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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

During the recovery period, which cells
convert lactic acid back to pyruvate?

A

liver cells

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2
Q

The active sites along the thin filaments are
covered by strands of the protein called

A

tropomysoin

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3
Q

During muscle contraction, calcium ions bind
to what?

A

troponin

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4
Q

Fast-twitch muscle fibers produce ____
contractions.

A

powerful

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5
Q

Although skeletal muscles are typically voluntary muscles,
what is an example of involuntary skeletal
muscle?

A

diaphragm

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6
Q

What are functions of the skeletal muscle?

A
  • maintain body temperature
  • support soft tissues
  • guard entrances and exits
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7
Q

Aerobic endurance is determined by the availability of substrates for aerobic metabolism from the breakdown of
what?

A
  • amino acids
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
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8
Q

what occurs at the skin surface and removes
the excess heat generated by muscular activity?

A

evaporation

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9
Q

In order to function in pumping blood, cardiac muscle tissue cannot undergo

A

tetanus

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10
Q

Regarding sarcomeres, thick filaments are
contained in which band?

A

A band

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11
Q

What name is given for the point of
attachment of a muscle on the movable end

A

insertion

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12
Q

example of an axial muscle

A

sternocleidomastoid

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13
Q

Which muscle originates on the
zygomatic arch and inserts on the mandible?

A

masseter

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14
Q

what flexes and rotates
the neck?

A

sternocleidomastoid

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15
Q

what muscle is involved with protraction
of the shoulder, as when throwing a boxing punch?

A

serratus anterior

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16
Q

The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the
________.

A

sarcomere

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17
Q

Interactions between thin and thick myofilaments of the sarcomere are responsible for ________.

A

muscle contraction

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18
Q

The elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the _________.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

Which ion links excitation to contraction in a
skeletal muscle fiber?

A

calcium

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20
Q

What type of ion channel opens in response to an action potential arriving at the axon terminal?

A

voltage-gated calcium

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21
Q

At the neuromuscular junction, calcium ions act
to ________.

A

release synaptic vesicles from the axon terminal

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22
Q

What specific term refers to the
breakdown of organic substances?

A

catabolism

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23
Q

What is the final electron acceptor
involved with the electron transport chain?

A

oxygen

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24
Q

In which of these regions of the digestive
tract does carbohydrate digestion first begin?

A

mouth

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25
Q

Under what condition do most body cells absorb glucose from the blood?

A

When insulin binds to a cell’s glucose
transporters

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26
Q

What is the term used to describe
the process of synthesizing glucose from
smaller carbon chains (non-carbohydrates)?

A

gluconeogenesis

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27
Q

what does NOT secrete a
substance involved in lipid digestion?

A

stomach

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28
Q

example of a water-soluble vitamin

A

vitamin c

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29
Q

what has the highest per-
weight caloric content?

A

fats

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30
Q

Put the following terms in order
from the smallest muscle
component to the largest:
* Fascicle, myofibril, muscle fiber, myosin.

A

myosin, myofibril, muscle fiber,
fascicle

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31
Q

what are the three
muscle tissue types?

A

skeletal
smooth
caridac

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32
Q

what term refers to a muscle cell

A

muscle fiber

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33
Q

The smallest
functional unit of a
muscle are known as?

A

sarcomeres

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34
Q

what step in cell respiration
yields the most ATP?

A

ETC

35
Q

what is released from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum during a muscle contraction?

A

calcium

36
Q

A high energy molecule found in skeletal muscle that can quickly be used
to regenerate ATP is?

A

creatine phosphate

37
Q

During a muscle contraction,
______ is required as a
neurotransmitter.

A

acetylcholine

38
Q

Identify the joint
present between the
atlas and axis.

A

pivot

39
Q

The connective
tissue that
surrounds a muscle
fassicle is known

A

perimysium

40
Q

what is an example of an
amphiarthrosis?

A

pubic symphis

41
Q

What causes myosin
heads to bind to actin?

A

ca ions binding to troponin

42
Q

The membrane surrounding a
bone is known as the?

A

periosteum

43
Q

Blood calcium levels begin to fall and there’s no food in sight, which
hormone may be released as a result ?

A

parathyroid

44
Q

The skeletal system is largely under the
physiological control of which system?

A

endocrine

45
Q

The cells responsible for osteogenesis, which
promote the deposition of calcium salts in the
organic matrix, are called __________.

A

osteoblasts

46
Q

Bones store energy reserves as ____ in
areas filled with ____.

