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HLTH 231 > Module 11: Recognizing and Avoiding Addiction and Drug Abuse > Flashcards

Module 11: Recognizing and Avoiding Addiction and Drug Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

define addiction

A
  • continued involvement with a substance or activity despite ongoing negative consequences
  • classified as a mental disorder
  • provide initial sense of pleasure
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2
Q

what must a substance or behavior have to be addictive

A
  • potential to produce positive mood changes
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3
Q

define physiological dependence

A
  • adaptive state of brain and body processes that occurs with regular addictive behavior
  • experience tolerance when increased amounts of drug are required to achieve desired effect
  • results in withdrawal if the addictive behavior stops
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4
Q

define psychological dependence

A
  • dependency of the mind on a substance or behavior
  • leads to psychological withdrawal symptoms: anxiety, irritability, cravings
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5
Q

what are the 5 characteristics of addiction

A
  • compulsion
  • loss of control
  • negative consequences
  • denial
  • inability to abstain
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6
Q

define nurturing through avoidance

A
  • repeatedly seeking illusion of relief to avoid unpleasant feelings or situations
  • lead to addiction
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7
Q

define habit

A
  • repeated behavior in which the repetition may be unconscious
  • broken without too much discomfort
  • doesn’t contain compulsion
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8
Q

define codependence

A
  • self-defeating relationship pattern in which a person helps or encourages addictive behavior in another person
  • family and friends of an addicted person struggle with codependence
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9
Q

define enablers

A
  • people who knowingly or unknowingly protect addicts from the natural consequences of their behavior
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10
Q

define process addiction

A
  • driven by pathological pursuit of a reward or relief by an individual
  • person is dependent on a mood-altering behavior or process
  • gambling, buying, exercise, technology
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11
Q

define gambling disorder

A
  • behavior including preoccupation with gambling, unsuccessful efforts to cut back or quit, using gambling to escape problems, and lying to family members to conceal the extent of gambling
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12
Q

what percent of college students gamble and what percent are addicted

A
  • 75% gamble
  • 6% addicted
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13
Q

define compulsive buying disorder

A
  • preoccupation with shopping and spending accompanied by little control over the impulse to buy
  • results in psychological distress and conflict with friends or family
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14
Q

what percent of adults have compulsive buying disorder

A
  • 5%
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15
Q

define exercise addiction

A
  • always working out alone, following the same rigid pattern, exercising for more than 2 hours daily, focusing on weight loss or calories burned, exercising to the point of pain, skips work/class for workouts
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16
Q

define technology addictions

A
  • compulsive use of any form of technology to access the internet for activities
  • generally gaming and cybersex
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17
Q

how many people will experience internet addiction

A
  • 1 in 8 internet users
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18
Q

define drugs

A
  • substances other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the mind or the body through chemical action
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19
Q

define drug misuse

A
  • use of drug for a purpose other than what was intended
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20
Q

define drug abuse

A
  • excessive use of a drug
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21
Q

define neurotransmitter

A
  • chemical that relays message between nerve cells or from nerve cells to other body cells
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22
Q

which neurotransmitter relays messages about pleasure

A

dopamine

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23
Q

define the mesolimbic dopamine system

A
  • pleasure circuit
  • brain stem: survival
  • limbic system: emotional
  • frontal cerebral cortex: thinking
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24
Q

define psychoactive drugs

A
  • drugs that affect brain chemistry and have the potential to alter mood or behavior
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25
Q

describe the routes of administration of drugs

A
  • oral ingestion: swallowing, reaches bloodstream in 30 minutes
  • inhalation: through respiratory tract, travels rapidly
  • injection: into bloodstream/muscles/subcutaneous layer of skin, effects felt within seconds
  • transdermal: absorbed through skin
  • suppositories: mucous membranes in vagina or anus
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26
Q

what is the most dangerous method of administration and why

A
  • intravenous
  • can damage blood vessels or contract HIV and hep B
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27
Q

define polydrug use

A
  • taking several medications simultaneously
  • causes interactions between drugs
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28
Q

define synerism

A
  • interaction of two or more drugs
  • affects of individual drugs are multiplied beyond normal expectancy
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29
Q

define antagonism

A
  • drugs working at same receptor site
  • one drug blocks action of the other
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30
Q

define inhibition

A
  • effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug at the receptor site
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31
Q

