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(SLU) PHARMA 112L > MODULE 10 > Flashcards

MODULE 10 Flashcards

1
Q

__________: separation of medicinally active portions of plant (and animal) tissues using selective solvents through standard procedures.

  • The products obtained from plants are relatively complex mixtures of ________, in liquid or semisolid state or (after removing the solvent) in dry powder form, and are intended for oral or external use.
  • These include ________, ________, _________, _________, ________, _________
  • Such preparations have been popularly called ________, named after Galen, the second-century Greek physician
A
  • extraction
  • metabolites
  • decoctions
  • infusions
  • fluid extracts
  • tinctures
  • pilular (semisolid) extracts
  • powdered extracts

– galenicals

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2
Q

Extraction methods used pharmaceutically involve separating medicinally active portions of plant tissues from the inactive/inert components using selective solvents.

During extraction, solvents diffuse into the solid plant material and solubilize compounds with similar polarity.

The general techniques of medicinal plant extraction include _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______

A
  • maceration
  • infusion
  • percolation
  • digestion
  • decoction
  • hot continuous extraction (Soxhlet extraction)
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3
Q

The basic parameters influencing the quality of an extract are:

  1. 2.
    3.
A
  1. Plant part used as starting material
  2. Solvent used for extraction
  3. Extraction procedure
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4
Q

The effect of extracted plant phytochemicals depends on:

  4. 5.
A
  1. The nature of the plant material
  2. Its origin
  3. Degree of processing
  4. Moisture content
  5. Particle size
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5
Q

CHOICE OF SOLVENTS

Properties of a suitable solvent in plant extractions include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The choice of solvent is influenced by what is intended with the extract. Since the end product will contain traces of residual solvent, the solvent should be non-toxic and not interfere with the bioassay. The choice will also depend on the targeted compounds to be extracted.

A
  • low toxicity
  • ease of evaporation at low heat
  • promotion of rapid physiologic absorption of the extract
  • preservative action
  • inability to cause the extract to complex or dissociate.
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6
Q

The factors affecting the choice of solvent are the

  6. 7.
A
  • number of phytochemicals to be extracted
  • rate of extraction
  • diversity of different compounds extracted
  • diversity of inhibitory compounds extracted
  • ease of subsequent handling of the extracts
  • toxicity of the solvent in the bioassay process
  • potential health hazard of the extractants
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7
Q

SOLVENTS USED FOR ACTIVE COMPONENT EXTRACTION

water

A
  • anthocyanins
  • starches
  • tannins
  • saponins
  • terpenoids
  • polypeptides
  • lectins
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8
Q

SOLVENTS USED FOR ACTIVE COMPONENT EXTRACTION

ethanol

A
  • tannins
  • polyphenols
  • polyacetylenes
  • flavonol
  • terpenoids
  • sterols
  • alkaloids
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9
Q

SOLVENTS USED FOR ACTIVE COMPONENT EXTRACTION

methanol

A
  • anthocyanins
  • terpenoids
  • saponins
  • tannins
  • xaxnthoxyllines
  • totarol
  • quassinoids
  • lactones
  • flavones
  • phenones
  • polyphenols
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10
Q

SOLVENTS USED FOR ACTIVE COMPONENT EXTRACTION

chloroform

A
  • terpenoids
  • flavonoids
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11
Q

SOLVENTS USED FOR ACTIVE COMPONENT EXTRACTION

ether

A
  • alkaloids
  • terpenoids
  • coumarins
  • fatty acids
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12
Q

SOLVENTS USED FOR ACTIVE COMPONENT EXTRACTION

acetone

A
  • phenol
  • flavonols
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13
Q

METHODS OF EXTRACTION

A
  1. Maceration
  2. Infusion
  3. Percolation
  4. Digestion
  5. Decoction
  6. Soxhlet Extraction
  7. Plant tissue homogenization
  8. serial exhaustive extraction
  9. sonication
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14
Q
  • whole or coarsely powdered plant drug is kept in contact with the solvent in a stoppered container for a defined period with frequent agitation until the soluble matter is dissolved
  • suitable for use in thermolabile drugs
A

maceration

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15
Q
  • a dilute solution of the readily soluble components of the crude drugs
  • Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the solids for a short period with either cold or boiling water
A

infusion

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16
Q
  • used most frequently to extract active ingredients in the preparation of tinctures and fluid extracts
  • A ________ (a narrow, cone-shaped vessel open at both ends) is generally used.
  • The solid components are moistened with an appropriate amount of the specified menstruum and allowed to stand for approximately 4 hours in a well-closed container, after which the mass is packed.
  • The top of the percolator is closed. Additional menstruum is added to form a shallow layer above the mass, and the mixture is allowed to macerate in the closed percolator for 24 hours.
A
  • percolator

