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HLTH 231 > Module 8: Understanding Your Sexuality > Flashcards

Module 8: Understanding Your Sexuality Flashcards

1
Q

define sexuality

A
  • all thoughts, feelings, and behaviors associated with being male or female
  • experiencing attraction
  • being in love
  • being in relationships that include sexual intimacy
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2
Q

define sexual identity

A
  • recognition and acknowledgment of oneself as a sexual being
  • determined by complex interaction of genetic, physiological, environmental, and social factors
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3
Q

when does the beginning of sexual identity occur

A
  • conception
  • combining of chromosomes that determine sex
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4
Q

define intersexuality

A
  • chromosomes added, lost, or rearranged
  • sex of baby is not clear
  • aka disorders of sexual development
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5
Q

what is the range of babies born with disorders of sexual development

A

1 in 1500 to 1 in 4500 births

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6
Q

when are gonads (reproductive organs) developed

A

8th week of fetal life

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7
Q

what are the primary female sex hormones

A

estrogen and progesterone

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8
Q

what is the primary male sex hormone

A

testosterone

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9
Q

where are hormones released during puberty that stimulate the release of sex hormones from the testes/ovaries

A

pituitary gland

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10
Q

what are male secondary sex characteristics

A
  • deepening of voice
  • development of facial and body hair
  • growth of skeleton and musculature
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11
Q

what are female secondary sex characteristics

A
  • growth of breasts
  • widening of hips
  • development of public and underarm hair
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12
Q

define gender

A

characteristics and actions typically associated with men or women as defined by the culture in which one lives

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13
Q

define gender roles

A

behavior and activities we use to express masculinity or femininity in ways that conform to society’s expectations

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14
Q

define androgyny

A

combination of traditional masculine and feminine traits in a single person

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15
Q

define gender identity

A
  • person’s sense of awareness of being masculine or feminine
  • does not always match biological sex (transgender)
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16
Q

define sexual orientation

A

person’s enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to others

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17
Q

how many hate crimes in the US are related to sexual orientation

A

21%

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18
Q

what three factors help to best understand sexual orientation

A
  • biological
  • psychological
  • socio-environmental
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19
Q

what structures are included in the term vulva

A
  • mons pubis
  • labia minora and majora
  • clitoris
  • urethral and vaginal openings
  • vestibule of the vagina and its glands
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20
Q

define mons pubis

A
  • pad of fatty tissue covering and protecting the public bone
  • covered with hair after puberty
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21
Q

define labia majora

A

folds of skin and erectile tissue that enclose the urethral and vaginal openings

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22
Q

define labia minora

A

folds of mucous membrane found just inside the labia majora

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23
Q

define clitoris

A
  • upper end of labia minora and beneath mons pubis
  • provides sexual pleasure
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24
Q

define hymen

A
  • covers vaginal opening in some women
  • thin membrane
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25
Q

define vagina

A
  • muscular, tubular organ
    passageway from uterus to the outside of the body
  • allows menstrual flow to exit
  • receives penis during intercourse
  • birth canal during childbirth
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26
Q

define uterus/womb

A
  • hollow, muscular organ
  • inner lining called endometrium
  • endometrium receives hormones that tell it to either prepare for implantation and development of fertilized egg or signal no fertilization which causes menstrual flow
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27
Q

define cervix

A

lower end of uterus

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28
Q

define ovaries

A
  • on either side of uterus
  • produce hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and small amounts of testosterone)
  • reservoir for immature eggs
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29
Q

define fallopian tubes

A
  • two thin and flexible tubes extending from upper end of the uterus
  • do not touch ovaries
  • capture eggs as they are released
  • where sperm and egg meet and fertilization occurs
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30
Q

what hormone does the hypothalamus secrete in girls at the onset of puberty and what does it do

A
  • gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH)
  • signals pituitary gland to release hormones
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31
Q

what hormones does the pituitary gland release in girls at the onset of puberty after being signaled by GnRH and what do they do