A

lipids; yellow marrow

47
Q

Which term refers to the plasma
membrane of a muscle cell?

A

sarcolemma

48
Q

ATP binds to what

A

myosin heads

49
Q

when is energy released

A

ATP splits into ADP and P

50
Q

In what type of muscle contraction
does tension rise and the skeletal muscle
length shorten, moving a load?

A

isotonic

51
Q

Which of these occurs when a
second stimulus arrives before the muscle
relaxes completely?

A

a second more poerful contraction

52
Q

What term refers to a chronic,
continual, low-level contraction that keeps
muscles firm without producing movement?

A

tone

53
Q

What is the source of 95 percent of
the energy demand for resting muscle?

A

aerobic metabolism

54
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has the
highest concentration of myoglobin?

A

slow fibers

55
Q

What covers the surface of bone at
the articulating surfaces within a synovial
joint?

A

articular cartilage

56
Q

What is a bursa composed of?

A

synovial membrane

57
Q

Three phases of twitch
Sliding filament theory

A
  1. Latent period
  2. Contraction phase
  3. Relaxation phase
58
Q

Latent period steps (5)

A
  1. AP moves through sarcolemma and down T tubules
  2. Ca is released from SR
  3. Ca binds to troponin
  4. Troponin changes shape and pulls tropomyosin off binding site on actin
  5. Myosin tails flex causing it to bind to actin, forming cross bridges
59
Q

Contraction phase steps (2)

A
  1. Myosin heads flex using ATP, causing actin to slide across myosin
  2. Tension builds to peak of contraction
60
Q

Relaxation phase (3)

A
  1. Ca levels fall as ATP is used to pump it back into the SR
  2. ATP is used to disconnect myosin from actin
  3. Active sites are covered and muscle is relaxed
61
Q

What is muscle fatigue

A

When muscles can no longer perform a required activity

62
Q

Results of muscle fatigue

A
  • depletion of metabolic reserves
  • damage to sarcolemma and SR
  • low pH
  • muscle exhaustion and pain
63
Q

Muscle fatigue occurs when

A
  • ATP production too slow
  • lactic acid buildup
  • sodium/potassium pumps can’t restore ionic balances quickly enough
64
Q

What do skeletal muscles at rest do

A

Metabolize fatty acids and store glycogen
(Muscle fibers produce more ATP than they need, using the extra to make creative phosphate)

65
Q

Muscles generate ATP through

A

Anaerobic break down of amino acids, carbs, lipids

66
Q

Anaerobic activities use ____ fibers, and ______ quickly

A

Fast
Fatigue

67
Q

Aerobic activities are supported by the ______, and require ______ and ______

A

Mitochondria
Oxygen, nutrients

68
Q

Effects of aging on the muscular system

A
  • muscle fibers become smaller
  • less elastic
  • low exercise tolerance
  • low ability to recover
69
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane
- flat bones

70
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
- long bones

71
Q

Endochondral ossification steps (5).

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage is used as a model
  2. Primary ossification center appears in diaphysis
  3. Woven bone, periosteum, bone collar forms, red marrow appears
  4. Medullary cavity is formed
  5. 2nd ossification center forms in the epiphysis
72
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds the outside of a muscle and separates the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs

A

Epimysium

73
Q

Composed of mostly actin module uses wrapping in troponin and tropomysoin

A

Thin filaments

74
Q

Composed mostly of myosin molecules

A

Thick filaments

75
Q

The repeating functional units of a skeletal muscle that shorten during a muscle congestion

A

Sarcomeres

76
Q

The chemical neurotransmitter that is stores in synaptic terminals and is used by neurons to stimulate skeletal mucks fibers to contract

A

Acetylcholine

77
Q

Molecule that provides energy for contraction

A

ATP

78
Q

Molecule that can be stored in muscle and quickly transfer energy back to ATP to recharge it

A

Creatine phosphate

79
Q

5 muscular system functions

A
  • movement
  • posture / position
  • support soft tissue
  • guard entrances and exits
  • body temp
80
Q

5 skeletal system functions

A
  • support
  • mineral storage
  • blood cell production
  • leverage
  • protection
81
Q

Tissue that covers the surface of a bone and becomes intermingled with fibers from ligaments and tendons to provide support

A

Periosteum

82
Q

Basic functional unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

83
Q

Where are blood cells produced

A

Red bone marrow

84
Q

Osteoblasts ____ while osteoclasts _____

A

Build
Break down

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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