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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

During the recovery period, which cells
convert lactic acid back to pyruvate?

A

liver cells

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2
Q

The active sites along the thin filaments are
covered by strands of the protein called

A

tropomysoin

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3
Q

During muscle contraction, calcium ions bind
to what?

A

troponin

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4
Q

Fast-twitch muscle fibers produce ____
contractions.

A

powerful

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5
Q

Although skeletal muscles are typically voluntary muscles,
what is an example of involuntary skeletal
muscle?

A

diaphragm

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6
Q

What are functions of the skeletal muscle?

A
  • maintain body temperature
  • support soft tissues
  • guard entrances and exits
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7
Q

Aerobic endurance is determined by the availability of substrates for aerobic metabolism from the breakdown of
what?

A
  • amino acids
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
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8
Q

what occurs at the skin surface and removes
the excess heat generated by muscular activity?

A

evaporation

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9
Q

In order to function in pumping blood, cardiac muscle tissue cannot undergo

A

tetanus

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10
Q

Regarding sarcomeres, thick filaments are
contained in which band?

A

A band

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11
Q

What name is given for the point of
attachment of a muscle on the movable end

A

insertion

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12
Q

example of an axial muscle

A

sternocleidomastoid

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13
Q

Which muscle originates on the
zygomatic arch and inserts on the mandible?

A

masseter

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14
Q

what flexes and rotates
the neck?

A

sternocleidomastoid

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15
Q

what muscle is involved with protraction
of the shoulder, as when throwing a boxing punch?

A

serratus anterior

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16
Q

The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the
________.

A

sarcomere

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17
Q

Interactions between thin and thick myofilaments of the sarcomere are responsible for ________.

A

muscle contraction

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18
Q

The elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the _________.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

Which ion links excitation to contraction in a
skeletal muscle fiber?

A

calcium

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20
Q

What type of ion channel opens in response to an action potential arriving at the axon terminal?

A

voltage-gated calcium

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21
Q

At the neuromuscular junction, calcium ions act
to ________.

A

release synaptic vesicles from the axon terminal

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22
Q

What specific term refers to the
breakdown of organic substances?

A

catabolism

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23
Q

What is the final electron acceptor
involved with the electron transport chain?

A

oxygen

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24
Q

In which of these regions of the digestive
tract does carbohydrate digestion first begin?