A
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • signal ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone
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32
Q

what does estrogen do

A
  • regulates menstrual cycle
  • development of secondary sex characteristics in females
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33
Q

what does progesterone do

A
  • helps endometrium to develop in preparation for fertilized egg
  • maintains pregnancy
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34
Q

what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle

A
  • proliferative phase
  • secretory phase
  • menstrual phase
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35
Q

what happens during the proliferative phase

A
  • end of menstruation
  • hypothalamus senses low blood levels of estrogen and progesterone
  • increase secretions of GnRH
  • GnRH signals pituitary gland to release FSH
  • FSH signals ovarian follicles to being maturing and producing estrogen
  • endometrium proliferates
  • high estrogen levels signal pituitary gland to slow FSH production and increase release of LH
  • mature ovarian follicle ruptures and releases mature ovum (ovulation)
36
Q

what happens during the secretory phase

A
  • ovum remains in ovary and is transformed into corpus luteum which starts to secrete large amounts of estrogen and progesterone
  • hormone secretions peak at day 20 to 21 of the average cycle
  • endometrium thickens
  • if fertilization occurs, cells around the embryo release human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone which signals pituitary gland to not start new cycle
  • if fertilization doesn’t occur, the hypothalamus signals pituitary gland to stop producing FSH and LH which causes progesterone levels to peak and corpus luteum decomposes
37
Q

what happens during the menstrual phase

A
  • endometrium sloughs off from decline of estrogen and progesterone
  • hypothalamus releases GnRH and cycle starts again
38
Q

define premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A
  • collection of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that many women experience
  • 7 to 14 days prior to menstrual period
  • tender breasts, bloating, food cravings, fatigue, irritability, depression
39
Q

what percent of women experience at least one PMS symptom

A

85%

40
Q

define premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

A
  • PMS symptoms severe enough to affect daily routines and activities
  • severe depression, hopelessness, anger, anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, irritability, tension
41
Q

what percent of women have PMDD

A

5-8%

42
Q

ways to manage PMS

A
  • eating healthy carbs (grains, fruits, vegetables)
  • reducing caffeine and salt intake
  • exercising
  • measures to reducing stress
43
Q

define dysmenorrhea

A
  • menstrual cramps
  • pain or discomfort in lower abdomen before or during menstrual period
44
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary dysmenorrhea

A
  • primary: no physical abnormality, beings 6 months to a year after first period
  • secondary: underlying physical cause (endometriosis or uterine fibroids)
45
Q

how does birth control help menstrual cramps

A
  • prevents ovulation
  • fewer prostaglandins to trigger muscle contractions
46
Q

define toxic shock syndrome

A
  • caused by bacterial infection facilitated by use of tampon
  • symptoms occur during or few days after period
  • symptoms mimic the flu
47
Q

define menopause

A
  • permanent cessation of menstruation
  • decrease of estrogen
48
Q

define perimenopause

A
  • 4 to 6 years preceding menopause
  • between 45 and 55 years of age
  • hormonal changes take place that cause menstrual cycle and flow to become irregular
49
Q

what is used to relieve menopausal symptoms

A
  • hormone replacement therapy
  • synthetic forms of estrogen and progesterone
50
Q

what structures secrete components that help make semen

A
  • accessory glands:
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • Cowper’s glands
51
Q

define penis

A
  • deposits sperm in the vagina during intercourse
  • urethra passes through the center and moves urine and semen to the outside of the body
  • spongy tissue in the penis fills with blood during sexual arousal
52
Q

define ejaculation

A
  • series of rapid, spasmodic contractions
  • propels semen put of the penis
53
Q

define scrotum

A
  • protects testes
  • maintains ideal temperature for sperm production by raising to body or lowering away
54
Q

define testes

A

manufacture sperm and testosterone

55
Q

define spermatogenesis

A
  • development of sperm
  • governed by pituitary gland and FSH
56
Q

define epididymis

A
  • in the back of each testis
  • where immature sperm are released and ripen to full maturity
57
Q

define vas deferens

A
  • tubular transport for storing and moving sperm
  • connect epididymis to ejaculatory ducts
58
Q

