ACT 7 Flashcards
external secretory structures
a. glandular trichomes
b. nectary
c. osmophore (floral fragrance glands)
d. hydathodes
- specialized hairs on the surface of several vascular plants, such as those under Lamiaceae, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Cannabaceae.
- synthesize, store, secrete or store large quantities of secondary metabolites, particularly terpenoids, methylketones, acyl sugars, and flavonoids.
- In plants, the metabolites here are used to defend against pests and herbivorous attacks.
GLANDULAR TRICHOMES
nicotine
tomatine
flavonoids
terpenoids
monoterpenes
cannabinoids
terpenoids
mucilage
essential oils
________: specialized nectar-producing structures of flowers.
________: a solution of one or more sugars and various other compounds and functions as a reward to promote animal/ insect pollination.
________: produced by the largest honeybees on Earth - the Himalayan honeybees.
The bees feed on ___________, which contains the diterpenes -___________.
__________ - laced honey is hallucinogenic in small doses.
- nectaries
- Nectar
- mad honey
- rhododendron nectar
- grayanotoxin
NECTARY
- typically consist of an epidermis of specialized secretory cells and/ or _____________.
- located in some areas of flowers.
- __________ are produced by these secretory glands. The scents produced serve as chemical attractants to draw in pollinators.
Some plant families producing characteristic floral scents: Orchidaceae, Araceae, Arecaceae, Magnoliaceae, and Rosaceae.
- Classes of compounds found in essential oils of flowers include aliphatics, benzenoids,
phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids, among others. - Rose flowers contain over 300 essential oil compounds that contribute to the attraction of pollinators
________, ________, _________, _______ are key compounds that contribute to the distinctive scent of rose oil (Rosa damascena)
- secretory parenchyma
- Floral scents
B-damascenone
B-damascone
B-ionone
rose oxides
OSMOPHORE (floral fragrance glands)
- structures that release water with some substances from the leaf’s interior to its surface in a process called _________.
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_________: containing water, minerals, and organic compounds can be excreted via ______.
- Plants thriving in salty soil may remove excess salt via ______.
_________: may also be used as a noninvasive quantitative assessment tool for insecticide residues present in plants.
Insecticides absorbed from the soil may be absorbed by the plant and translocated to the leaves via guttation.
- guttation
- Xylem sap; guttation
- Guttation fluids
HYDATHODES
internal secretory structures
a. secretory cells/idioblasts
b. schizogenous glands/cavity
c. lysigenous glands
d. schizolysigenous glands
e. laticifers
- an isolated cell that differs from its neighboring tissues
- These cells function for the storage of reserves, excretory materials, pigments, minerals, oils, latex, gum, resin, or tannins.
- The ___________ in ________, _______, ________ are biosynthesized here.
- Common tropical houseplants such as _______ and Dieffenbachia contain high levels of ___________ in this.
- Animals and humans that chew on the leaves of these plants may experience a burning sensation in
the mouth that is often accompanied by swelling, choking, and inability to speak.
For these reasons, _________ species are called ‘dumb cane’.
- anticancer alkaloids
Catharanthus roseus (vinca)
vincristine
vinblastine
- Philodendron and Dieffenbachia
- calcium oxalate
- Dieffenbachia
SECRETORY CELLS/IDIOBLASTS
___________: formed from the separation of cell walls from each other along extended areas of contact.
In such cases, the intercellular substance dissolves partly, and an intercellular space develops.
- The ordinary intercellular spaces and schizogenous cavities form an intercommunicating system of long intercellular canals which facilitate diffusion of gases and liquids from one part of the plant body to the other.
- The resin ducts in the ________, and the secretory ducts in the ________ and ________ are typical examples.
The cells lining the cavity are secretory in nature and release their product in the intercellular canal.
SCHIZOGENOUS CAVITIES
- Coniferales
- Asteraceae and Apiaceae
________: formed through the dissolution of entire cells.
- Partly disintegrated cells occur along the periphery of the cavity.
- These cavities store water, gases, and essential oils.
- Oil cavities in Citrus plants and mucilage canals in bud scales of Tilia
LYSIGENOUS CAVITIES
- These cavities occur when storage space is initially formed ___________, but the glandular epithelial cells linings undergo autolysis during late development, further enlarging the storage cavity.
- Oil glands found in floral parts of clove
- Resin ducts of Pinus
- Oil cavity of Citrus fruits
schizogenously
SCHIZOLYSIGENOUS GLANDS
- highly specialized cells forming a tube-like network structure.
- contain latex.
- often milky in appearance, highly variable in composition, and contains suspended colloids.
- exudes when the plant is cut.
- _________ such as morphine are isolated from the latex of Papaver somniferum (opium poppy)
- _________ is in the latex of the laticifer system of Carica papaya (papaya)
- _________ exist in high concentrations in the latex of Asclepidaceae and Apocynaceae
- Opium alkaloids
- Papain enzyme
- Cardenolides
LATICIFERS
PRIMARY METABOLITES TEST REAGENTS PREPARATION
- test for carbohydrates (starch)
- test for proteins
- test for lipids
SECONDARY METABOLITES TEST REAGENTS PREPARATION
- test for phenolic compounds
- test for alkaloids
- test for terpenoids
ALL TEST REAGENTS PREPARATION
- test for carbohydrates (starch)
- test for proteins
- test for lipids
- test for phenolic compounds
- test for tannins
- test for alkaloids
- test for terpenoids
test for carbohydrates (starch)
lugol’s reagent
dark blue to black color