define intolerance

A
  • drugs combine in the body to produce uncomfortable reactions
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32
Q

define cross-tolerance

A
  • person develops physiological tolerance to one drug that also increases the tolerance to other substance that act similarly on the body
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33
Q

examples of OTC drugs that are subject to misuse and abuse

A
  • caffeine pills and energy drinks
  • cold medicines (cough syrups and tablets) containing DXM
  • diet pills
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34
Q

what are the most commonly abuse prescription drugs on college campuses

A
  • painkillers: oxycontin and vicodin
  • stimulant drugs: adderall and ritalin
35
Q

what percent of college students report having abused prescription painkillers

A
  • 6.2%
36
Q

why do some college students use drugs

A
  • positive expectations
  • genetics and family history
  • substance use in high school
  • curiosity
  • social norms
  • sorority and fraternity membership
  • stress
37
Q

why don’t some college students use drugs

A
  • parental attitudes and behaviors
  • religion and spirituality
  • student engagement
  • college athletics
  • healthy social network
38
Q

what are the categories of drugs

A
  • stimulants
  • cannabinoids
  • narcotics
  • depressants
  • hallucinogens
  • inhalants
  • anabolic steroids
39
Q

define stimulant and give examples

A
  • drug that increases activity of the central nervous system
  • cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, bath salts, caffeine, khat, nicotine
40
Q

define cocaine

A
  • stimulant and anesthetic
  • white crystalline powder
  • can be snorted, smoked, injected
41
Q

define freebasing

A
  • cocaine alkaloid
  • removing hydrochloride salt from cocaine powder
  • smoking freebase
  • similar to crack
42
Q

define amphetamines

A
  • stimulant
  • small doses can improve alertness
  • high doses cause hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized behavior
43
Q

define methamphetamines

A
  • stimulant
  • increases release of and blocks reuptake of dopamine
  • destroys dopamine receptors in long term
  • can be made with OTC ingredients: ephedrine and pseudoephedrine
  • can be snorted, smoked, injected, or orally ingested
44
Q

define bath salts

A
  • stimulant
  • synthetic powder
  • contains amphetamines and cocaine-like substances
  • can be smoked, snorted, injected, and ingested
  • cannot be detected by routine drug screening
45
Q

define caffeine

A
  • stimulant
  • legal
  • wakeup effects
  • derived from xanthines
46
Q

how long does it take for the body to metabolize half of the caffeine ingested

A
  • 4 to 6 hours
47
Q

define khat

A
  • stimulant
  • leaves from catha edulis chewed and held in the cheek
48
Q

define cannabinoids

A
  • marijuana
  • most commonly used illicit drug in the US
49
Q

define marijuana

A
  • cannabinoid
  • derived from cannabis sativa or cannabis indica plant
  • THC is psychoactive ingredient; amount determines how powerful the high will be
50
Q

symptoms of marijuana use

A
  • bloodshot eyes
  • coughing
  • dry mouth and throat (cotton mouth)
  • increased thirst and appetite
  • lowered blood pressure
  • mild muscular weakness
51
Q

risks associated with marijuana use

A
  • cancer
  • mental health disorders
  • suppression of immune system
  • blood pressure changes
  • impaired memory function
52
Q

how can marijuana be used as medicine

A
  • controls nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy
  • increases appetite for AIDS wasting syndrome
  • reduces muscle pain and spasticity from multiple sclerosis
53
Q

define synthetic marijuana

A
  • K2, spice
  • dried and shredded plant material with synthetic cannabinoids
  • K2 is sold legally as herbal blend incense
  • spice is smoked to gain effects similar to marijuana
54
Q

define depressants and give examples

A
  • drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous system and muscular system
  • cause sleepiness of calmness
  • alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, rohypnol, GHB
55
Q

define benodiazepines

A
  • depressant
  • sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant
  • replaced barbiturates recently
  • also called tranquilizers
  • valium, ativan, xanax
56
Q

define barbiturates

A
  • depressant
  • sedative, hypnotic
  • amytal, seconal
57
Q

describe the effects when sedative hypnotics are taken with alcohol

A
  • synergistic
  • both are depressants
  • leads to respiratory failure and death
58
Q

what complication is specific to sedatives

A
  • cross-tolerance
  • users develop tolerance for one sedative or become dependent on it and develop tolerance for others as well
59
Q

