Activity 1

Question 1

from the greek words “little” and “to see”

Answer 1

microscope

Question 2

one of the most often used and useful tools in botany

Answer 2

compound microscope

Question 3

• degree to which an object can be enlarged
• allows you to view the parts and components of an object at a deeper level by making it bigger and easier to see

Answer 3

magnification

Question 4

• ability of a lens to distinguish two points from each other, allowing you to unveil details in an image
• measure of clarity
• lens’s ability to clarify and sharpen the image

Answer 4

resolution

Question 5

instrument used to magnify small objects

Answer 5

microscope

Question 6

essential part of microscope

Answer 6

lenses

Question 7

a simple light micrscope manipulates how light enters the eye using a ____________, where both sides are curved outwards

Answer 7

convex lens

Question 8

consists of 2 lenses

Answer 8

compound microscope

Question 9

compound microscope is invented in ______ by _______________

Answer 9

1590
Zacharias
Hans Jansen

Question 10

made some of the earliest microscopes

Answer 10

Antoine van Leewenhoek

“animalcules”

Question 11

use multiple lenses to enlarge an image

Answer 11

modern microscope

Question 12

magnifies an object to appear ten times its actual size

Answer 12

eyepiece

Question 13

can be adjusted to choose the magnification that best suit the viewer’s needs

Answer 13

magnification

Question 14

• can have up to 4 objective lenses of diff magnifications
• used to view specimens on glass slides, w high magnification objectives (4x-100x range)

Answer 14

compound microscope

Question 15

parts of the compound microscope

Answer 15

eyepiece (ocular lens)
monocular or binocular head
arm
nosepiece
base
objective lenses
specimen or slide
stage or platform
stage clips
aperture
abbe condenser
coarse and fine adjustment knobs
stage height adjustment
illumination

Question 16

• part that is looked through at the top of the compound microscope
• typically have a magnification between 5x and 30x

Answer 16

eyepiece (ocular lens)

Question 17

structural support that holds and connects the eyepieces to the objective lens

Answer 17

monocular or binocular head

Question 18

supports the microscope head and attaches it to the base

Answer 18

arm

Question 19

• holds the objective lenses and attaches them to the microscope head
• this part rotates to change which objective lens is active

Answer 19

nosepiece

Question 20

bottom base of the microscope that houses the illumination and supports the compound microscope

Answer 20

base

Question 21

• usually 3-5 optical lens objectives on a CM each w diff magnification levels

Answer 21

objective lenses

Question 22

total magnification of a CM is calculated by

Answer 22

multiplying the objective lens magnification by the eyepiece magnificaion level

Question 23

object used to hold the specimen in place along with slide covers for viewing
- most slides and slide covers are thin glass rectangles

Answer 23

specimen or slide

Question 24

• platform upon which the specimen or slide are placed
• height of the mechanical stage is adjustable

Answer 24

stage or platform

Question 25

clips on the stage that hold the slide in place on the mechanical stage

Answer 25

stage clips

Question 26

- disc or iris diaphragm - circular opening in the stage where the illumination from the base of the CM reaches the platform of the stage

Answer 26

aperture

Question 27

- lens condenses the light from the base illumination and focuses it onto the stage - this piece of the CM sits below the stage and typically acts as a structural support that connects the stage to arm or frame of the microscope

Answer 27

abbe condenser

Question 28

- adjusts the focus of the M - increase or decrease the level of detail seen when looking at the slide or specimen through the eyepiece of the compound microscope

Answer 28

coarse and fine adjustment knobs

Question 29

- adjusts the position of the mechanical stage vertically or horizontally

Answer 29

stage height adjustment

Question 30

light used to illuminate the slide or specimen from the base of the microscope

Answer 30

illumination

Question 31

most commonly used source of illumination for CM

Answer 31

low voltage halogen bulbs

Question 32

OBJECTIVE LENSES state the 4 diff OL, their color and their magnification

Answer 32

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE red 4x LOW POWER OBJECTIVE yellow 10x HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE blue 40x OIL IMMERSION OBJECTIVE white 100x

Question 33

TYPES OF MICROSCOPES

Answer 33

light microscope scanning electron microscope transmission electron microscope phase-contrast microscope interference microscope confocal LASER scanning microscope stereomicroscope

Question 34

- oldest and most straightforward type of microscope that uses a series of glass lenses, which first focus a bean of light onto or through an object, and convex objective lenses to enlarge the image formed

Answer 34

light microscope

Question 35

- works by impacting a bean of high-energy electrons on the surface of the specimen and obtaining signals from the specimen surface to determine its properties - gives 3d view w high magnification and high resolution - mainly used to study the surfaces of cells and viruses

Answer 35

scanning electron microscope

Question 36

- a focused electron beam is passed through an ultrathin specimen (less than 100nm thick), resulting in an interaction betwenn the specimen's atoms and the electronic beam, and generating a projection image - used to examine microanatomy of biological tissues, cells, and organisms

Answer 36

transmission electron microscope

Question 37

- light microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast of images of transparent, colorless, unstained, living biological specimens (phase objects) - light is diffracted (scattered) and retarded based on the refractive index of the object - negative phase contrast: - positive phase contrast:

Answer 37

phase-contrast microscope background is dark, specimen is bright specimen is dark, background is bright

Question 38

- uses a prism to split light into 2 slightly diverging beams - one beam pass through the specimen (and is retarded) and the other bypasses the specimen - both beams are recombined with the help of a mirror - provides 3d appearance of thicker specimens at higher magnification

Answer 38

interference microscope

Question 39

- works by passing a laser beam through a light source aperture which is then focused by an objective lens into a small area on the surface of the sample - an image is built up pixel-by-pixel by collecting the emitted photons from the fluorophores in the sample which allows for 3d reconstruction of a sample from high-resolution stacks of images - used to observe organelles in cell biology and etc

Answer 39

confocal LASER scanning microscope

Question 40

- aka dissecting microscope - low power microscope which combines 2 optical paths for each eye to provide a 3d view of the specimen - used to visualize surfaces of plant specimens, fabrics, jewelry, circuit components

Answer 40

stereomicroscope