A

mouth

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25
Under what condition do most body cells absorb glucose from the blood?
When insulin binds to a cell’s glucose transporters
26
What is the term used to describe the process of synthesizing glucose from smaller carbon chains (non-carbohydrates)?
gluconeogenesis
27
what does NOT secrete a substance involved in lipid digestion?
stomach
28
example of a water-soluble vitamin
vitamin c
29
what has the highest per- weight caloric content?
fats
30
Put the following terms in order from the smallest muscle component to the largest: * Fascicle, myofibril, muscle fiber, myosin.
myosin, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle
31
what are the three muscle tissue types?
skeletal smooth caridac
32
what term refers to a muscle cell
muscle fiber
33
The smallest functional unit of a muscle are known as?
sarcomeres
34
what step in cell respiration yields the most ATP?
ETC
35
what is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during a muscle contraction?
calcium
36
A high energy molecule found in skeletal muscle that can quickly be used to regenerate ATP is?
creatine phosphate
37
During a muscle contraction, ______ is required as a neurotransmitter.
acetylcholine
38
Identify the joint present between the atlas and axis.
pivot
39
The connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fassicle is known
perimysium
40
what is an example of an amphiarthrosis?
pubic symphis
41
What causes myosin heads to bind to actin?
ca ions binding to troponin
42
The membrane surrounding a bone is known as the?
periosteum
43
Blood calcium levels begin to fall and there’s no food in sight, which hormone may be released as a result ?
parathyroid
44
The skeletal system is largely under the physiological control of which system?
endocrine
45
The cells responsible for osteogenesis, which promote the deposition of calcium salts in the organic matrix, are called __________.
osteoblasts
46
Bones store energy reserves as ____ in areas filled with ____.
lipids; yellow marrow
47
Which term refers to the plasma membrane of a muscle cell?
sarcolemma
48
ATP binds to what
myosin heads
49
when is energy released
ATP splits into ADP and P
50
In what type of muscle contraction does tension rise and the skeletal muscle length shorten, moving a load?
isotonic
51
Which of these occurs when a second stimulus arrives before the muscle relaxes completely?
a second more poerful contraction
52
What term refers to a chronic, continual, low-level contraction that keeps muscles firm without producing movement?
tone
53
What is the source of 95 percent of the energy demand for resting muscle?
aerobic metabolism
54
Which type of muscle fiber has the highest concentration of myoglobin?
slow fibers
55
What covers the surface of bone at the articulating surfaces within a synovial joint?
articular cartilage
56
What is a bursa composed of?
synovial membrane
57
Three phases of twitch Sliding filament theory
1. Latent period 2. Contraction phase 3. Relaxation phase
58
Latent period steps (5)
1. AP moves through sarcolemma and down T tubules 2. Ca is released from SR 3. Ca binds to troponin 4. Troponin changes shape and pulls tropomyosin off binding site on actin 5. Myosin tails flex causing it to bind to actin, forming cross bridges
59
Contraction phase steps (2)
1. Myosin heads flex using ATP, causing actin to slide across myosin 2. Tension builds to peak of contraction
60
Relaxation phase (3)
1. Ca levels fall as ATP is used to pump it back into the SR 2. ATP is used to disconnect myosin from actin 3. Active sites are covered and muscle is relaxed
61
What is muscle fatigue
When muscles can no longer perform a required activity
62
Results of muscle fatigue
- depletion of metabolic reserves - damage to sarcolemma and SR - low pH - muscle exhaustion and pain
63
Muscle fatigue occurs when
- ATP production too slow - lactic acid buildup - sodium/potassium pumps can’t restore ionic balances quickly enough
64
What do skeletal muscles at rest do
Metabolize fatty acids and store glycogen (Muscle fibers produce more ATP than they need, using the extra to make creative phosphate)
65
Muscles generate ATP through
Anaerobic break down of amino acids, carbs, lipids
66
Anaerobic activities use ____ fibers, and ______ quickly
Fast Fatigue
67
Aerobic activities are supported by the ______, and require ______ and ______
Mitochondria Oxygen, nutrients
68
Effects of aging on the muscular system
- muscle fibers become smaller - less elastic - low exercise tolerance - low ability to recover
69
Intramembranous ossification
Bone develops from a fibrous membrane - flat bones
70
Endochondral ossification
Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage - long bones
71
Endochondral ossification steps (5).
1. Hyaline cartilage is used as a model 2. Primary ossification center appears in diaphysis 3. Woven bone, periosteum, bone collar forms, red marrow appears 4. Medullary cavity is formed 5. 2nd ossification center forms in the epiphysis
72
Connective tissue that surrounds the outside of a muscle and separates the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs
Epimysium
73
Composed of mostly actin module uses wrapping in troponin and tropomysoin
Thin filaments
74
Composed mostly of myosin molecules
Thick filaments
75
The repeating functional units of a skeletal muscle that shorten during a muscle congestion
Sarcomeres
76
The chemical neurotransmitter that is stores in synaptic terminals and is used by neurons to stimulate skeletal mucks fibers to contract
Acetylcholine
77
Molecule that provides energy for contraction
ATP
78
Molecule that can be stored in muscle and quickly transfer energy back to ATP to recharge it
Creatine phosphate
79
5 muscular system functions
- movement - posture / position - support soft tissue - guard entrances and exits - body temp
80
5 skeletal system functions
- support - mineral storage - blood cell production - leverage - protection
81
Tissue that covers the surface of a bone and becomes intermingled with fibers from ligaments and tendons to provide support
Periosteum
82
Basic functional unit of compact bone
Osteon
83
Where are blood cells produced
Red bone marrow
84
Osteoblasts ____ while osteoclasts _____
Build Break down

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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