PERCOLATION

  • The outlet of the percolator is then opened, and the liquid contained therein is permitted to drip slowly.
  • Additional menstruum is added as required until the percolate measures about three-quarters of the necessary volume of the finished product.
  • The marc is then pressed, and the expressed liquid is added to the percolate.
  • Sufficient menstruum is added to produce the required volume, and the mixed liquid is clarified by filtration or by standing, followed by decanting.
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17
Q
  • kind of maceration in which gentle heat is applied during the condenser maceration extraction process
  • used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable, and the solvent efficiency of the menstruum is increased thereby
A

digestion

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18
Q
  • used for the extraction of the water-soluble and heat-stable constituents from the crude drug by boiling it in water for 15 minutes, cooling, straining, and passing sufficient cold water through the drug to produce the required volume
A

decoction

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19
Q
  • only required where the desired compound has limited solubility in a solvent and the impurity is insoluble
  • If the desired compound has a high solubility in a solvent, then a ____________ can be used to separate the compound from the insoluble substance.
  • advantage: instead of many portions of warm solvent being passed through the sample, just one batch of solvent is recycled.
  • CANNOT be used for thermolabile compounds as prolonged heating may lead to the degradation of compounds.
A
  • simple filtration

SOXHLET EXTRACTION

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20
Q

____________ in the solvent has been widely used by researchers.

  • Dried or wet, fresh plant parts are ground in a blender to fine particles, put in a certain quantity of solvent and shaken vigorously for 5 - 10 min or left for 24 hours, after which the extract is filtered
  • The filtrate then may be dried under reduced pressure and redissolved in the solvent to determine the concentration
A

PLANT TISSUE HOMEGENIZATION

21
Q
  • involves successive extraction with solvents of increasing polarity from a nonpolar (_______) to a more polar solvent (_______) to ensure that a wide polarity range of compounds can be extracted
A
  • hexane
  • methanol

SERIAL EXHAUSTIVE EXTRACTION

22
Q
  • involves using ultrasound with frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to 2000 kHz;
  • this increases the permeability of cell walls and produces __________
  • Although the process is useful in some cases, like the extraction of ___________, its large-scale application is limited due to the higher costs.
  • One disadvantage: occasional but known deleterious effect of ultrasound energy (more than ___ kHz) on the active constituents of medicinal plants through the formation of free radicals and consequently undesirable changes in the drug molecules
A
  • cavitation
  • rauwolfia root
  • 20 kHz

SONICATION

23
Q

___________: extracted and processed for direct consumption as herbal or traditional medicine or prepared for experimental purposes.

❖ The safety and efficacy of herbal medicines largely depend on their quality.

❖ The quality of finished herbal products is greatly influenced by the ___________ and ___________; and the requirements and methods for quality control of finished herbal products.

A
  • Medicinal plants
  • quality of the raw materials and the intermediates;
24
Q

wild or cultivated plant comprising of active ingredients or secondary metabolites that possess biologic activity

A

medicinal plant

25
Q

Include crude plant materials such as leaves, flowers, fruits, seed, stem, wood, bark, roots, rhizomes, or other plant parts, which may be entire, fragmented or powdered

A

herbs

26
Q

in addition to herbs, materials such as fresh juices, gums, fixed oils, essential oils, resins and dry powders of herbs

A

herbal materials

27
Q
  • basis for finished herbal products
  • May include powdered herbal materials, or extracts
  • May be produced by extraction, purification, or physical or biological processes
A

herbal preparations

28
Q

nutritional components of plants such as __________, __________, ___________, __________, _________

A

common sugars
amino acids
proteins
fats
chlorophyll

PRIMARY PLANT CONSTITUENTS

29
Q

Also known as secondary metabolites
- _______, _______, ________, ________, ______, _______

o These are responsible for the biologic or pharmacologic activities of plants

A

alkaloids
terpenoids
saponins
flavonoids
phenolic compounds
tannins

SECONDARY PLANT CONSTITUENTS

30
Q

HARVESTING

A

collection

31
Q

Know which plant materials to collect and what time to collect

  • Active constituents depend on the plant part, stage of growth, season of harvest, handling during collection, conditions in the place of collection and storage

o Flowers that have smell - flower buds are just about to ______ and in the _______

o Other flowers - _________

o Fruits - ______, unless specified that unripe fruits will be used

o Fleshy fruits that deteriorate rapidly - _______, in the __________ or _________

A

COLLECTION

  • open
  • morning
  • full bloom
  • ripe
  • somewhat ripe; morning or nightfall
32
Q

o Seeds - from _______________

o Barks - plants in ______ or in __________, from ______ and _______

o Leaves - __________

o Roots and underground parts - __________

A
  • thoroughly ripened fruits
  • bloom; vigorous growth; trunks and branches
  • plants in bloom
  • plants in full growth
33
Q

o Avoid collecting plants in a way that kills the plant

o Before collecting, determine first how much of the plant and what parts are needed

