Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HLTH 231 > Module 14: Reducing Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer and Minimizing Your Risk for Diabetes > Flashcards

Module 14: Reducing Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer and Minimizing Your Risk for Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

define global burden of disease (GBD)

A
  • method of quantifying the burden of premature morbidity, disability, and death for a given disease or disease groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define disability adjusted years (DALYs)

A
  • how global burden of disease is measured
  • measure of overall disease burden expressed as the number of years lost due to ill health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the leading cause of death in the world

A
  • cardiovascular disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

who has the worst prognosis once cardiovascular disease or cancer are diagnosed

A
  • people living in poverty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define chronic disease

A
  • illness that is prolonged
  • does not resolve spontaneously
  • rarely cured
  • cardiovascular disease and cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A
  • disease of the heart and blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what did the AHA report about CVD death rates in 2015

A
  • death rates from CVD had declined by 33% in the last decade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many death is the US have CVD as the underling cause

A
  • one third
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)

A
  • absence of clinical indicators of CVD
  • presence of certain behavioral and health metrics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 7 behavioral and health factors present in ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)

A
  • not smoking
  • recommended physical activity
  • healthy diet pattern
  • healthy weight
  • having optimal total cholesterol without medication
  • having optimal blood pressure without medication
  • having optimal fasting blood glucose without medication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define cardiovascular system

A
  • organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels
  • transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones, metabolic wastes, and enzymes throughout the body
  • regulates body temperature, cellular waster levels, and acidity levels of body components
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many quarts of blood does a human contain

A
  • 6 quarts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define atria and ventricles

A
  • atria: two upper chambers that receive blood
  • ventricles: two lower chambers that pump blood through the blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 4 steps in heart function

A
  • deoxygenated blood enters right atrium
  • blood moves to right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where it receives oxygen
  • oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium
  • blood moves to left ventricle and is pumped through the aorta to the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules

A
  • arteries: carry blood away from the heart
  • arterioles: branches of arteries
  • veins: carry blood back to the heart
  • venules: branches of veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which artery is the only one to carry deoxygenated blood

A
  • pulmonary artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

defien capillaries

A
  • tiny blood vessels that branch out from arterioles and venules
  • thin walls that allow exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define the sinoatrial node (SA node)

A
  • cluster of electric pulses
  • pacemaker of the heart
  • where electrical signal starts that pumps the heart
  • located in the right atrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define hypertension

A
  • sustained high blood pressure
  • known as silent killer because it has few overt symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define systolic blood pressure

A
  • upper number in fraction
  • indicates pressure of walls of arteries when heart contracts
  • increases with age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define diastolic blood pressure

A
  • lower number in fraction
  • indicates pressure of walls of arteries when heart relaxes
  • increases until age 55, then decreases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define arteriosclerosis

A
  • general term for thickening and hardening of the arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define atheroscleosis

A
  • type of arteriosclerosis
  • deposits of plaque (fatty substances) in the inner lining of an artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define ischemia

A
  • reduced oxygen supply to a body part or organ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

define peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A
  • atherosclerosis occurring in the extremities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

define coronary herat disease

A
  • narrowing of eh small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart
  • greatest killer of all cardiovascular diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A
  • blockage of normal blood supply to an area in the heart
  • area of heart suffers permanent damage because normal blood supply is blocked
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

define angina pectoris

A
  • symptom of coronary heart disease
  • chest pain occurring as a result of reduced oxygen flow to the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what medications can treat mild cases of angina

A
  • nitroglycerin
  • calcium channel blockers
  • beta blockers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

define arrhythmia

A
  • irregularity in heartbeat when electrical impulses in the heart don’t work properly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

define fibrillation

A
  • sporadic quivering pattern of heartbeat that results in extreme inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system
  • can be fatal if untreated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

define congestive heart failure (CHF)

A
  • abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping and blood flow
  • pooling blood leads to congestion in body tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

treatments for congestive heart failure (CHF)

A
  • diuretics
  • digitalis
  • vasodilators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

define stroke

A
  • brain damaged by disrupted blood supply
  • ischemic (caused by plaque formation or clot) or hemorrhagic (caused by blood vessel bursting)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

define aneurysm

A
  • weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and burst
  • type of hemorrhagic stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

define transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A
  • precede stroke
  • brief interruption of the blood supply yo the brain that causes temporary impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

define FAST

A
  • tool to assess strokes
  • F: facial droop
  • A: arm weakness
  • S: speech difficulty
  • T: time to act and call 911
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

define cardiometabolic risks

A
  • risk factors that impact both the cardiovascular system and the body’s biochemical metabolic processes
  • lead to CVD and type 2 diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

define metabolic syndrome

A
  • group of metabolic conditions occurring together that increases a person’s risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the 5 risks for metabolic syndrome

