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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the structure of the human body.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The study of the function of the human body.

A

Physiology

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3
Q

The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.

A

Homeostatis

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4
Q

Which subdivision of anatomy studies organism development from conception to the eighth week of gestation?

A

Embryology

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5
Q

Which subdivision of anatomy studies all stages of development?

A

Developmental Biology

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6
Q

Which subdivision of anatomy studies cell structure and function?

A

Cell Biology

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7
Q

Which subdivision of anatomy studies microscopic structure of tissues?

A

Histology

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8
Q

Which subdivision of anatomy studies surface markings of the body and is observed through visualization and palpitation (perception by touch)?

A

Surface Anatomy

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9
Q

Which subdivision of anatomy studies structures viewed without a microscope?

A

Gross Anatomy

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10
Q

Which subdivision of anatomy studies the structure of specific systems?

A

Systemic Anatomy

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11
Q

Which subdivision of anatomy studies specific regions of the body?

A

Regional Anatomy

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12
Q

Which subdivision of anatomy studies body structures visualized with x-ray, CT, or MRI?

A

Radiographic Anatomy

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13
Q

Which subdivision of anatomy studies structural changes with disease?

A

Pathological Anatomy

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14
Q

Which subdivision of physiology studies functional properties of nerve cells?

A

Neurophysiology

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15
Q

Which subdivision of physiology studies hormones and how they control body functions?

A

Endocrinology

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16
Q

Which subdivision of physiology studies function of the heart and blood vessels?

A

Cardiovascular Physiology

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17
Q

Which subdivision of physiology studies how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents?

A

Immunology

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18
Q

Which subdivision of physiology studies functions of the air passageways and lungs?

A

Respiratory Physiology

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19
Q

Which subdivision of physiology studies functions of the kidneys?

A

Renal Physiology

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20
Q

Which subdivision of physiology studies changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity?

A

Exercise Physiology

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21
Q

Which subdivision of physiology studies functional changes associated with disease and aging?

A

Pathophysiology

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22
Q

What are the levels or organization from the smallest to the largest?

A

Chemical (atomic, molecular), cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

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23
Q

Which system protects the body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold?

A

Integumentary System (Skin)

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24
Q

Which system supports and protects the body, provides a surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids (fats)?

A

Skeletal System

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25
Q

Which system produces body movements, such as walking, stabilizes body position (posture), generates heat?

A

Muscular System

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26
Q

Which system generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions?

A

Nervous System

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27
Q

Which system regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in the blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ?

A

Endocrine System

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28
Q

Which system pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels?

A

Cardiovascular System

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29
Q

Which system returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood, includes structures where lymphocytes (type of white blood cell) that protects against disease-causing microbes mature and proliferate?

A

Lymphatic System

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30
Q

Which system transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds?

A

Respiratory System

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31
Q

Which system achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients and water, eliminates solid wastes?

A

Digestive System

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32
Q

Which system produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids, maintains body’s mineral balance, helps regulate production of red blood cells?

A

Urinary System

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33
Q

Which system includes the Gonads (ovaries and testes) which produces gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes? This is the only system which is completely different between the 2 genders (male and female). For this reason, differences in these 2 systems are called the primary sexual characteristics.

A

Reproductive System

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34
Q

Small changes in the balance of an organism, at any level, can cause major problems, a process called __________.

A

Disease

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35
Q

Describe the Human Anatomical Position.

A

Subject stands erect facing the observer with head level, eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor and directed forward, arms down at the side, palms facing forward

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36
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for head?

A

Cephalic

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37
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for skull?

A

Cranial

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38
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for the base of the skull?

A

Occipital

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39
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for face?

A

Facial

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40
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for forehead?

A

Frontal

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41
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for temple?

A

Temporal

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42
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for eye?

A

Orbital; Ocular

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43
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for ear?

A

Otic

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44
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for cheek?

A

Buccal

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45
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for nose?

A

Nasal

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46
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for mouth?

