.
Subject stands erect facing the observer with head level, eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor and directed forward, arms down at the side, palms facing forward
What is the Anatomical Terminology for head?
Cephalic
What is the Anatomical Terminology for skull?
Cranial
What is the Anatomical Terminology for the base of the skull?
Occipital
What is the Anatomical Terminology for face?
Facial
What is the Anatomical Terminology for forehead?
Frontal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for temple?
Temporal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for eye?
Orbital; Ocular
What is the Anatomical Terminology for ear?
Otic
What is the Anatomical Terminology for cheek?
Buccal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for nose?
Nasal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for mouth?
Oral
What is the Anatomical Terminology for chin?
Mental
What is the Anatomical Terminology for neck?
Cervical
What is the Anatomical Terminology for spinal column?
Vertebral
What is the Anatomical Terminology for chest?
Thoracic
What is the Anatomical Terminology for breastbone?
Sternal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for breast?
Mammary
What is the Anatomical Terminology for shoulder blade?
Scapular
What is the Anatomical Terminology for back?
Dorsal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for abdomen?
Abdominal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for navel?
Umbilical
What is the Anatomical Terminology for hip?
Coxal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for loin?
Lumbar
What is the Anatomical Terminology for between hips?
Sacral
What is the Anatomical Terminology for pelvis?
Pelvic
What is the Anatomical Terminology for groin?
Inguinal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for pubis?
Pubic
What is the Anatomical Terminology for buttock?
Gluteal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for armpit?
Axillary
What is the Anatomical Terminology for arm?
Brachial
What is the Anatomical Terminology for front of elbow?
Antecubital
What is the Anatomical Terminology for back of elbow?
Olecranal; Cubital
What is the Anatomical Terminology for forearm?
Antebrachial
What is the Anatomical Terminology for wrist?
Carpal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for hand?
Manual
What is the Anatomical Terminology for thumb?
Pollux
What is the Anatomical Terminology for palm?
Palmar; Volar
What is the Anatomical Terminology for back of hand?
Dorsum
What is the Anatomical Terminology for fingers?
Digital; Phalangeal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for thigh?
Femoral
What is the Anatomical Terminology for anterior surface of the knee?
Patellar
What is the Anatomical Terminology for posterior surface of the knee?
Popliteal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for leg?
Crural
What is the Anatomical Terminology for calf?
Sural
What is the Anatomical Terminology for foot?
Pedal
/What is the Anatomical Terminology for ankle?
Tarsal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for sole?
Plantar
What is the Anatomical Terminology for top of foot?
Dorsum
What is the Anatomical Terminology for heel?
Calcaneal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for toes?
Digital; Phalangeal
What is the Anatomical Terminology for great toe?
Hallux
_________ means toward the surface.
Superficial
_______ means toward the core.
Deep
Most organs inside cavities are covered with a double-layered membrane. ________ is the membrane surface closest to the wall cavity.
Parietal
Most organs inside cavities are covered with a double-layered membrane. _________ is the membrane surface closest to the organ inside the cavity.
Visceral
Toward the head, top, or above
Superior
Away from the head, bottom, or below
Inferior
Toward the midline
Medial
Away from the midline
Lateral
Closer to the point of origin or attachment
Proximal
Further away from the point of origin or attachment
Distal
Toward the front
Anterior; Ventral
Toward the back
Posterior; Dorsal
Same side of the midline
Ipsilateral
Opposite side of the midline
Contralateral
Plane dividing medial from lateral
Sagittal
Plane dividing superior from inferior
Transverse; Horizontal
Plane dividing anterior from posterior
Frontal; Coronal
Plane through the midline (dividing the body into 2 equal, mirror-image halves).
Midsagittal
Plane parallel to sagittal but not through the midline
Parasagittal
An ________ plane is not one of the 3 cardinal planes. It is any plane or section that doesn’t fit the cardinal descriptions.
Oblique
Which cavity is formed by cranial bones and contains the brain?
Cranial Cavity
Which cavity is formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves?
Vertebral Canal
Which cavity contains the pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum? (Also known as the chest cavity)
Thoracic Cavity
Which cavity is a potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung?
Pleural Cavity
Which cavity is a potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart?
Pericardial Cavity
Which cavity is the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels?
Mediastinum
Which cavity is subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities?
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Which cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine? The serous membrane of this cavity is the peritoneum.
Abdominal Cavity
Which cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction?
Pelvic Cavity
This divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
Diaphragm
There are 2 main body cavities. Which one includes the cranial and vertebral cavities?
Dorsal
There are 2 main body cavities. Which one includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Ventral
The ventral cavity is the adult derivative of an embryonic cavity called the ________.
Coelom (pronounced “seal-um”)
What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants and their abbreviations?
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ);
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ);
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ);
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is “under the ribs”?
Hypochondriac Region (right and left)
There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is “on top of the stomach”?
Epigastric Region
There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is “lower back”?
Lumbar Region (right and left)
There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is centered on the umbilicus?
Umbilical Region
There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is “groin”?
Inguinal Region (right and left); also called iliac “flank” region
There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is also called the pubic region?
Hypogastric Region
The liver and gallbladder are found in which quadrant?
RUQ
The stomach, spleen, and left kidney are found in which quadrant?
LUQ
The cecum (where small intestine meets large intestine) and appendix are found in which quadrant?