what structure provides sperm with nutrients and other fluids to create semen

A

seminal vesicles

59
Q

define prostate gland

A
  • contributes more fluids to the semen
  • chemicals that help sperm fertilize ovum and neutralize acidic environment of vagina
60
Q

define Cowper’s glands

A
  • secrete preejaculate fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any acid that may remain in the urethra after urination
61
Q

how many babies in the US are now circumcised

A

60%

62
Q

what are the medical benefits of circumcision

A
  • decreased risk of UTI in the first year
  • decreased risk of penile cancer
  • decreased risk of sexual transmission of HPV and HIV
63
Q

what are the four categories of sexual response

A
  • excitement/arousal
  • plateau
  • orgasm
  • resolution
64
Q

what happens during the first phase of sexual response

A
  • excitement/arousal
  • vasocongestion (blood flow to genitals)
  • vagina lubricates; penis becomes erect
  • breathing and heart rate speed up
65
Q

what happens during the second phase of sexual response

A
  • plateau
  • initial responses continue and intensify
  • penis secretes preejaculatory fluid
  • uterus rises, vagina swells with increased blood flow, and clitoris retracts under clitoral hood
66
Q

what happens during the third phase of sexual response

A
  • orgasmic
  • vasocongestion and muscle tension reach peak
  • rhythmic contractions occur through genital regions
  • contractions in uterus, outer vagina, and anal sphincter in women
  • contractions first in prostate gland then muscles of pelvic floor, urethra, and anal sphincter in men
67
Q

what happens during the fourth stage of sexual response

A
  • resolution
  • muscle tension and vasocongestion subside
  • feelings of well-being and profound relaxation
  • men experience refractory phase where they can’t get subsequent arousal for minutes to hours
68
Q

what are the four categories of sexual dysfunction

A
  • desire disorders
  • arousal disorders
  • orgasmic disorders
  • pain disorders
69
Q

define celibacy

A
  • abstention from all sexual activities
  • including masturbation is complete celibacy
  • only abstention from activities with another person (partial celibacy)
70
Q

define abstinence

A
  • avoidance of intercourse: oral, vaginal, or anal
  • can engage in other sexual behaviors such as kissing, touching, or masturbation
71
Q

how many college students report being abstinent

A

30%

72
Q

define autoerotic behaviors

A
  • sexual self-stimulation
  • sexual fantasy and masturbation
73
Q

define sexual fantasy

A
  • sexually arousing thoughts and dreams
  • does not mean you what to or have to act out the experience
74
Q

define masturbation

A
  • self-stimulation of the genitals
  • natural behavior in children and infants
75
Q

what are the 3 times consent cannot be given

A
  • underage
  • drunk
  • under pressure
76
Q

define erogenous zones

A
  • areas of the body that when touched lead to sexual arousal
  • can include genitals and nongenital areas
77
Q

what is the difference between cunnilingus and fellatio

A
  • cunnilingus: oral stimulation of women’s genitals
  • fellatio: oral stimulation of men’s genitals
78
Q

what is the most frequently practiced form of sexual expression

A

vaginal intercourse

79
Q

what percent of college students report having had oral sex in the past month

A

45.5%

80
Q

what percent of college students report having had vaginal intercourse in the past month

A

49.2%

81
Q

what percent of college students report having had anal sex in the past month

A

5.2%

82
Q

why is it so important to wear protection during anal sex

A
  • delicate tissues of the anus are more likely to tear than vaginal tissues
  • increases risk of HIV and other STIs
83
Q

define variant sexual behavior

A
  • less common sexual activities
  • group sex, swinging, BDSM
84
Q

is alcohol or date rape drugs more commonly associated with sexual assault

A

alcohol

85
Q

what is included in healthy and responsible sexuality

A
  • good communication
  • acknowledging that you are a sexual person
  • understanding sexual structures and their functions
  • accepting and embracing your gender identity and sexual orientation
86
Q

what is the purpose of the CERTS model

A

used for evaluating sexual behaviors as healthy or unhealthy for you

87
Q

what does CERTS stand for

A
  • consent
  • equality
  • respect
  • trust
  • safety

HLTH 231 (14 decks)

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