Module 12: Drinking Alcohol Responsibly and Ending Tobacco Use Flashcards
what is the largest preventable cause of death in the US
- tobacco
define ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
- addictive drug produced by fermentation that is the intoxicating substance in alcoholic beverages
define fermentation
- process in which yeast organisms break down plant sugars to yield ethanol and carbon dioxide
define distillation
- process in which alcohol vapors are condensed and mixed with water to make hard liquor
define proof
- measure of the percentage of alcohol in a beverage; strength
- proof is double the percentage of alcohol in the drink
define standard drink
- amount of any beverage that contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol
- depends on the proof
how many ounces and % alcohol are in standard drinks for beer, malt liquor, wine, and spirits (gin, vodka, etc)
- beer: 12oz, 5%
- malt liquor: 8.5 oz, 7%
- wine: 5 oz, 12%
- spirits: 1.5 oz, 40%
what factors affect how quickly your body will absorb alcohol
- alcohol concentration in your drink
- amount of alcohol you consume
- amount of food in your stomach
- metabolism
- weight/BMI
- mood
which is absorbed more quickly: wine and beer or carbonated alcoholic beverages
- carbonated beverages absorbed more rapidly
how do carbonated beverages affect the pyloric valve and rate of absorption
- pyloric valve control passage of stomach contents into the small intestines
- relaxes valve causing stomach contents to empty quickly
- most absorption occurs in small intestine so carbonated beverages increase rate of absorption
define pylorospasm
- pyloric value becomes stuck in closed position
- alcohol becomes trapped in stomach causing irritation and vomiting
- occurs from drinking high concentrations of alcohol
does alcohol absorb faster when you are tense or relaxed
- faster when tense
where does alcohol go to be metabolized after entering the bloodstream
- liver
what is the rate of alcohol breakdown
- 0.5 ounce per hour
- slightly less than one standard drink
define blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
- ratio of alcohol to total blood volume
- factor used to measure the physiological and behavioral effects of alcohol
what is the legal limit of BAC for driving
- 0.08
what does a person’s BAC depend on
- weight
- percentage of body fat
- water content in body tissues
- concentration of alcohol in beverage consumed
- rate of consumption
- volume of alcohol consumed
why does BAC in men and women differ
- women have higher body fat
- women have half as much alcohol dehydrogenase that breaks down alcohol in the stomach
- hormones
what is used to detect intoxication levels
- breathalyzer test
- urinalysis
- blood tests (most accurate)
define learned behavioral tolerance
- ability of heavy drinkers to modify behavior so that they appear to be sober even when they have high BAC levels
short term effects of alcohol use
- depress CNS functions: respiratory rate, pulse rate, blood pressure
- diuretic; water pulled from cerebrospinal fluid not muscles; causes headaches
- indigestion or heartburn
- possible injuries or sexual inhibition
define hangover
- physiological reaction to excessive drinking
- headache, upset stomach, anxiety, depression, diarrhea, thirst
define congeners
- forms of alcohol that are metabolized more slowly than ethanol and produce toxic by products
- contributes to hangovers
define alcohol poisoning (acute alcohol intoxication)
- potentially lethal BAC (0.35) that inhibits the brain’s ability to control consciousness, respiration, and heart rate
- usually occurs as a result of drinking large amount of alcohol in short period of time
what is the leading cause of accidental deaths for ages 1-44 in the US
- traffic accidents
long term effects of alcohol
- nervous system: brain shrinks, damage to frontal cortex
- weight gain
- cardiovascular: increases HDL which reduces risk of coronary artery disease, high blood pressure
- liver disease: fatty liver, cirrhosis, hepatitis
- cancer
- pancreas inflammation
- blocks calcium absorption causing osteoporosis
define cirrhosis
- last stage of liver disease
- chronic heavy use of alcohol
- liver cells die and damage becomes permanent
define alcoholic hepatitis
- prolonged use of alcohol
- inflamed liver
- can be fatal
how does drinking alcohol while pregnancy affect the baby
- causes fetal alcohol syndrome
- alcohol passes through placenta into fetus bloodstream
- greatest risk during first trimester
define binge drinking
- pattern of drinking alcohol that brings BAC to 0.08 or above
- corresponds to drinking 4-5 or more drinks in 2 hours
why are college students particularly vulnerable to alcohol-related problems
- alcohol exacerbates their already high risk for suicide, accidents, and falls
- many university customs encourage alcohol
- alcohol industry targets colleges students
- college students vulnerable to peer influence
- administrators deny alcohol issues on campus
define pre-gaming
- drinking heavily at home before going out to an event or other location
define drunkorexia
- combination of disordered eating, excessive physical activity, and heavy alcohol consumption
define alcohol use disorder
- problem drinking so severe that at least two or more alcohol-related issues are present
- engaging in risky behaviors, having problems at work or school, issues with relationships
how to identify an alcoholic
- craving
- loss of control
- tolerance
- psychological dependence
- withdrawal symptoms
causes of alcohol use disorder
- biological and family factors
- social and cultural factors
how do women differ from men in regard to alcoholism
- become alcoholics at later ages
