Module 9 Flashcards by jenna williams

SA (sinoatrial node) provides stimulus for ________
Known as the “_____”
Sets rate of _______ of ______ _______

Contraction
Pacemaker
Depolarization, whole, heart

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Internodal tract carries impulse throughout ______ _____ causing them to _____

Atria walls
Contract

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AV (atrioventricular) node ____ impulse

Delays

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AV bundle carries impulse from _____ down through _____

Atrium
Septum

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Purkinje fibers carry impulse up ____?
Results in contraction of what?

Walls of ventricles
Ventricles

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P wave correlates to what?

SA node -> intermodal tract
Atria contract & empty
Depolarization of atria

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QRS complex correlates to what?

AV node -> AV bundle -> purkinje fibers
Ventricles contract & empty
Depolarization of ventricles

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T wave correlates to what?

Atria fill
Repolarization of ventricles

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What occurs when the ventricles are relaxed

AV valves are open
Semilunar valves are closed

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For any chamber of the heart, the chamber squeezes blood into an adjacent chamber or an arterial trunk during which event

Systole or depolarization

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Arteries or ____ vessels, conduct blood away from the hearts; whereas, veins, or ___ vessels, return blood to the heart

Efferent
Afferent

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Ventricles become completely filled with blood during which phase of the cardiac cycle

Atrial systole

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What happens during atria diastole

First event
Blood enters both atriums
AV valves are closed

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What happens during atria systole

Second event
Both atrias contract forcing blood into the ventricles

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What happens during ventricular diastole

Ventricle is relaxed, pressure in atria becomes higher and AV valves open leading to the ventricles filling up

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What happens during ventricular systole

Ventricles are contracting
The pressure builds up and the semilunar valves open
AV valves are closed

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The major factors that regulate cardiac output

Hormones
Blood volume reflexes
Autonomic innervation

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What represents a recording of the electrical activities of the heart over time

Electrocardiogram

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What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Increasing heart rate / stroke volume
Stimulating cardiac muscle cell metabolism

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Which ECG characteristic wave pattern appears as the ventricles depolarize

QRS complex

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By the time atrial systole marks another cardiac cycle, the ventricle are roughly _____ filled

70%

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What vessel sends blood into the right atrium

Coronary sinus

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What part of the conduction system supplies the ventricular myocardium

Purkinje fibers

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If cells of the SA node are killed, what part of the heart has the autorhythmicity to establish a new slower HR

AV node

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What nerves supple parasympathetic innervation to the SA and AV nodes

Vagus nerves

Where are the cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers located

Medulla oblongata

What peripheral resistance factor can be quickly altered to change systemic BP

vessel diameter

Examples of elastic arteries

Pulmonary trunk Aorta

As the pulmonary trunk curves over the heart it gives rise to what

Pulmonary arteries

Where does the systemic circuit end

At the Right atrium

What vessel gives rise to the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

Brachiocephalic artery

Which vein is responsible for collecting blood from the kidneys

Renal vein

Thick leaf layer in a muscular artery

Tunica media

What is found is all vessels

Endothelium

Which part of the entire circulatory system holds most of the blood volume at rest

Systemic veins

What vessel carries oxygen poor blood

Pulmonary arteries

What vessel does blood enter the systemic circuit

Ascending aorta

What vessel carries oxygenated blood from the mother

Umbilical vein

Through which passageway does blood from the pulmonary trunk bypass the lungs

Ductus arteriosus

What condition would allow blood from the left atrium mix with blood in the right atrium

Patent foramen ovale

What forms a special connect between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava in a fetus

Ductus venosus

Which blood type has both anti A and anti B antibodies

Type O

In determining blood compatibility which component is the most important

Surface antigens on the donors cells

Most of the circulating clotting proteins are synthesized by which structure

Liver

What are formed elements suspended in plasma

Leukocytes Platelets Erythrocytes

What percentage of whole blood is composed of plasma

46-63

What is the most abundant plasma protein

Albumin

What part of a hemoglobin molecule binds to oxygen

Heme

What is the function of the immunoglobulin

Binding to foreign pathogens

What type of antibodies would be found in the plasma of a person with type O+ blood

Anti A & B

What would happen if a patient with type AB+ blood were given type A+

No reaction

What disorder is caused by Rh factor incompatibility

Hemolytic disease of newborn

Which ion is essential to the activation of some clotting factors

Calcium

Which WBC is increased in response to a parasitic worm

Eosinophil

Heart is covered by a serious membrane called

Pericardium (epicardium)

What is systolic pressure

The max bp measured in the arteries when the even truckers are contracting

What is diastolic pressure

Min bp measured in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed

What do baroreceptors do

Measure the stretch in the wall of the arteries to adjust CO and peripheral resistance to maintain normal arterial pressures

What hormone decreases urine output

ADH

What happens when BP is too low (what’s released)

Kidneys release renin to stimulate production of angiotensin to stimulate CO and arteriole constriction = higher BP

What happens when’s BP is too low or oxygen content is too low

EPO is produced by kidneys to stimulate RBC production to increase blood volume to increase the ability to carry more oxygen

What bypass vessel allows some blood to bypass the undeveloped fetal liver

Ductus venosus

Flap that allows some blood to flow directly from the R atrium to the L. This bypasses what?

Foramen ovale Lungs

Bypass vessel the allows some blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, bypassing what?

Ductus arteriosus Lungs

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system

Transport materials Regulation of ph and ions Stop fluid loss on injuries Defense against pathogens/toxins Stabilize body temp

What is whole blood

Plasma and formed elements

What makes up formed elements

RBC WBC Platelets

What is hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation by stem cells

Neutrophils

Bacterial slayers

Basophils

In damaged tissue Histamine and heparin

4 phases of hemostasis

Vascular Platelet Coagulation Fibrinolysis

Pulmonary circuit carries blood to and from

Gas exchange surfaces of lungs

The systemic circuit Carrie’s blood to and from

The body

Superior vena cava received blood from

Head, neck, upper limbs, chest

Inferior vena cava receives blood from

Trunk, viscera, lower limbs

Coronary sinus returns blood to

Right atrium

First heart sound occurs as what and signifies what

AV valves close Beginning of systole

Second heart sound occurs when what and at the beginning of what

SL valves close Ventricular diastole

What is the SA node What does it begin

Wall of right atrium Begins the electrical signal

What is the AV node

Junction between atria and ventricles

What increases stroke volume

Slow heartbeat Exercise

What decreases stroke volume

Blood loss Rapid heartbeat

Cardioacceleratory center controls

Sympathetic neurons Increase heart rate

Cardioinhibitory center controls

Parasympathetic neurons Slows heart rate

Venules collect blood from and are formed when?

Capillaries Capillary ends unite

How do arteries change as blood travels from the heart to capillaries

Elastic to muscular to arterioles

What happens at the arterial end of capillary

Fluid moves out of capillary into interstitial fluid

What happens at the venous end of a capillary

Fluid moves into capillary out of interstitial fluid

Systolic pressure is exerted on

Arterial walls during ventricular contraction

Diastolic pressure is the lowest level of

Arterial pressure during a ventricular cycle

When BP rises CV centers decrease what and cause what

Cardiac output Peripheral vasodilation

When BP falls, CV centers increase what and cause what

Cardiac output Peripheral vasoconstriction