A

Oral

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47
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for chin?

A

Mental

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48
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for neck?

A

Cervical

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49
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for spinal column?

A

Vertebral

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50
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for chest?

A

Thoracic

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51
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for breastbone?

A

Sternal

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52
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for breast?

A

Mammary

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53
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for shoulder blade?

A

Scapular

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54
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for back?

A

Dorsal

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55
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for abdomen?

A

Abdominal

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56
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for navel?

A

Umbilical

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57
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for hip?

A

Coxal

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58
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for loin?

A

Lumbar

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59
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for between hips?

A

Sacral

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60
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for pelvis?

A

Pelvic

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61
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for groin?

A

Inguinal

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62
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for pubis?

A

Pubic

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63
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for buttock?

A

Gluteal

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64
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for armpit?

A

Axillary

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65
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for arm?

A

Brachial

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66
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for front of elbow?

A

Antecubital

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67
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for back of elbow?

A

Olecranal; Cubital

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68
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for forearm?

A

Antebrachial

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69
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for wrist?

A

Carpal

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70
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for hand?

A

Manual

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71
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for thumb?

A

Pollux

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72
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for palm?

A

Palmar; Volar

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73
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for back of hand?

A

Dorsum

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74
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for fingers?

A

Digital; Phalangeal

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75
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for thigh?

A

Femoral

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76
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for anterior surface of the knee?

A

Patellar

77
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for posterior surface of the knee?

A

Popliteal

78
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for leg?

A

Crural

79
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for calf?

A

Sural

80
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for foot?

A

Pedal

81
Q

/What is the Anatomical Terminology for ankle?

A

Tarsal

82
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for sole?

A

Plantar

83
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for top of foot?

A

Dorsum

84
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for heel?

A

Calcaneal

85
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for toes?

A

Digital; Phalangeal

86
Q

What is the Anatomical Terminology for great toe?

A

Hallux

87
Q

_________ means toward the surface.

A

Superficial

88
Q

_______ means toward the core.

A

Deep

89
Q

Most organs inside cavities are covered with a double-layered membrane. ________ is the membrane surface closest to the wall cavity.

A

Parietal

90
Q

Most organs inside cavities are covered with a double-layered membrane. _________ is the membrane surface closest to the organ inside the cavity.

A

Visceral

91
Q

Toward the head, top, or above

A

Superior

92
Q

Away from the head, bottom, or below

A

Inferior

93
Q

Toward the midline

A

Medial

94
Q

Away from the midline

A

Lateral

95
Q

Closer to the point of origin or attachment

A

Proximal

96
Q

Further away from the point of origin or attachment

A

Distal

97
Q

Toward the front

A

Anterior; Ventral

98
Q

Toward the back

A

Posterior; Dorsal

99
Q

Same side of the midline

A

Ipsilateral

100
Q

Opposite side of the midline

A

Contralateral

101
Q

Plane dividing medial from lateral

A

Sagittal

102
Q

Plane dividing superior from inferior

A

Transverse; Horizontal

103
Q

Plane dividing anterior from posterior

A

Frontal; Coronal

104
Q

Plane through the midline (dividing the body into 2 equal, mirror-image halves).

A

Midsagittal

105
Q

Plane parallel to sagittal but not through the midline

A

Parasagittal

106
Q

An ________ plane is not one of the 3 cardinal planes. It is any plane or section that doesn’t fit the cardinal descriptions.

A

Oblique

107
Q

Which cavity is formed by cranial bones and contains the brain?

A

Cranial Cavity

108
Q

Which cavity is formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves?

A

Vertebral Canal

109
Q

Which cavity contains the pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum? (Also known as the chest cavity)

A

Thoracic Cavity

110
Q

Which cavity is a potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung?

A

Pleural Cavity

111
Q

Which cavity is a potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardial Cavity

112
Q

Which cavity is the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels?

A

Mediastinum

113
Q

Which cavity is subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities?

