Activity 3: Plant Cells and Cellular Reproduction Flashcards
____ marks the beginning of an entire evolutionary journey
____ first evidence of life appeared
3.8 billion yrs ago
750 million
basic foundation of life - the reason why it is the first life to exist
cells
Plant cells fall under the category of ____________ cells
eukaryotic cells
parts of the plant cell
cell wall
cytoplasm
cytosol
nucleus
nucleolus
organelles
mitochondrion
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
golgi apparatus
microbodies
encloses all other parts of the plant cell and is collectively called the _________
cell wall
protoplast
- all of the plant cell enclosed by a cell wall
- composed of the nucleus plus the cytoplasm.
protoplast
cell wall consists of 2 layers
- primary wall (several polysaccharides, commonly cellulose)
- secondary wall (lignin); very complex organic molecule
protoplast
nucleus
cytoplasm
- one of the most essential components of plant cells
- center of control and genetic information
- surrounded by a double membrane with small openings called ___________.
- Inside the nucleus, we will find the ________, which consists of ____, ____, and ________.
- The _________ is a structure inside the nucleus that is very important in forming ribosomes.
nucleus
nuclear pores
chromatin
DNA, RNA, and proteins
nucleolus
- consists of various organelles or cellular structures distributed in the _______, which is a matrix that consists of a large amount of water, proteins, ions, and other organic molecules.
- The _________ and ____________ are also found in the cytoplasm, which are the proteinaceous network that makes up the cytoskeleton that helps support and shape the cell as well as in the movement of cell.
cytoplasm
cytosol
microtubules and microfilaments
matrix that consists of a large amount of water, proteins, ions, and other organic molecules.
cytosol
proteinaceous network that makes up the cytoskeleton that helps support and shape the cell as well as in the movement of cell.
microtubules and microfilaments
cellular structures found within the cell, distributed within the cytosol of the cytoplasm.
organelles
organelles
mitochondrion
endoplasmic reticulum
- ribosomes
- golgi apparatus
- powerhouse of the cell.
- it is the energy storehouse of the cell.
- many kinds of reactions take place, especially __________________.
- all have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane with numerous infoldings called _______
- The compartment enclosed by the inner membrane is called the ______.
mitochondria
cellular respiration
cristae
matrix
- network of membranous channels throughout the cytoplasm
- the cytoplasmic side of this houses large quantities of ___________.
- The portions of ER containing ribosomes are called __________, while those with no ribosomes are called __________.
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
rough ER
smooth ER
- composed of RNA and protein
- are not membrane-bound and are the sites of protein synthesis
ribosomes
stack of flattened hollow sacs with distended edges and functions in the storage, modification, and packaging of proteins that are produced by the ER
golgi apparatus
- small, spherical organelles in which various enzymatic reactions occur.
- Plant cells can contain two types of microbodies -
1. _____________ for photosynthesis
2. ______________ for converting stored fats to sugars in seeds.
microbodies
- peroxisomes
- glyoxisomes
- the ________ (sing. Bacterium) and - the ________ (like the amoeba)
- Single-celled organisms belong to a type of cell known as the ___________, which translates to “before nucleus” in Greek.
They are generally smaller than their counterparts.
Multicellular organisms like animals and plants have____________.
bacteria
protozoans
prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells
- organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.
- genetic material DNA is not bound within a nucleus.
- Additionally, the DNA is less structured
- DNA is a single loop.
- made up of just a single cell (unicellular).
- However, there are a few that are made of collections of cells (multicellular).
Scientists have divided the prokaryotes into two groups, the _________ and the _________
prokaryotic cells
bacteria and archaea
- DNA is organized into chromosomes.
- organisms made up of cells with a membrane-bound nucleus (that holds genetic material) and membrane-bound organelles.
- genetic material is contained within a nucleus within the cell, and DNA is organized into ________________.
- may be multicellular or single-celled organisms.
