Module 14: Reducing Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer and Minimizing Your Risk for Diabetes Flashcards
define global burden of disease (GBD)
- method of quantifying the burden of premature morbidity, disability, and death for a given disease or disease groups
define disability adjusted years (DALYs)
- how global burden of disease is measured
- measure of overall disease burden expressed as the number of years lost due to ill health
what is the leading cause of death in the world
- cardiovascular disease
who has the worst prognosis once cardiovascular disease or cancer are diagnosed
- people living in poverty
define chronic disease
- illness that is prolonged
- does not resolve spontaneously
- rarely cured
- cardiovascular disease and cancer
define cardiovascular disease (CVD)
- disease of the heart and blood vessels
what did the AHA report about CVD death rates in 2015
- death rates from CVD had declined by 33% in the last decade
how many death is the US have CVD as the underling cause
- one third
define ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)
- absence of clinical indicators of CVD
- presence of certain behavioral and health metrics
what are the 7 behavioral and health factors present in ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)
- not smoking
- recommended physical activity
- healthy diet pattern
- healthy weight
- having optimal total cholesterol without medication
- having optimal blood pressure without medication
- having optimal fasting blood glucose without medication
define cardiovascular system
- organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels
- transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones, metabolic wastes, and enzymes throughout the body
- regulates body temperature, cellular waster levels, and acidity levels of body components
how many quarts of blood does a human contain
- 6 quarts
define atria and ventricles
- atria: two upper chambers that receive blood
- ventricles: two lower chambers that pump blood through the blood vessels
what are the 4 steps in heart function
- deoxygenated blood enters right atrium
- blood moves to right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where it receives oxygen
- oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium
- blood moves to left ventricle and is pumped through the aorta to the body
define arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules
- arteries: carry blood away from the heart
- arterioles: branches of arteries
- veins: carry blood back to the heart
- venules: branches of veins
which artery is the only one to carry deoxygenated blood
- pulmonary artery
defien capillaries
- tiny blood vessels that branch out from arterioles and venules
- thin walls that allow exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products
define the sinoatrial node (SA node)
- cluster of electric pulses
- pacemaker of the heart
- where electrical signal starts that pumps the heart
- located in the right atrium
define hypertension
- sustained high blood pressure
- known as silent killer because it has few overt symptoms
define systolic blood pressure
- upper number in fraction
- indicates pressure of walls of arteries when heart contracts
- increases with age
define diastolic blood pressure
- lower number in fraction
- indicates pressure of walls of arteries when heart relaxes
- increases until age 55, then decreases
define arteriosclerosis
- general term for thickening and hardening of the arteries
define atheroscleosis
- type of arteriosclerosis
- deposits of plaque (fatty substances) in the inner lining of an artery
define ischemia
- reduced oxygen supply to a body part or organ
define peripheral artery disease (PAD)
- atherosclerosis occurring in the extremities
define coronary herat disease
- narrowing of eh small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart
- greatest killer of all cardiovascular diseases
define myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- blockage of normal blood supply to an area in the heart
- area of heart suffers permanent damage because normal blood supply is blocked
define angina pectoris
- symptom of coronary heart disease
- chest pain occurring as a result of reduced oxygen flow to the heart
what medications can treat mild cases of angina
- nitroglycerin
- calcium channel blockers
- beta blockers
define arrhythmia
- irregularity in heartbeat when electrical impulses in the heart don’t work properly
define fibrillation
- sporadic quivering pattern of heartbeat that results in extreme inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system
- can be fatal if untreated
define congestive heart failure (CHF)
- abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping and blood flow
- pooling blood leads to congestion in body tissues
treatments for congestive heart failure (CHF)
- diuretics
- digitalis
- vasodilators
define stroke
- brain damaged by disrupted blood supply
- ischemic (caused by plaque formation or clot) or hemorrhagic (caused by blood vessel bursting)
define aneurysm
- weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and burst
- type of hemorrhagic stroke
define transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
- precede stroke
- brief interruption of the blood supply yo the brain that causes temporary impairment
define FAST
- tool to assess strokes
- F: facial droop
- A: arm weakness
- S: speech difficulty
- T: time to act and call 911
define cardiometabolic risks
- risk factors that impact both the cardiovascular system and the body’s biochemical metabolic processes
- lead to CVD and type 2 diabetes
define metabolic syndrome
- group of metabolic conditions occurring together that increases a person’s risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
what are the 5 risks for metabolic syndrome
- abdominal obesity
- elevated blood fat (triglycerides)
- lows levels of HDL
- elevated blood pressure
- elevated fasting blood glucose
modifiable risk factors for CVD
- tobacco use
- consumption of saturated fats and cholesterol
- weight
- exercise
- controlling diabetes
- controlling blood pressure
- managing stress
nonmodifiable risk factors for CVD
- race and ethnicity
- heredity/family history
- age
- gender
define c-reactive proteins
- protein whose blood levels rise in response to inflammation
define PLAC
- test measuring activity of inflammatory enzymes in the blood that cause plaque to form
define homocysteine
- amino acid normally present in the blood
- may be related to risk of CVD in high levels
what drugs are common in treating CVD
- statins
- ACE inhibitors
- beta blockers
define electroencephalogram (EEG)
- records electrical activity of the heart
- may be measured during a stress test
define angiography
- technique for examining blockages in heart arteries
define coronary bypass surgery
- blood vessel taken from another part of the body and implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery
defien angioplasty
- catheter with a balloon at the end is inserted into a clogged artery
- balloon is inflated to flatten fatty deposits against artery walls
- stent is inserted to keep artery open
