ACT 6: LECTURE VID NI MAAM (TERPENOIDS - TANNINS) Flashcards
- belong to the biggest class of secondary metabolites and basically consist of five carbon isoprene units which are assembled to each other (many isoprene units) by thousands of ways.
________ are simple hydrocarbons, while ________ are modified class of terpenes with different functional groups and oxidized methyl group moved or removed at various positions.
also known as ____________
- Most chemically diverse natural products in plants
- Widespread in nature: plants, bacteria, fungi, invertebrates
- Colorless, less dense than water, optically active, soluble in organic solvents
- terpenes
- terpenoids
isoprenoids
TERPENOIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF TERPENOIDS DEPENDING ON THE CARBON UNITS
Monoterpenes
Sesquiterpenes
Diterpenes
Triterpenes
Tetraterpenes
_____________: 10 carbon atoms with 2 isoprene units
➤ Present in essential and fixed oils
- have strong aroma
- fragrances, antibacterial, antitumor properties
➤ ________, ________, ________
MONOTERPENES
➤ Camphor, limonene, menthol
_____________: 15 carbons with 3 isoprene units
➤ Present in the latex of latex
- producing plants
- antimicrobial, anti- inflammatory
➤ Artemisinin
SESQUITERPENES
____________: 20 carbons with 4 isoprene units
➤ Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and cardiovascular activities
➤ _________ and ________ in coffee beans
DITERPENES
Cafestol and kahweol
_____________: 30 carbons with 6 isoprene units
➤ _______: biological precursor of all triterpenes; includes ________ & _________
➤ Anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-atherosclerotic properties
TRITERPENES
- Squalene
- steroids and sterols
____________: 40 carbons
➤ AKA carotenoids
e.g.
Beta-carotene
lycopene
zeaxanthin
lutein
TETRATERPENES
- AKA ethereal oils or essential oils
- Odorous, volatile compounds
- Derived from terpenes (mono- and sesqui-)
- Soluble in organic solvents, less dense than water, optically active, colorless, not saponified with alkalis
Found mostly in these families:
* Lamiaceae
- Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
- spearmint (Mentha spicata)
- Apiaceae
- Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
- cumin (Cuminum cyminum)
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum)
*Poaceae
- Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)
- citronella (Cymbopogon nardus)
volatile oils
- Amorphous mixtures of essential oils, oxygenated products of terpenes, and carboxylic acids
- Plant exudates
- Solids or semisolids, insoluble in water, non-crystallizable, translucent, denser than
water - Found in gymnosperms particularly in _______ family, and in angiosperms; __________, _________, _________
- Pharmacologic activities: local irritants, mild antiseptic, anti-cancer
- Pinaceae (gymnosperm)
- Apiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannabinaceae (angiosperm)
RESIN
CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESIN
- formation
- chemical nature
- occurrence with other secondary metabolites
Formation
➤ Physiological
➤ Pathological
Chemical Nature
Resin acid
resin alcohol
resin phenol
ester resins
resenes
Occurrence with other secondary metabolites
oleoresins
gum resins
oleogum resins
glycoresins
balsams
- ______ (Commiphora myrrha)
- ______ (Cannabis sativa)
- ______ (Ferula asafoetida)
- ______ (Myroxylon balsamum)
- ______ (Styrax benzoin)
- ______ (Pinus sp.)
- Myrrh
- Cannabis
- Asafoetida
- Tolu balsam
- Benzoin
- Rosin/colophony
- Polyphenol derivatives
- HMW, non-crystallizable, water-soluble, acidic
- Precipitate proteins, metals, alkaloids, and glycosides from solutions
- Astringent: tanning, styptic, anti-diarrheal, antidote
- Widely distributed in the plant kingdom: leaves, immature fruits, barks
Classification:
➤ ___________
➤ ___________
➤ ___________
➤ ___________
TANNINS
classifications
➤ Hydrolysable
➤ Condensed/non-hydrolysable
➤ Complex
➤ Pseudo-tannins
