MODULE 8 (part 1-2)

Question 1

subdivision of plant systematics

Answer 1

plant taxonomy

Question 2

overall goal of plant systematics

Answer 2

show the plants’ evolutionary relationships

Question 3

plant taxonomy goal

Answer 3

• assign proper scientific Latin name

Question 4

indicates a plant’s relationship to other plants and tell us about its place in the plant world

Answer 4

name

Question 5

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES

Answer 5

1. KINGDOM
2. DIVISION
3. CLASS
4. subclass
5. superorder
6. ORDER
7. FAMILY
8. subfamily
9. tribe
10. subtribe
11. GENUS
12. SPECIES
13. variety
14. form
15. cultivar

Question 6

plantae

Answer 6

KINGDOM

Question 7

_________ (): Ferns
_________: Mosses
_________: Conifers
_________ (): flowering plants

Answer 7

Filicinophyta (Pteridophyta)
Bryophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta (Anthophyta)

DIVISION

Question 8

• plants that produce flowers
• plants that do not produce flowers

Answer 8

• angiospermae (angiosperms)
• gymnospermae (gymnosperms)

CLASS

Question 9

• plants with 2 seed leaves
• plants with one seed leaf

Answer 9

• dicotyledonae (dicotyledons, dicots)
• monocotyledonae (monocotyledons, monocots)

SUBCLASS

Question 10

• A group of related Plant Families
• classified in the order in which they are thought to have developed their differences from a common ancestor.
• There are six in the Dicotyledonae (______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______), and four in the Monocotyledonae (______, ______, ______, ______)
• The names of this end in _____

Answer 10

• Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae
• Alismatidae, Commelinidae, Arecidae, Liliidae

: -idae

SUPERORDER

Question 11

Each Superorder is further divided into several _______.

The names end in

Answer 11

ORDERS

: -ales

Question 12

• Each Order is divided into ________.
• These are plants with many botanical features in common and is the highest classification normally used.
• similarity between plants is often easily recognizable by the layman.
• Modern botanical classification assigns a type of plant to each Family, which has the particular characteristics which separate this group of plants from others, and names the Family after this plant.
• The number of Plant Families varies according to the botanist whose classification you follow.
• The names end in

Answer 12

FAMILY

: -aceae

Question 13

• The Family may be further divided into a number of __________, which group together plants within the Family that has some significant botanical differences.
• The names end in

Answer 13

SUBFAMILY

: -oideae

Question 14

• A further division of plants within a Family, based on more minor botanical differences, but still usually comprises many different plants.

The names end in

Answer 14

TRIBE

: -eae

Question 15

• A further division, based on even smaller botanical differences, often only recognizable to botanists.
• The names end in

Answer 15

SUBTRIBE

: -inae

Question 16

• This is the usual name that you give a plant - Papaver (Poppy), Aquilegia (Columbine), and so on.
• The plants in here are often easily recognizable as belonging to the same group.
• The name should be written with a capital letter.

Answer 16

GENUS

Question 17

• This is the level that defines an individual plant.
• Often, the name will describe some aspect of the plant - the color of the flowers, size or shape of the leaves, or it may be named after the place where it was found.
• Together, the Genus and Species name refer to only one plant, and they are used to identify that particular plant.
• The name of the species should be written after the Genus name, in small letters, with no capital letter.

Answer 17

SPECIES

Question 18

• a plant that is slightly different from the species plant, but the differences are not as insignificant as the differences in a form.
• The Latin is varietas, which is usually abbreviated to _____
• The name follows the Genus and species name, with var. before the individual variety name.

Answer 18

• var

VARIETY

Question 19

• a plant within a species with minor botanical differences, e.g. the color of flower or shape of the leaves.
• The name follows the Genus and species name, with form (or f.) before the individual variety name.

Answer 19

FORM

Question 20

• a cultivated variety, a particular plant that has arisen either naturally or through deliberate hybridization and can be reproduced (vegetatively or by seed) to produce more of the same plant.
• The name follows the Genus and species name. It is written in the language of the person who described it and should NOT be translated.
• It is either written in single quotation marks or has cv. written in front of the name.

Answer 20

CULTIVAR

Question 21

full botanical classification of a particular Lesser Spearwort with narrow leaves

Answer 21

CATERGORY, SN, CN

1. CLASS - angiospermae (angiosperms)
2. SUBCLASS - dicotyledonae (dycotyledons)
3. SUPERORDER - magnoliidae (magnolia superorder)
4. ORDER - ranunculales (buttercup order)
5. FAMILY - ranunculaceae (buttercup family)
6. SUBFAMILY - ranunculoideae (buttercup subfamily)
7. TRIBE - ranunculeae (buttercup tribe)
8. GENUS - ranunculus (buttercup)
9. SPECIES - Ranunculus flammula (lesser spearwort)
10. SUBSPECIES - (Ranunculus flammula) subsp. flammula —— (lesser spearwort)
11. VARIETY - (Ranunculus flammula subsp. flammula) var. tenuifolius —— (narrow-leaved lesser spearwort)

Question 22

botanical classification of Opium poppy

Answer 22

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Papaveraceae
Genus: Papaver
Species: Papaver somniferum

Question 23

the traditional ways of classifying plants have been based on the _________________.

Answer 23

visible physical characteristics of the plant

Question 24

gives each plant a scientific name using the generic epithet (_____) and specific epithet (_____).

Answer 24

• genus
• species

BINOMIAL PLANT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Question 25

Onion Silver Maple African Marigold

Answer 25

- *Allium cepa* Lilliaceae - *Acer saccharinum* Aceraceae - *Tagetes erecta* Asteraceae

Question 26

- Many systems for plant naming existed before the mid-1700s. - These earlier names were in _____, _____, ______ or/and sometimes in local vernacular names (Pavord, 2005). - These names sometimes were several words in length *(Eg. Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatus pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti - "Plantain with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindric spike, and a terete scape," which we know today as Plantago media).* - This led to the same plant having different names in different places and made communication among plant scientists difficult.

Answer 26

Latin, Greek, Arabic

Question 27

The current system of binomial nomenclature involves identifying plants with two names, a genus and a species, dates from the publication of __________ in ____ by _______, a Swedish botanist. His work, published under his Latin name, ________ (1753), is acknowledged as the starting place for current naming procedures (Blunt, 1971). Correct names today are governed by the ____________________ (McNeill et al., 2012; Bock, 1973). - There are over 300,000 species of flowering plants, making a general agreement with multiple common names inappropriate. - Hence, plant scientists depend on genus and species names for proper communication. This allows people everywhere to communicate about plant species with certainty.

Answer 27

- Species Plantarum, 1753, Carl Linné - Carolus Linnaeus - International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

Question 28

- The purpose of the Latin or botanical name of plants is to provide some information about a particular plant that distinguishes it from other plants. - The adjective applied to the plant, the ___________, is often helpful in describing the plant. It can tell us the color of the flowers, the height of the plant, whether the leaves are long and thin or short and fat, whether the plant is prickly, where it comes from, what sort of conditions it occurs in nature, how big it is, whether it's a climber or whether it's creeping, whether it's deciduous, has a bulb, is edible - or whatever else the person who found it thought most remarkable, noteworthy and unique about it. - Like many other languages, Latin assigns genders to all its nouns, and adjectives have to agree with the gender of the noun they describe. - In plant names, therefore, those that are deemed masculine will end in ____, those that are feminine will end in ____, and those that are neutral will end in ___ (plus some odd ones with other endings).

Answer 28

- specific epithet : -us : -a : -um