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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

SA (sinoatrial node) provides stimulus for ________
Known as the “_____”
Sets rate of _______ of ______ _______

A

Contraction
Pacemaker
Depolarization, whole, heart

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2
Q

Internodal tract carries impulse throughout ______ _____ causing them to _____

A

Atria walls
Contract

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3
Q

AV (atrioventricular) node ____ impulse

A

Delays

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4
Q

AV bundle carries impulse from _____ down through _____

A

Atrium
Septum

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5
Q

Purkinje fibers carry impulse up ____?
Results in contraction of what?

A

Walls of ventricles
Ventricles

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6
Q

P wave correlates to what?

A

SA node -> intermodal tract
Atria contract & empty
Depolarization of atria

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7
Q

QRS complex correlates to what?

A

AV node -> AV bundle -> purkinje fibers
Ventricles contract & empty
Depolarization of ventricles

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8
Q

T wave correlates to what?

A

Atria fill
Repolarization of ventricles

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9
Q

What occurs when the ventricles are relaxed

A

AV valves are open
Semilunar valves are closed

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10
Q

For any chamber of the heart, the chamber squeezes blood into an adjacent chamber or an arterial trunk during which event

A

Systole or depolarization

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11
Q

Arteries or ____ vessels, conduct blood away from the hearts; whereas, veins, or ___ vessels, return blood to the heart

A

Efferent
Afferent

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12
Q

Ventricles become completely filled with blood during which phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial systole

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13
Q

What happens during atria diastole

A

First event
Blood enters both atriums
AV valves are closed

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14
Q

What happens during atria systole

A

Second event
Both atrias contract forcing blood into the ventricles

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15
Q

What happens during ventricular diastole

A

Ventricle is relaxed, pressure in atria becomes higher and AV valves open leading to the ventricles filling up

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16
Q

What happens during ventricular systole

A

Ventricles are contracting
The pressure builds up and the semilunar valves open
AV valves are closed

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17
Q

The major factors that regulate cardiac output

A

Hormones
Blood volume reflexes
Autonomic innervation

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18
Q

What represents a recording of the electrical activities of the heart over time

A

Electrocardiogram

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19
Q

What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Increasing heart rate / stroke volume
Stimulating cardiac muscle cell metabolism

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20
Q

Which ECG characteristic wave pattern appears as the ventricles depolarize

A

QRS complex

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21
Q

By the time atrial systole marks another cardiac cycle, the ventricle are roughly _____ filled

A

70%

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22
Q

What vessel sends blood into the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

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23
Q

What part of the conduction system supplies the ventricular myocardium

A

Purkinje fibers

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24
Q

If cells of the SA node are killed, what part of the heart has the autorhythmicity to establish a new slower HR

A

AV node

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25
Q

What nerves supple parasympathetic innervation to the SA and AV nodes

A

Vagus nerves

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26
Q

Where are the cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers located

A

Medulla oblongata

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27
Q

What peripheral resistance factor can be quickly altered to change systemic BP

A

vessel diameter

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28
Q

Examples of elastic arteries

A

Pulmonary trunk
Aorta

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29
Q

As the pulmonary trunk curves over the heart it gives rise to what

A

Pulmonary arteries

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30
Q

Where does the systemic circuit end

A

At the Right atrium

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31
Q

What vessel gives rise to the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

A

Brachiocephalic artery

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32
Q

Which vein is responsible for collecting blood from the kidneys

A

Renal vein

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33
Q

Thick leaf layer in a muscular artery

A

Tunica media

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34
Q

What is found is all vessels

A

Endothelium

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35
Q

Which part of the entire circulatory system holds most of the blood volume at rest

A

Systemic veins

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36
Q

What vessel carries oxygen poor blood

A

Pulmonary arteries

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37
Q

What vessel does blood enter the systemic circuit

A

Ascending aorta

38
Q

What vessel carries oxygenated blood from the mother

A

Umbilical vein

39
Q

Through which passageway does blood from the pulmonary trunk bypass the lungs

A

Ductus arteriosus

40
Q

What condition would allow blood from the left atrium mix with blood in the right atrium

A

Patent foramen ovale

41
Q

What forms a special connect between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava in a fetus