define rohypnol

A
  • depressant
  • benzodiazepine
  • stronger than valium
  • produces sedative effect, amnesia, muscle relaxation
  • date rape drug
60
Q

define GHB

A
  • depressant
  • euphoric, sedative, and anabolic effects
  • odorless, tasteless fluid
  • date rape drug
61
Q

define opioids and give examples

A
  • drugs that induce sleep, relieve pain, and produce euphoria
  • aka narcotics
  • derived from parent drug opium from poppyseed
  • mimic effects of endorphins
  • heroin, morphine, oxycontin, dilaudid
62
Q

physical effects of opioids

A
  • relieve pain
  • lower heart rate, respiration and blood pressure
  • weakness
  • dizziness
  • nausea/vomiting
  • euphoria
  • decreased sex drive
  • visual disturbances
  • lack of coordination
63
Q

define heroin

A
  • opioid
  • white powder derived from morphine
  • black tar heroin is sticky and dark brown
  • injected, snorted, smoked
  • very difficult withdrawal symptoms
64
Q

define hallucinogens and give examples

A
  • substance capable of creating auditory or visual hallucinations and unusual changes in mood, thoughts, and feelings
  • receptor sites int he reticular formation (brain stem)
  • causes synesthesia: mixing of sensory messages
  • LSD, ecstasy, PCP, mescaline, psilocybin, ketamine, salvia
65
Q

define LSD

A
  • hallucinogen
  • most common form is blotter acid: small squares of paper with LSD
  • produces effects in doses as low as 20 micrograms
  • no physical dependence
66
Q

define ecstasy

A
  • hallucinogen
  • MDMA
  • club drugs
  • does not create visual hallucinations
  • called molly in powder form; pure MDMA
67
Q

define PCP

A
  • hallucinogen
  • first used as anesthetic
  • unpredictable regardless of method of administration
68
Q

define mescaline

A
  • hallucinogen
  • derived from peyote cactus
  • induces nausea and vomiting
69
Q

define psilocybin

A
  • hallucinogen
  • mushrooms
  • effects similar to LSD
70
Q

define ketamine

A
  • hallucinogen
  • liquid form used as anesthetic in hospitals and vet clinics
  • inhibits relay of sensory input
71
Q

define salvia

A
  • hallucinogen
  • herb from mint family
  • intense but short lasting hallucinatory episodes
72
Q

define inhalants

A
  • chemical vapors that are sniffed or inhaled to produce highs
  • often legal to purchase and widely available
  • reach bloodstream within seconds
  • effects resemble depressants: dizziness, disorientation, impaired coordination
  • rubber cement, model glue, paint thinner, aerosol sprays, lighter fluid, varnish, wax, spot removers, gasoline
73
Q

define anabolic steriods

A
  • artificial forms of the hormones testosterone that promote muscle growth and strength
  • ergogenic drug: enhances athletic performance
  • two forms: injectable solutions and pills
74
Q

effects of steroids

A
  • euphoria
  • diminished fatigue
  • increased bulk and power
  • mood swings
  • acne
  • liver tumors
  • elevated cholesterol
  • hypertension
  • kidney disease
75
Q

define the anabolic steroids control act

A
  • crime to possess, prescribe, or distribute anabolic steroids for any use other than the treatment of specific diseases
76
Q

define detoxification

A
  • abstinence period
  • addict adjusts physically and cognitively to being free from the addictions influence
  • can be uncomfortable or dangerous
77
Q

defien outpaiten ebhavioral treatment

A
  • variety of programs for addicts who visit a clinic at regular intervals
78
Q

define residential treatment programs

A
  • effective for more serious problems
  • addict stays in therapeutic communities that are highly structured
79
Q

what was the first 12 step program

A

alcoholics anonymous

80
Q

define 12-step programs

A
  • purpose to work on personal recovery
  • admitting to problem
  • getting help from others
  • admitting to character defects
  • apologizing to people hurt in the past
  • helping others with similar problems
81
Q

define methadone maintenance

A
  • pharmacological treatment for drug addiction
  • for people addicted to heroin or other opioids
  • controversial due to methadone’s own addictive properties
82
Q

define naltrexone

A
  • opioid antagonist
  • treatment for opioid addiction
  • limits compulsions and power of highs
83
Q

define harm reduction

A
  • set of practical approaches to reducing negative consequences of drug use
  • needle exchange programs, changing legal sanctions, etc

HLTH 231 (14 decks)

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