A
  • abdominal obesity
  • elevated blood fat (triglycerides)
  • lows levels of HDL
  • elevated blood pressure
  • elevated fasting blood glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

modifiable risk factors for CVD

A
  • tobacco use
  • consumption of saturated fats and cholesterol
  • weight
  • exercise
  • controlling diabetes
  • controlling blood pressure
  • managing stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

nonmodifiable risk factors for CVD

A
  • race and ethnicity
  • heredity/family history
  • age
  • gender
43
Q

define c-reactive proteins

A
  • protein whose blood levels rise in response to inflammation
44
Q

define PLAC

A
  • test measuring activity of inflammatory enzymes in the blood that cause plaque to form
45
Q

define homocysteine

A
  • amino acid normally present in the blood
  • may be related to risk of CVD in high levels
46
Q

what drugs are common in treating CVD

A
  • statins
  • ACE inhibitors
  • beta blockers
47
Q

define electroencephalogram (EEG)

A
  • records electrical activity of the heart
  • may be measured during a stress test
48
Q

define angiography

A
  • technique for examining blockages in heart arteries
49
Q

define coronary bypass surgery

A
  • blood vessel taken from another part of the body and implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery
50
Q

defien angioplasty

A
  • catheter with a balloon at the end is inserted into a clogged artery
  • balloon is inflated to flatten fatty deposits against artery walls
  • stent is inserted to keep artery open
51
Q

define thrombolysis

A
  • injection of an agent to dissolve clots and restore some blood flow
52
Q

define 5-year survival rates

A
  • percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive 5 years after they were diagnosed with or treated for cancer
53
Q

define remission

A
  • temporary or permanent period when cancer is responding to treatment and under control
54
Q

define lifetime risk

A
  • probability that a person will develop or die from cancer
55
Q

define cancer

A
  • large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
56
Q

define neoplasm

A
  • new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function
  • results from uncontrolled and abnormal cellular development
57
Q

define tumor

A
  • neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue
58
Q

define malignant

A
  • very dangerous or harmful
  • refers to cancerous tumor
  • note enclosed in capsule so they can spread to other organs
59
Q

define benign

A
  • harmless
  • refers to noncancerous tumor
  • ordinary looking cells enclosed in fibrous shell or capsule
60
Q

define biopsy

A
  • microscopic examination of tissue to determine whether a cancer is present
61
Q

define metastasis

A
  • process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body
62
Q

define mutant cells

A
  • cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells
63
Q

define cancer staging

A
  • classification system that describes how far a person’s disease has advanced
64
Q

define the TNM system for cancer staging

A
  • T: extent of primary tumor, type of cells, size, and reach
  • N: extent of spread to regional lymph nodes
  • M: metastasis
65
Q

what are the two categories of causes of cancer

A
  • hereditary
  • acquired
66
Q

lifestyle risks for cancer

A
  • tobacco use
  • nutrition
  • physical activity
  • obesity
67
Q

genetic and physiological risks for cancer

A
  • genes (oncogenes, BRCA gene)
  • reproductive and hormonal factors (menstruation, birth control)
  • chronic inflammation
68
Q

define oncogenes

A
  • suspected cancer-causing genes
  • typically dormant
  • activated by certain condition such as age, stress, and exposure to carcinogens
69
Q

occupational and environmental risks for cancer

A
  • exposure to asbestos
  • exposure to certain chemicals
  • radiation
70
Q

examples of infectious diseases that cause cancer

A
  • H. pylori: stomach cancer
  • Hep B and C: liver cancer
  • human papillomavirus: cervical cancer
71
Q

what are the four categories of cancers

A
  • carcinomas
  • sarcomas
  • lymphomas
  • leukemias
72
Q

define carcinomas

A
  • common in epithelial tissues
  • affect outer layer of skin, mouth, and mucous membranes
  • metastasize through circulatory or lymphatic system
  • form solid tumors
73
Q

define sarcomas

A
  • occur in mesodermal (middle) layers of tissue: bones, muscles, connective tissues
  • metastasize through the blood
  • less common but more virulent than carcinomas
  • form solid tumors
74
Q