A

Ductus venosus

42
Q

Which blood type has both anti A and anti B antibodies

A

Type O

43
Q

In determining blood compatibility which component is the most important

A

Surface antigens on the donors cells

44
Q

Most of the circulating clotting proteins are synthesized by which structure

A

Liver

45
Q

What are formed elements suspended in plasma

A

Leukocytes
Platelets
Erythrocytes

46
Q

What percentage of whole blood is composed of plasma

A

46-63

47
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein

A

Albumin

48
Q

What part of a hemoglobin molecule binds to oxygen

A

Heme

49
Q

What is the function of the immunoglobulin

A

Binding to foreign pathogens

50
Q

What type of antibodies would be found in the plasma of a person with type O+ blood

A

Anti A & B

51
Q

What would happen if a patient with type AB+ blood were given type A+

A

No reaction

52
Q

What disorder is caused by Rh factor incompatibility

A

Hemolytic disease of newborn

53
Q

Which ion is essential to the activation of some clotting factors

A

Calcium

54
Q

Which WBC is increased in response to a parasitic worm

A

Eosinophil

55
Q

Heart is covered by a serious membrane called

A

Pericardium (epicardium)

56
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

The max bp measured in the arteries when the even truckers are contracting

57
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

Min bp measured in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed

58
Q

What do baroreceptors do

A

Measure the stretch in the wall of the arteries to adjust CO and peripheral resistance to maintain normal arterial pressures

59
Q

What hormone decreases urine output

A

ADH

60
Q

What happens when BP is too low (what’s released)

A

Kidneys release renin to stimulate production of angiotensin to stimulate CO and arteriole constriction
= higher BP

61
Q

What happens when’s BP is too low or oxygen content is too low

A

EPO is produced by kidneys to stimulate RBC production to increase blood volume to increase the ability to carry more oxygen

62
Q

What bypass vessel allows some blood to bypass the undeveloped fetal liver

A

Ductus venosus

63
Q

Flap that allows some blood to flow directly from the R atrium to the L. This bypasses what?

A

Foramen ovale
Lungs

64
Q

Bypass vessel the allows some blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, bypassing what?

A

Ductus arteriosus
Lungs

65
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transport materials
Regulation of ph and ions
Stop fluid loss on injuries
Defense against pathogens/toxins
Stabilize body temp

66
Q

What is whole blood

A

Plasma and formed elements

67
Q

What makes up formed elements

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

68
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation by stem cells

69
Q

Neutrophils

A

Bacterial slayers

70
Q

Basophils

A

In damaged tissue
Histamine and heparin

71
Q

4 phases of hemostasis

A

Vascular
Platelet
Coagulation
Fibrinolysis

72
Q

Pulmonary circuit carries blood to and from

A

Gas exchange surfaces of lungs

73
Q

The systemic circuit Carrie’s blood to and from

A

The body

74
Q

Superior vena cava received blood from

A

Head, neck, upper limbs, chest

75
Q

Inferior vena cava receives blood from

A

Trunk, viscera, lower limbs

76
Q

Coronary sinus returns blood to

A

Right atrium

77
Q

First heart sound occurs as what and signifies what

A

AV valves close
Beginning of systole

78
Q

Second heart sound occurs when what and at the beginning of what

A

SL valves close
Ventricular diastole

79
Q

What is the SA node
What does it begin

A

Wall of right atrium
Begins the electrical signal

80
Q

What is the AV node

A

Junction between atria and ventricles

81
Q

What increases stroke volume

A

Slow heartbeat
Exercise

82
Q

What decreases stroke volume

A

Blood loss
Rapid heartbeat

83
Q

Cardioacceleratory center controls

A

Sympathetic neurons
Increase heart rate

84
Q

Cardioinhibitory center controls

A

Parasympathetic neurons
Slows heart rate

85
Q

Venules collect blood from and are formed when?

A

Capillaries
Capillary ends unite

86
Q

How do arteries change as blood travels from the heart to capillaries

A

Elastic to muscular to arterioles

87
Q

What happens at the arterial end of capillary

A

Fluid moves out of capillary into interstitial fluid

88
Q

What happens at the venous end of a capillary

A

Fluid moves into capillary out of interstitial fluid

89
Q

Systolic pressure is exerted on

A

Arterial walls during ventricular contraction

90
Q

Diastolic pressure is the lowest level of

A

Arterial pressure during a ventricular cycle

91
Q

When BP rises CV centers decrease what and cause what

A

Cardiac output
Peripheral vasodilation

92
Q

When BP falls, CV centers increase what and cause what

A

Cardiac output
Peripheral vasoconstriction

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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