A

Abdominopelvic Cavity

114
Q

Which cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine? The serous membrane of this cavity is the peritoneum.

A

Abdominal Cavity

115
Q

Which cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction?

A

Pelvic Cavity

116
Q

This divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

Diaphragm

117
Q

There are 2 main body cavities. Which one includes the cranial and vertebral cavities?

A

Dorsal

118
Q

There are 2 main body cavities. Which one includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

A

Ventral

119
Q

The ventral cavity is the adult derivative of an embryonic cavity called the ________.

A

Coelom (pronounced “seal-um”)

120
Q

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants and their abbreviations?

A

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ);
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ);
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ);
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

121
Q

There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is “under the ribs”?

A

Hypochondriac Region (right and left)

122
Q

There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is “on top of the stomach”?

A

Epigastric Region

123
Q

There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is “lower back”?

A

Lumbar Region (right and left)

124
Q

There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is centered on the umbilicus?

A

Umbilical Region

125
Q

There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is “groin”?

A

Inguinal Region (right and left); also called iliac “flank” region

126
Q

There are 9 abdominopelvic regions. Which one is also called the pubic region?

A

Hypogastric Region

127
Q

The liver and gallbladder are found in which quadrant?

A

RUQ

128
Q

The stomach, spleen, and left kidney are found in which quadrant?

A

LUQ

129
Q

The cecum (where small intestine meets large intestine) and appendix are found in which quadrant?

A

RLQ

130
Q

The left ovary (in women) is found in which quadrant?

A

LLQ

131
Q

A _________ is a technique used to visualize structures.

A

Modality

132
Q

In the Homeostasis feedback loop, what is the receptors job?

A

Monitors controlled condition

133
Q

In the Homeostasis feedback loop, what is the control center’s job?

A

Receives input and provides output

134
Q

In the Homeostasis feedback loop, what is the effectors job?

A

Bring about changes in controlled condition

135
Q

If the response reverses the stimulus, a system is operating by _________ feedback.

A

Negative

136
Q

Negative feedback loops are by far the most common kind of homeostatic circuit because the are ____________; they cannot spin out of control if they are over-stimulated.

A

self-controlling

137
Q

If the response enhances or intensifies the stimulus, a system is operating by _________ feedback.

A

Positive

138
Q

Positive feedback loops are rarely used in the human body because they cannot be controlled. They on;y shut down when__________________________.

A

the system is depleted or the problem is corrected

139
Q

What are positive feedback characteristics?

A

Strengthen or reinforce a change;
Action continues until it is interrupted;
Reinforces conditions that do not happen very often

140
Q

What are negative feedback characteristics?

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition;
Action stops automatically when setpoint is reached;
Regulate conditions that remain fairly stable over long periods

141
Q

What are 3 examples of positive feedback?

A

Blood clotting;
Childbirth;
Severe blood loss

142
Q

What are 3 examples of negative feedback?

A

Body temperature;
Blood glucose;
many, many others

143
Q

What results from a disruption in Homeostasis?

A

Disease

144
Q

High blood pressure

A

Hypertension

145
Q

Abnormal setpoint for lipids (fats)

A

Dyslipidemia

146
Q

High body weight relative to height

A

Obesity

147
Q

Abnormal blood sugar setpoint

A

Diabetes mellitus

148
Q

_____ result from the health care provider observing the patient.

A

Signs

149
Q

______ result from an internal state or “feeling” and therefore can only be relayed by the patient.

A

Symptoms

150
Q

A _____ is a group of signs and/or symptoms that commonly occur together.

A

Syndrome

151
Q

Diseases grouped under the category of _________, cause signs and symptoms of disease because of external factors: a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, or a parasite.

A

Infectious Disease

152
Q

_______ infections occur in individuals here and there, with no evidence of widespread incidence in a population.

A

Sporadic

153
Q

_______ infections are more common in one geographical area than elsewhere, but occur at low to moderate levels in that area.

A

Endemic

154
Q

_______ infections occur at a higher than normal level in a population.

A

Epidemic

155
Q

______ infections occur worldwide.

A

Pandemic

156
Q

If the person transmitting the disease is within 1 meter of the person receiving the disease, we call it ________ transmission.

A

Contact

157
Q

If the infection is carried through food, water, or bodily fluids, it is ________ ________ transmission.

A

Common vehicle

158
Q

If the infectious agent is carried on droplets that travel more than 1 meter, it is called ________ transmission.

A

Airborne

159
Q

If the disease is transmitted by a “third party” (insect bite, bat, skunk for example) then the animal that transmits the disease is called a ________.

A

Vector

160
Q

People can be vectors, and if they transmit the disease but do not appear to be ill, they are called ________.

A

Carriers

161
Q

Many patients have infectious diseases, of they have disease which have lowered their ability to fight off invading infectious illness. They are ___________.

A

Immunocompromised

162
Q

An infectious disease acquired in a hospital setting is called _________.

A

Nosocomial

163
Q

Nosocomial infections can be _______ (from the external environment) or ________ (coming from organisms that the patient normally has present, but that have not previously caused disease).

A

Exogenous;

Endogenous

164
Q

Multiply inches by ______ to find centimeters.

A

2.54

165
Q

Multiply miles by ______ to find kilometers.

A

1.61

166
Q

Multiply ounces by ______ to find grams.

A

28.35

167
Q

Multiply pounds by ______ to find kilograms.

A

0.45

168
Q

Multiply fluid ounces by _______ to find milliliters.

A

29.57

169
Q

Multiply feet by _____ to find centimeters.

A

30.48

170
Q

Multiply yards by _______ to find meters.

A

0.91

171
Q

Multiply tons by ______ to find metric ton.

A

0.91

172
Q

Multiply pints by ______ to find liters.

A

0.47

173
Q

Multiply quarts by _______ to find liters.

A

0.95

174
Q

Multiply gallons by _______ to find liters.

A

3.79

175
Q

Multiply millimeters by _____ to find inches.

A

0.04

176
Q

Multiply centimeters by _____ to find inches.

A

0.39

177
Q

Multiply meters by ______ to find feet.

A

3.28

178
Q

Multiply kilometers by _____ to find miles.

A

0.62

179
Q

Multiply liters by ______ to find quarts.

A

1.06

180
Q

Multiply cubic meters by ______ to find cubic feet.

A

35.32

181
Q

Multiply grams by ______ to find ounces.

A

0.035

182
Q

Multiply kilograms by ______ to find pounds.

A

2.21

183
Q

What do we do if we don’t have a direct conversion factor?

A

A problem-solving technique that converts from one unit to another by using conversion factors is called “Dimensional Analysis”.

184
Q

What are the 4 significant figures rules?

A
  1. All non zero numbers are always significant.
  2. Leading zeros are never significant.
  3. Confined zeros are always significant
  4. Trailing zeros are only significant if the number contains a decimal point.
185
Q

What is the significant figures rule when multiplying or dividing?

A

Your answer is limited to the least number of significant figures in the problem.

186
Q

The kidneys lie posterior to the peritoneal membrane, which is why they are termed retroperitoneal organs. The peritoneal membrane covers the intestines and other organs of the abdominal cavity.

The layer of the peritoneal membrane farthest from the intestines, and closest to the kidneys, is the ______________ layer. (This layer is not associated with or attached to the kidneys; it’s just anatomically closer.)

A

Parietal

187
Q 
The forearm and the leg both have paired bones.  In the anatomical position, the most laterally placed of each of these pairs are the:
  A. humerus and femur 
  B. humerus and tibia 
  C. radius and fibula 
  D. ulna and fibula 
  E. ulna and tibia
A

C. radius and filbula

188
Q

A disease state which involves alterations in the homeostatic systems controlling blood pressure, body fat, blood lipids, and hormonal signaling would be classified as a/an:

A

autoimmune disease

Human Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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