define lymphomas

A
  • develop and metastasize in lymphatic system
  • form solid tumors
75
Q

define leukemias

A
  • cancers in blood-forming parts of the body: bone marrow and spleen
  • nonsolid tumor
  • increases WBCs
76
Q

what is the leading cause of cancer deaths for men and women in the US

A
  • lung cancer
77
Q

what are the 4 warning signs of melanoma

A
  • asymmetry
  • border irregularity
  • color
  • diameter
78
Q

define prostate specific antigen

A
  • antigen found in prostate cancer patients
79
Q

define pap test

A
  • procedure in which cells taken from the cervical region are examined for abnormal activity
80
Q

define magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A
  • device uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computers to generate an image of internal tissues of the body for diagnostic purposes without the use of radiation
81
Q

define computed tomography (CT) scan

A
  • scan by machine that uses radiation to view internal organs not normally visible on x-ray images
82
Q

define stereotactic radiosurgery/gamma knife surgery

A
  • type of radiation therapy that can be used to zap tumors using gamma radiation
83
Q

define radiotherapy

A
  • use of radiation to kill cancerous cells
84
Q

define chemotherapy

A
  • use of drugs to kill cancerous cells
  • necessary when cancer has spread through the body
85
Q

define diabetes mellitus

A
  • group of diseases characterized by elevated blood glucose levels
  • diabetes: to flow through
  • mellitus: sweet
86
Q

define hyperglycemia

A
  • elevated blood glucose level
87
Q

define pancreas

A
  • organ that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and hormones (insulin) into the bloodstream
88
Q

define insulin

A
  • hormone secreted by pancreas
  • required by body cells for the uptake and storage of glucose
89
Q

define type 1 diabetes

A
  • more serious and less prevalent than type 2
  • insulin-dependent diabetes
  • autoimmune disease
  • body attacks insulin-making cells in the pancreas so insulin cannot be made and cells cannot take in glucose
90
Q

define type 2 diabetes

A
  • non-insulin dependent diabetes
  • 90-95% of all diabetes cases
  • pancreas doesn’t make sufficient insulin or body cells are resistant to its effects
91
Q

define insulin resistance

A
  • state in which body cells fail to respond to the effects of insulin
  • obesity increases the risk that cells will become insulin resistant
92
Q

describe the development of type 2 diabetes

A
  • develops slowly
  • may start with insulin resistance and progress to not making insulin at all
93
Q

nonmodifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes

A
  • older age
  • white, native american, and black ethnicity
  • genetic and biological factors: family history
94
Q

modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes

A
  • overweight or obese: BMI over 25, excess weight around waistline (central adiposity)
  • bad dietary choices
  • little physical activity
  • inadequate sleep patterns
  • high stress level
95
Q

define prediabetes

A
  • blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diabetes
  • most people unaware that they have it
96
Q

define gestational diabetes

A
  • women who have never had diabetes have high blood sugar during pregnancy
  • 40-50% develop type 2 diabetes if they don’t make lifestyle changes
  • causes birth of large babies with potential malformations
97
Q

symptoms of both type 1 and 2 diabetes

A
  • thirst
  • excessive urination
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
  • nerve damage
  • blurred vision
  • poor wound healing and increased infections
98
Q

complications of diabetes

A
  • diabetic coma (diabetic ketoacidosis)
  • cardiovascular disease
  • kidney disease
  • amputations
  • eye disease and blindness
  • infectious diseases
  • tooth and gum diseases
99
Q

tests used to diagnose diabetes

A
  • fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
  • oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
  • A1C
100
Q

describe the fasting plasma glucose test

A
  • patient fasts for 8 to 10 hours
  • small sample of blood tested for glucose concentration
  • over 126 mg/dL indicates diabetes
101
Q

describe the oral glucose tolerance test

A
  • patient drinks concentrated glucose
  • blood sample drawn 2 hours after drinking
  • over 200 mg/dL indicates diabetes
102
Q

describe the A1C test

A
  • gives average value of patient’s blood glucose over the past 2 to 3 months
  • over 6.5 indicates diabetes
  • estimated average glucose (eAG) shows how A1C numbers correspond to blood glucose numbers
103
Q

lifestyle changes to treat diabetes

A
  • losing weight
  • adopting a healthy diet (whole grains, high-fiber foods, fatty fish)
  • increasing physical fitness
104
Q

medical interventions to treat diabetes

A
  • oral medications
  • weight loss surgery
  • insulin injections

HLTH 231 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions