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Neuro Muscle Physiology > Module 8 HW Questions > Flashcards

Module 8 HW Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Maximal contractile force of contraction is measured per _____________ of a cross-sectional area

A

3-4kg/cm2

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2
Q

What is the main difference between male and female muscle performance?

A

muscle mass

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3
Q

Maximal contractile force of a muscle contraction per square cross sectional area is _________ between males and females

A

equal

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4
Q

What substance is responsible for the difference in muscle mass between males and females?

A

testosterone

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5
Q

How long will a male produce testosterone after puberty?

A

throughout life

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6
Q

What effect does testosterone have on skeletal muscle mass?

A

increases it

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7
Q

What effect does estrogen have on skeletal muscle mass?

A

none

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8
Q

What is holding strength of a contracted muscle?

A

40% greater than contractile strength

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9
Q

When does a muscle perform work?

A

when it contracts against a load

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10
Q

How do you calculate the amount of work a muscle can perform in a particular activity?

A

W= F x D

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11
Q

What is muscle power?

A

the total amount of work performed in a unit of time

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12
Q

How is muscle endurance measured?

A

timing how long an athlete can sustain aerobic exercise

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13
Q

How long does the energy last from skeletal muscle stored ATP?

A

about 3 sec

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14
Q

Which energy system is used first in production of ATP?

A

phosphagen system

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15
Q

How does the body use creatine phosphate to make ATP?

A

it transfers a phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP

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16
Q

When do muscle cells rebuild creatine phosphate?

A

at rest

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17
Q

Which energy system is considered the in between system?

A

glycogen lactic acid system

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18
Q

Which metabolic system will continue to produce ATP at a rapid rate even if oxygen is depleted?

A

glycogen lactic acid system

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19
Q

Which metabolic system can continue to produce ATP as long as substrates are available?

A

aerobic system

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20
Q

Which energy production process can produce high levels of lactic acid if no oxygen is available in the cell?

A

glycolysis

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21
Q

Which form of energy production is used for intermittent burst like activities such as lifting weights?

A

phosphagen system

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22
Q

Which type of energy production yields the most ATP?

A

aerobic system

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23
Q

Which energy producing system facilitates endurance in athletic activities?

A

aerobic system

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24
Q

Which energy system is the fastest in energy production?

A

phosphagen system

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25
Q

Which energy system is the slowest in energy production?

A

aerobic system

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26
Q

The phosphagen system provides enough energy to last 8-10 ________. The glycogen lactic acid system provides enough energy to last 1.3-1.6 __________. The aerobic system’s ability to provide energy is ___________

A

seconds, minutes, unlimited

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27
Q

Which energy system is used for power surges lasting only a few seconds?

A

phosphagen system

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28
Q

Which energy is used for prolonged periods of athletic activity?

A

aerobic system

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29
Q

Which energy systems are used for basketball?

A

phosphagen and glycogen lactic acid systems

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30
Q

Which energy systems are used for a one mile run race?

A

glycogen lactic acid and aerobic systems

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31
Q

Depletion of the aerobic energy system from prolonged endurance exercise is due to…..

A

oxygen debt and depletion of glycogen stores

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32
Q

How much oxygen does the body store?

A

~2L

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33
Q

How fast is stored oxygen depleted during heavy endurance exercise?

A

within a minute

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34
Q

How long does it take for an athlete to repay the oxygen debt with deep ventilation?

A

about 40 min

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35
Q

How does an athlete measure repayment of oxygen debt?

A

with an oximeter

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36
Q

Approx how much oxygen debt must be repaid if depleted from strenuous exercise?

A

~11.5 L

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37
Q

How long does it take for an athlete to replace glycogen stores?

A

several days

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38
Q

What type of training will increase muscle strength?

A

muscle contraction against load

39
Q

How much can muscle strength increase after 6-8 weeks of training at about 50% of maximal force?

A

30%

40
Q

Muscle mass increase is proportional to increase…..

A

strength

41
Q

Resistance exercise will increase muscle mass by increasing the _________ of muscle fibers

A

diameter

42
Q

How much can sedentary elderly people increase muscle strength with resistance exercise?

A

100%

43
Q

Resistance training will increase the size of the whole muscle by the following EXCEPT:
A) increase number of myofibrils
B) increase storage capacity os creatine phosphate
C) increase number of mitochondria
D) increase amount of mitochondrial enzymes
E) increase number of muscle fibers
F) increase glycogen storage capability
G) increase amount of stored TGs
H) increase number of myofilaments

A

E) increase number of muscle fibers

44
Q

What factor determines the % of fast and slow twitch fibers in muscle?