- get addicted faster with less alcohol use
- greater risk of consequences from alcohol
why is mixing alcohol with prescription painkillers bas
- both slow breathing rates so they can stop breathing when taken together
what are the alcohol related costs to american society
- $223.5 billion
- 25% of medical expenses
define detoxification
- process by which addicts end their dependence on a drug
- causes withdrawal symptoms
define delirium tremens
- state of confusion, delusions, and agitation brought on by withdrawal from alcohol
define alcoholics anonymous
- organization whose goal is to help alcoholics stop drinking
describe a private treatment facility for alcoholics
- detoxified and treated for psychological addiction
- stay for 3 to 6 weeks
- costs a lot
what types of therapy are used for alcoholics
- family therapy
- individual therapy
- group therapy
how much does the tobacco industry spend on advertising per day
- $24 million
what are the annual costs of smoking in the US
- $289 - 333 billion
what was the master settlement agreement
- tobacco industry agreement with 46 states
- pay $206 billion over 25 years to support antismoking education and funding research on negative effects of smoking
what is the family smoking prevention and tobacco control act of 2009
- allows FDA to forbid tobacco advertising geared towards children, lower nicotine in tobacco products, ban sweetened cigarettes that appeal to young people, and prohibit labels such as “light” and “low tar”
- most significant: requires health warnings on advertising of tobacco products
define nicotine
- primary CNS stimulant chemical in tobacco products
- highly addictive
define tar
- thick brown sludge condensed from particulate matter in smoked tobacco
- accumulates in lungs as nicotine paralyzes cilia in airways
define carbon monoxide
- gas found in tobacco smoke that reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen
define nicotine poisoning
- symptoms experienced by beginning smokers
- cease as tolerance is built up
- dizziness, diarrhea, light-headedness, rapid and erratic pulse, clammy skin, nausea, vomiting
define pairing
- an environmental cue that triggers nicotine cravings
describe filtered cigarettes
- most common form of tobacco available today
- filters designed to reduce levels of gases
- still exposes user to hazardous gases
describe clove cigarettes
- 40% cloves, 60% tobacco
- higher levels of tar and carbon monoxide than regular cigarettes
similarity between clove cigarettes and menthol cigarettes
- have throat numbing effect that causes user to inhale more deeply
are cigars safer than cigarettes
- no
- cigar smoke has 23 poisons and 43 carcinogens
define bidis
- hand-rolled flavored cigarettes
- more toxic than cigarettes
define hookahs
- type of water pipe with long hose for inhalation
what are the 2 types of smokeless tobacco
- chewing tobacco
- snuff
define chewing tobacco
- stringy form of tobacco that is placed in the mouth and then sucked or chewed
- loose leaf, plug, or in pouch
define dipping
- placing small amount of chewing tobacco between the lower lip and teeth for rapid nicotine absorption
define snuff
- powdered form of tobacco that is sniffed and absorbed through the mucous membranes in the nose or placed inside the cheek and sucked
what are negative health effects of smoking
- cancer
- cardiovascular disease
- respiratory disorders
- sexual dysfunction and fertility problems
- macular degeneration
- skin wrinkling/teeth yellowing
what type of cancer does smoking often cause
- lung cancer
- 90% of lung cancer in men and 78% in women caused by smoking
how long does lung cancer take to develop
- 10 to 30 years
what factors affect a smokers risk of developing lung cancer
- amount smoked per day
- when you started smoking
- if you inhale deeply when you smoke
define leukoplakia
- condition characterized by leathery white patches inside the mouth
- produced by contact with irritants in tobacco juice
- often progresses to oral cancer
how does smoking contribute to heart disease
- ages the arteries by accelerating buildup of plaque in heart and major blood vessels
- decrease HDL
- contributes to platelet adhesiveness (blood clots) which can cause strokes
- contributes to irregular heart rhythms
- angina attacks from carbon monoxide and nicotine
define platelet adhesiveness
- stickiness of red blood cells associated with blood clots
define chronic bronchitis
- chronic cough caused by inflamed lungs producing excess mucus
define emphysema
- chronic lung disease in which the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs are destroyed making breathing difficult
- no cure; irreversible damage
how does smoking lead to sexual dysfunction
- damages blood vessels which reduces blood flow to the genitals
define environmental tobacco smoke
- smoke from tobacco products including secondhand and mainstream smoke
- includes mainstream and sidestream smoke
define mainstream smoke
- smoke that is drawn through tobacco while inhaling
define sidestream smoke
- smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar that is exhaled
- secondhand smoke
benefits of quitting smoking
- many tissues damaged by smoking can repair themselves
- risk of dying form heart attack falls by half after 1 year without smoking
- saving money
define nicotine withdrawal
- symptoms suffered by nicotine-addicted individuals who stop using tobacco
- nausea, headaches, irritability, intense tobacco cravings
what are examples of nicotine replacement products
- nicotine chewing gum
- nicotine patch
- nasal spray
- nicotine inhaler
examples of smoking cessation medications
- bupropion (zyban): antidepressant
- varinicline (chantix): blocks effects of nicotine at receptor site