A

o Collect only the parts you need

o Medicinal plants are usually collected by hand, but on a large scale, mechanical harvesters are used

34
Q
  • often specific to the herb/plant and may involve unique procedures
  • However, in general, process includes:

܀
܀
܀

A

post-harvest processing

܀ Inspection and sorting (garbling)
܀ Primary processing
܀ Drying

35
Q

Inspection and sorting

A

o Ensure purity and cleanliness

o Remove dirt and foreign substances

o Discard damaged parts

o Separate unwanted plant parts

o Sieving, trimming, singeing

36
Q

primary processing

A
  • washing (and leaching)
  • cutting and sectioning
37
Q

Specific processes of Primary processing:

o _______: _______
- excess water is evaporated
- enzymatic reaction occurs
- emodin glycosides

o ________ (______): Vanilla beans, cacao, tea
- 45-65*C
- hydrolytic and oxidative reactions

o _______ : ________
- briefly soaked in hot water

o _________: __________

o _________: __________

o _________ (w/ ________)

o _________

A
  • Ageing: Cascara bark
  • Sweating (fermentation)
  • Blanching: Almonds
  • Steaming: Chinese knotweed root
  • Boiling: Oleander
  • Fumigation (w/ sulfur dioxide)
  • Irradiation
38
Q
  • Protect from mold and microbial
    growth
  • Prevent tissue deterioration and phytochemical alteration caused by enzymes
  • Facilitate grinding and milling
  • Converts the plant materials into a convenient form for further
    processing
A

Drying

39
Q

final moisture content varies but ideally must be below _____

o Drying conditions are determined by the nature of the medicinal plant material and the desired appearance of the final form

Drying conditions are dependent on the characteristics of the secondary metabolites, and the texture of the plant material

A

12%

DRYING

40
Q

Drying

o Leaves and flowers:

o Roots and rhizomes:

o Wood:

o Seeds:

A
  • 60-90%
  • 70-85%
  • 40-50%
  • 5-10%
41
Q

Drying

  • Air temperature is kept at ________ for thin materials but is often raised to ________ for plant parts that are harder to dry
  • Proper drying involves 4 major aspects:
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
A
  • 20- 40°C
  • 60-70°C
  1. Temperature control
  2. Humidity
  3. Air flow
  4. Cleanliness of air
42
Q

DRYING PROCESSES

A
  • sun-drying
  • shade-drying
  • drying by artificial heat
  • freeze-drying
  • spray-drying
43
Q

o Store in dry condition in carefully closed containers

o Exclude light

o Protect against pests and insect attack

o Consider the characteristics and stability of the active constituents, e.g. volatile oil

A

storage

44
Q

o Prior to extraction, the herb is generally dried and reduced to a
size of _______ mesh sieves

A

30-40

GRINDING

45
Q

_________ (______): defined as the number of openings in one square inch of a screen.

E.g.

  • 36 mesh screen will have 36 openings per square inch
    -150 mesh screen will have 150 openings per square inch

OB.P SPECIFICATION:
- Coarse……..
- Moderately coarse……
- Moderately fine….
- Fine…………….
- Very fine………….

___________: number of meshes in a length of 25.4 mm (1in.) in
each direction parallel to the wires.

A

SIEVING

  • 10
  • 22
  • 44
  • 85
  • 120
  • Number of Sieves
46
Q

Principle:

  • Active constituents are usually contained inside the cells.
  • Thus, the solvent used for extraction must diffuse into the cell to dissolve the desired active compound.
  • The solution (solvent + active constituent) must then pass the cell wall and mix with the surrounding liquid.

In order to produce herbal preparations of defined quality, the use of appropriate extraction method, technology, condition, solvent, ratio between herbal material and solvent, and type of equipment should be considered.

A

EXTRACTION

47
Q

The solvent to be used for extraction (aka __________) depends on the type of plant, plant part, nature of the secondary metabolite to be extracted, and the safety and availability of the solvent

A
  • menstruum

EXTRACTION

48
Q

SOLVENTS USED IN EXTRACTION:
(decreasing polarity)

  • like dissolves like
  • polar solvents extract polar compounds
  • nonpolar solvents extract polar compounds
A
  • Water (most polar)
  • Methanol (self-preserving if above 20%)
  • Ethanol
  • n-Butanol
    +++polar; miscible w water; extract polar 2ndary metabolites
  • Acetone
  • Dichloromethane
  • Chloroform (non-polar solvent; miscible with alcohol) [carcinogenic pprts]
  • Ethyl acetate
  • Diethyl ether (non-polar solvent; miscible w water; low BP)
  • Petroleum ether
  • n-Hexane
49
Q

Factors to consider when choosing extraction method

A
  • stability to heat
  • nature of the solvent
  • cost of the materials
  • duration of extraction
  • final volume required
  • intended use

(SLU) PHARMA 112L (19 decks)

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