RLQ
The left ovary (in women) is found in which quadrant?
LLQ
A _________ is a technique used to visualize structures.
Modality
In the Homeostasis feedback loop, what is the receptors job?
Monitors controlled condition
In the Homeostasis feedback loop, what is the control center’s job?
Receives input and provides output
In the Homeostasis feedback loop, what is the effectors job?
Bring about changes in controlled condition
If the response reverses the stimulus, a system is operating by _________ feedback.
Negative
Negative feedback loops are by far the most common kind of homeostatic circuit because the are ____________; they cannot spin out of control if they are over-stimulated.
self-controlling
If the response enhances or intensifies the stimulus, a system is operating by _________ feedback.
Positive
Positive feedback loops are rarely used in the human body because they cannot be controlled. They on;y shut down when__________________________.
the system is depleted or the problem is corrected
What are positive feedback characteristics?
Strengthen or reinforce a change;
Action continues until it is interrupted;
Reinforces conditions that do not happen very often
What are negative feedback characteristics?
Reverses a change in a controlled condition;
Action stops automatically when setpoint is reached;
Regulate conditions that remain fairly stable over long periods
What are 3 examples of positive feedback?
Blood clotting;
Childbirth;
Severe blood loss
What are 3 examples of negative feedback?
Body temperature;
Blood glucose;
many, many others
What results from a disruption in Homeostasis?
Disease
High blood pressure
Hypertension
Abnormal setpoint for lipids (fats)
Dyslipidemia
High body weight relative to height
Obesity
Abnormal blood sugar setpoint
Diabetes mellitus
_____ result from the health care provider observing the patient.
Signs
______ result from an internal state or “feeling” and therefore can only be relayed by the patient.
Symptoms
A _____ is a group of signs and/or symptoms that commonly occur together.
Syndrome
Diseases grouped under the category of _________, cause signs and symptoms of disease because of external factors: a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, or a parasite.
Infectious Disease
_______ infections occur in individuals here and there, with no evidence of widespread incidence in a population.
Sporadic
_______ infections are more common in one geographical area than elsewhere, but occur at low to moderate levels in that area.
Endemic
_______ infections occur at a higher than normal level in a population.
Epidemic
______ infections occur worldwide.
Pandemic
If the person transmitting the disease is within 1 meter of the person receiving the disease, we call it ________ transmission.
Contact
If the infection is carried through food, water, or bodily fluids, it is ________ ________ transmission.
Common vehicle
If the infectious agent is carried on droplets that travel more than 1 meter, it is called ________ transmission.
Airborne
If the disease is transmitted by a “third party” (insect bite, bat, skunk for example) then the animal that transmits the disease is called a ________.
Vector
People can be vectors, and if they transmit the disease but do not appear to be ill, they are called ________.
Carriers
Many patients have infectious diseases, of they have disease which have lowered their ability to fight off invading infectious illness. They are ___________.
Immunocompromised
An infectious disease acquired in a hospital setting is called _________.
Nosocomial
Nosocomial infections can be _______ (from the external environment) or ________ (coming from organisms that the patient normally has present, but that have not previously caused disease).
Exogenous;
Endogenous
Multiply inches by ______ to find centimeters.
2.54
Multiply miles by ______ to find kilometers.
1.61
Multiply ounces by ______ to find grams.
28.35
Multiply pounds by ______ to find kilograms.
0.45
Multiply fluid ounces by _______ to find milliliters.
29.57
Multiply feet by _____ to find centimeters.
30.48
Multiply yards by _______ to find meters.
0.91
Multiply tons by ______ to find metric ton.
0.91
Multiply pints by ______ to find liters.
0.47
Multiply quarts by _______ to find liters.
0.95
Multiply gallons by _______ to find liters.
3.79
Multiply millimeters by _____ to find inches.
0.04
Multiply centimeters by _____ to find inches.
0.39
Multiply meters by ______ to find feet.
3.28
Multiply kilometers by _____ to find miles.
0.62
Multiply liters by ______ to find quarts.
1.06
Multiply cubic meters by ______ to find cubic feet.
35.32
Multiply grams by ______ to find ounces.
0.035
Multiply kilograms by ______ to find pounds.
2.21
What do we do if we don’t have a direct conversion factor?
A problem-solving technique that converts from one unit to another by using conversion factors is called “Dimensional Analysis”.
What are the 4 significant figures rules?
- All non zero numbers are always significant.
- Leading zeros are never significant.
- Confined zeros are always significant
- Trailing zeros are only significant if the number contains a decimal point.
What is the significant figures rule when multiplying or dividing?
Your answer is limited to the least number of significant figures in the problem.
The kidneys lie posterior to the peritoneal membrane, which is why they are termed retroperitoneal organs. The peritoneal membrane covers the intestines and other organs of the abdominal cavity.
The layer of the peritoneal membrane farthest from the intestines, and closest to the kidneys, is the ______________ layer. (This layer is not associated with or attached to the kidneys; it’s just anatomically closer.)
Parietal
The forearm and the leg both have paired bones. In the anatomical position, the most laterally placed of each of these pairs are the: A. humerus and femur B. humerus and tibia C. radius and fibula D. ulna and fibula E. ulna and tibia
C. radius and filbula
A disease state which involves alterations in the homeostatic systems controlling blood pressure, body fat, blood lipids, and hormonal signaling would be classified as a/an:
autoimmune disease