A

genetics

45
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is for anaerobic activity?

A

fast twitch

46
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has abundant mitochondria?

A

slow twitch

47
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is designed for strength?

A

fast twitch

48
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has few mitochondria?

A

fast twitch

49
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is for aerobic activity?

A

slow twitch

50
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is dark in color?

A

slow twitch

51
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has little or no myoglobin?

A

fast twitch

52
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has more active enzymes for phosphagen and glycogen lactic acid systems?

A

fast twitch

53
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is designed for endurance?

A

slow twitch

54
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has abundant myoglobin?

A

slow twitch

55
Q

Which type of muscle fiber fatigues easily?

A

fast twitch

56
Q

Which type of muscle fiber delivers prolonged strength of contraction for minutes to hours?

A

slow twitch

57
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is subject to lactic acid build up?

A

fast twitch

58
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is resistant to fatigue?

A

slow twitch

59
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is light in color?

A

fast twitch

60
Q

Which type of muscle fiber delivers extreme amounts of power for a few seconds to minutes?

A

fast twitch

61
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has the greater number of capillaries?

A

slow twitch

62
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has more active enzymes for aerobic system?

A

slow twitch

63
Q

Fast twitch fibers are 2x __________ than slow twitch fibers

A

larger

64
Q

During maximal exercise, maximal breathing capacity is ________ greater than actual ventilation capacity

A

50%

65
Q

VO2 max measures the rate of oxygen usage under ___________________ metabolism

A

maximal aerobic

66
Q

Oxygen diffusion capacity measures the rate oxygen diffuses from the _________ into the _________

A

alveoli, blood

67
Q

The increased demand for oxygen during exercise will increase ventilation due to direct stimulation of ____________________ by moving body parts

A

respiratory centers

68
Q

How does cigarette smoke effect pulmonary ventilation during exercise?

A

reduces it

69
Q

How does inhaling nicotine effect respiratory tract cilia?

A

paralyzes them

70
Q

Why does nicotine cause increased resistance to oxygen flow?

A

it causes constriction of terminal bronchial

71
Q

How does smoke inhalation effect respiratory tract cilia?

A

damages them

72
Q

What effect does smoke inhalation have on respiratory epithelial mucosa?

A

causes swelling and increases secretions

73
Q

How does the cardiovascular system increase blood flow for exercising muscles?

A

increases end diastolic filling and stroke volume

74
Q

What do exercising skeletal muscles release to increase intramuscular blood flow?

A

nitric oxide

75
Q

What effect does nitric oxide have on intramuscular blood vessels?

A

causes vasodilation

76
Q

Which type of muscle exercise will increase oxygen perfusion?

A

activities involving rhythmic muscle contractions

77
Q

Which type of muscle exercise decreases oxygen perfusion?

A

activities involving sustained muscle contractions

78
Q

Why do strong tonic contractions cause rapid fatigue in exercising muscles?

A

blood flow and oxygen distal to the contraction is reduced

79
Q

What is the relationship between oxygen consumption and cardiac output during muscle exercise?

A

proportional

80
Q

How much can athlete increase the size of their heart?

A

about 40%

81
Q

Which chamber increases in an athlete’s heart?

A

left ventricle

82
Q

Based on the formula CO= HR X SV, which variable does an athletic heart primarily increase?

A

stroke volume

83
Q

Why doesn’t athletic cardiac hypertrophy affect resting cardiac output?

A

athletes will have a lower heart rate

84
Q

What is the principle physiological reason an athlete will have a greater stroke volume than a comparable nonathlete?

A

increased venous return

85
Q

Is athletic cardiac hypertrophy a pathological condition?

A

no

86
Q

Can an athletic heart return to its pre-trained size?

A

yes

87
Q

Which system is more performance limiting to a well-trained athlete?

A

cardiovascular

88
Q

What causes the pyrogenic effect in an athlete during an event?

A

metabolizing oxygen

89
Q

Why do hot humid conditions increase the risk of heatstroke?

A

difficult to reduce core temp

90
Q

How high can an athlete’s body temp rise during a normal athletic event?

A

102 degrees

91
Q

What is the danger of heatstroke to an athlete?

A

death

92
Q

What conditions can cause an athlete to develop hyponatremia?

A

excessive sweating and/or hydration of hypotonic fluids

93
Q

Which ion is lost during excessive sweating?

A

sodium

94
Q

How can excessive sweating cause hypokalemia?

A

increased sodium loss stimulates aldosterone secretion

Neuro Muscle Physiology (24 decks)

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