- contains _______, whereas no prokaryotes have ______ in its membrane except the wall of ___________
- All animals are eukaryotes. Other eukaryotes include ____, ______, and ______.
eukaryotic cells
chromosomes
sterols, mycoplasma
plants, fungi, protists
mitosis
- preparatory phase/interphase
- G1 or 1st gap phase
- S or synthesis phase
- G2 or 2nd gap phase - Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
- the non-dividing stage where most of the cell cycle is spent.
- has three (3) metabolically active phases.
preparatory phase or interphase
G1, S, G2 phase
- period where intense activity occurs
- The cell is actively growing, enzymes and other proteins are rapidly synthesized, and organelles increase in size and number.
- cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated
G1 phase
- DNA is duplicated and other chromosomal components such as proteins are synthesized.
- each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell
S phase
- phase where protein synthesis increases and ends with the beginning of cell division
- During cell division, two exact copies of the nucleus result from a process known as ________
- cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs
G2 phase
mitosis
- The first phase of mitosis
- the appearance of the nucleus changes dramatically
- chromatin begins to condense and thicken, coiling into bodies referred to as __________.
- Each chromosome is double, composed of two identical chromatids representing the condensed duplicated strands of chromatin.
- These chromatids are joined at a constriction called the _________.
- By the end of the prophase, the chromosomes are fully formed, and the nuclear membrane and nucleoli are no longer visible, leaving the chromosomes free in the cytoplasm..
prophase
chromosomes
centromere
- The second phase
- chromosomes align at the center of the cell, and the spindle, which is formed during the prophase, is not much more evident.
- __________, composed of microtubules, stretch from each pole of the cell to the kinetochore of each chromatid.
- _________ are formed during the late prophase. These are specialized regions on the centromere that attach each chromatid to the spindle. Other spindle fibers stretch from each pole to the equator.
metaphase
spindle fibers
kinetochores
- third phase
- spindle fibers separately pull the chromatids of each chromosome to opposite poles of the cell.
- divides the genetic material into identical sets with the same number of single chromosomes.
- At the end of the anaphase, the spindle is less apparent.
anaphase
- The chromatin appears again as the chromatids at each end of the cell begin to unwind and lengthen during the
- At each pole, a nuclear membrane reappears around the chromatin.
- Now two distinct nuclei are evident. Within each nucleus, the nucleoli become visible.
telophase
- marks the end of cell division.
- the cytoplasm separates the two identical daughter nuclei into two cells.
- begins during the latter part of anaphase and is completed by the end of telophase.
cytokinesis
- special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes.
- gametes, or spores
- diploid cells become
meiosis
haploid
differs in two crucial respects:
- The chromosomes in meiosis undergo recombination, producing a different genetic combination in each gamete.
2.The outcome of meiosis is four (genetically unique) haploid cells.
Heterotypic Division
Starts as diploid ends as haploid
Reductive Division Long duration
Ends with 2 daughter cells
meiosis I
Homotypic Division
Starts as haploid ends as haploid Equational Division
Short Duration
Ends with 4 daughter cells
meiosis II
process where a cell divides twice, forming four cells that each contain half the genetic information (2n→n).
meiosis
- form of asexual reproduction in which an organism divides into two, each part carrying one copy of the genetic material.
- It is observed in prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes.
binary fission
o the cell forms a protuberance called a bud. Which increases in size until it equals the size of the cell which formed it and then becomes detached, although frequently not until it has developed other buds.
budding
the parent body is split into pieces.
Each piece develops into a mature, complete individual identical to its parent.
fragmentation
The parent produces a large number of tiny spores into the environment.
These spores germinate to form new plants under favorable conditions.
Spores are highly resistant structures that can withstand harsh conditions.
spore formation
process by which some organisms replace or restore lost or amputated body parts.
regeneration
o giving off multicellular portions or vegetative outgrowths of the parent plant, such as bulbs, tubers, and runners which become detached and develop into a new plant
o It occurs frequently in nature but is also accomplished artificially through the removal by man of parts of the parent plant, such as stem or root cuttings or leaves, or by layering.
vegetative propagation