define thrombolysis
- injection of an agent to dissolve clots and restore some blood flow
define 5-year survival rates
- percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive 5 years after they were diagnosed with or treated for cancer
define remission
- temporary or permanent period when cancer is responding to treatment and under control
define lifetime risk
- probability that a person will develop or die from cancer
define cancer
- large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
define neoplasm
- new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function
- results from uncontrolled and abnormal cellular development
define tumor
- neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue
define malignant
- very dangerous or harmful
- refers to cancerous tumor
- note enclosed in capsule so they can spread to other organs
define benign
- harmless
- refers to noncancerous tumor
- ordinary looking cells enclosed in fibrous shell or capsule
define biopsy
- microscopic examination of tissue to determine whether a cancer is present
define metastasis
- process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body
define mutant cells
- cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells
define cancer staging
- classification system that describes how far a person’s disease has advanced
define the TNM system for cancer staging
- T: extent of primary tumor, type of cells, size, and reach
- N: extent of spread to regional lymph nodes
- M: metastasis
what are the two categories of causes of cancer
- hereditary
- acquired
lifestyle risks for cancer
- tobacco use
- nutrition
- physical activity
- obesity
genetic and physiological risks for cancer
- genes (oncogenes, BRCA gene)
- reproductive and hormonal factors (menstruation, birth control)
- chronic inflammation
define oncogenes
- suspected cancer-causing genes
- typically dormant
- activated by certain condition such as age, stress, and exposure to carcinogens
occupational and environmental risks for cancer
- exposure to asbestos
- exposure to certain chemicals
- radiation
examples of infectious diseases that cause cancer
- H. pylori: stomach cancer
- Hep B and C: liver cancer
- human papillomavirus: cervical cancer
what are the four categories of cancers
- carcinomas
- sarcomas
- lymphomas
- leukemias
define carcinomas
- common in epithelial tissues
- affect outer layer of skin, mouth, and mucous membranes
- metastasize through circulatory or lymphatic system
- form solid tumors
define sarcomas
- occur in mesodermal (middle) layers of tissue: bones, muscles, connective tissues
- metastasize through the blood
- less common but more virulent than carcinomas
- form solid tumors
define lymphomas
- develop and metastasize in lymphatic system
- form solid tumors
define leukemias
- cancers in blood-forming parts of the body: bone marrow and spleen
- nonsolid tumor
- increases WBCs
what is the leading cause of cancer deaths for men and women in the US
- lung cancer
what are the 4 warning signs of melanoma
- asymmetry
- border irregularity
- color
- diameter
define prostate specific antigen
- antigen found in prostate cancer patients
define pap test
- procedure in which cells taken from the cervical region are examined for abnormal activity
define magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- device uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computers to generate an image of internal tissues of the body for diagnostic purposes without the use of radiation
define computed tomography (CT) scan
- scan by machine that uses radiation to view internal organs not normally visible on x-ray images
define stereotactic radiosurgery/gamma knife surgery
- type of radiation therapy that can be used to zap tumors using gamma radiation
define radiotherapy
- use of radiation to kill cancerous cells
define chemotherapy
- use of drugs to kill cancerous cells
- necessary when cancer has spread through the body
define diabetes mellitus
- group of diseases characterized by elevated blood glucose levels
- diabetes: to flow through
- mellitus: sweet
define hyperglycemia
- elevated blood glucose level
define pancreas
- organ that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and hormones (insulin) into the bloodstream
define insulin
- hormone secreted by pancreas
- required by body cells for the uptake and storage of glucose
define type 1 diabetes
- more serious and less prevalent than type 2
- insulin-dependent diabetes
- autoimmune disease
- body attacks insulin-making cells in the pancreas so insulin cannot be made and cells cannot take in glucose
define type 2 diabetes
- non-insulin dependent diabetes
- 90-95% of all diabetes cases
- pancreas doesn’t make sufficient insulin or body cells are resistant to its effects
define insulin resistance
- state in which body cells fail to respond to the effects of insulin
- obesity increases the risk that cells will become insulin resistant
describe the development of type 2 diabetes
- develops slowly
- may start with insulin resistance and progress to not making insulin at all
nonmodifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes
- older age
- white, native american, and black ethnicity
- genetic and biological factors: family history
modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes
- overweight or obese: BMI over 25, excess weight around waistline (central adiposity)
- bad dietary choices
- little physical activity
- inadequate sleep patterns
- high stress level
define prediabetes
- blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diabetes
- most people unaware that they have it
define gestational diabetes
- women who have never had diabetes have high blood sugar during pregnancy
- 40-50% develop type 2 diabetes if they don’t make lifestyle changes
- causes birth of large babies with potential malformations
symptoms of both type 1 and 2 diabetes
- thirst
- excessive urination
- weight loss
- fatigue
- nerve damage
- blurred vision
- poor wound healing and increased infections
complications of diabetes
- diabetic coma (diabetic ketoacidosis)
- cardiovascular disease
- kidney disease
- amputations
- eye disease and blindness
- infectious diseases
- tooth and gum diseases
tests used to diagnose diabetes
- fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
- oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
- A1C
describe the fasting plasma glucose test
- patient fasts for 8 to 10 hours
- small sample of blood tested for glucose concentration
- over 126 mg/dL indicates diabetes
describe the oral glucose tolerance test
- patient drinks concentrated glucose
- blood sample drawn 2 hours after drinking
- over 200 mg/dL indicates diabetes
describe the A1C test
- gives average value of patient’s blood glucose over the past 2 to 3 months
- over 6.5 indicates diabetes
- estimated average glucose (eAG) shows how A1C numbers correspond to blood glucose numbers
lifestyle changes to treat diabetes
- losing weight
- adopting a healthy diet (whole grains, high-fiber foods, fatty fish)
- increasing physical fitness
medical interventions to treat diabetes
- oral medications
- weight loss surgery
- insulin injections
