Module 8 HW Questions Flashcards
Maximal contractile force of contraction is measured per _____________ of a cross-sectional area
3-4kg/cm2
What is the main difference between male and female muscle performance?
muscle mass
Maximal contractile force of a muscle contraction per square cross sectional area is _________ between males and females
equal
What substance is responsible for the difference in muscle mass between males and females?
testosterone
How long will a male produce testosterone after puberty?
throughout life
What effect does testosterone have on skeletal muscle mass?
increases it
What effect does estrogen have on skeletal muscle mass?
none
What is holding strength of a contracted muscle?
40% greater than contractile strength
When does a muscle perform work?
when it contracts against a load
How do you calculate the amount of work a muscle can perform in a particular activity?
W= F x D
What is muscle power?
the total amount of work performed in a unit of time
How is muscle endurance measured?
timing how long an athlete can sustain aerobic exercise
How long does the energy last from skeletal muscle stored ATP?
about 3 sec
Which energy system is used first in production of ATP?
phosphagen system
How does the body use creatine phosphate to make ATP?
it transfers a phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP
When do muscle cells rebuild creatine phosphate?
at rest
Which energy system is considered the in between system?
glycogen lactic acid system
Which metabolic system will continue to produce ATP at a rapid rate even if oxygen is depleted?
glycogen lactic acid system
Which metabolic system can continue to produce ATP as long as substrates are available?
aerobic system
Which energy production process can produce high levels of lactic acid if no oxygen is available in the cell?
glycolysis
Which form of energy production is used for intermittent burst like activities such as lifting weights?
phosphagen system
Which type of energy production yields the most ATP?
aerobic system
Which energy producing system facilitates endurance in athletic activities?
aerobic system
Which energy system is the fastest in energy production?
phosphagen system
Which energy system is the slowest in energy production?
aerobic system
The phosphagen system provides enough energy to last 8-10 ________. The glycogen lactic acid system provides enough energy to last 1.3-1.6 __________. The aerobic system’s ability to provide energy is ___________
seconds, minutes, unlimited
Which energy system is used for power surges lasting only a few seconds?
phosphagen system
Which energy is used for prolonged periods of athletic activity?
aerobic system
Which energy systems are used for basketball?
phosphagen and glycogen lactic acid systems
Which energy systems are used for a one mile run race?
glycogen lactic acid and aerobic systems
Depletion of the aerobic energy system from prolonged endurance exercise is due to…..
oxygen debt and depletion of glycogen stores
How much oxygen does the body store?
~2L
How fast is stored oxygen depleted during heavy endurance exercise?
within a minute
How long does it take for an athlete to repay the oxygen debt with deep ventilation?
about 40 min
How does an athlete measure repayment of oxygen debt?
with an oximeter
Approx how much oxygen debt must be repaid if depleted from strenuous exercise?
~11.5 L
How long does it take for an athlete to replace glycogen stores?
several days
What type of training will increase muscle strength?
muscle contraction against load
How much can muscle strength increase after 6-8 weeks of training at about 50% of maximal force?
30%
Muscle mass increase is proportional to increase…..
strength
Resistance exercise will increase muscle mass by increasing the _________ of muscle fibers
diameter
How much can sedentary elderly people increase muscle strength with resistance exercise?
100%
Resistance training will increase the size of the whole muscle by the following EXCEPT:
A) increase number of myofibrils
B) increase storage capacity os creatine phosphate
C) increase number of mitochondria
D) increase amount of mitochondrial enzymes
E) increase number of muscle fibers
F) increase glycogen storage capability
G) increase amount of stored TGs
H) increase number of myofilaments
E) increase number of muscle fibers
What factor determines the % of fast and slow twitch fibers in muscle?
genetics
Which type of muscle fiber is for anaerobic activity?
fast twitch
Which type of muscle fiber has abundant mitochondria?
slow twitch
Which type of muscle fiber is designed for strength?
fast twitch
Which type of muscle fiber has few mitochondria?
fast twitch
Which type of muscle fiber is for aerobic activity?
slow twitch
Which type of muscle fiber is dark in color?
slow twitch
Which type of muscle fiber has little or no myoglobin?
fast twitch
Which type of muscle fiber has more active enzymes for phosphagen and glycogen lactic acid systems?
fast twitch
Which type of muscle fiber is designed for endurance?
slow twitch
Which type of muscle fiber has abundant myoglobin?
slow twitch
Which type of muscle fiber fatigues easily?
fast twitch
Which type of muscle fiber delivers prolonged strength of contraction for minutes to hours?
slow twitch
Which type of muscle fiber is subject to lactic acid build up?
fast twitch
Which type of muscle fiber is resistant to fatigue?
slow twitch
Which type of muscle fiber is light in color?
fast twitch
Which type of muscle fiber delivers extreme amounts of power for a few seconds to minutes?
fast twitch
Which type of muscle fiber has the greater number of capillaries?
slow twitch
Which type of muscle fiber has more active enzymes for aerobic system?
slow twitch
Fast twitch fibers are 2x __________ than slow twitch fibers
larger
During maximal exercise, maximal breathing capacity is ________ greater than actual ventilation capacity
50%
VO2 max measures the rate of oxygen usage under ___________________ metabolism
maximal aerobic
Oxygen diffusion capacity measures the rate oxygen diffuses from the _________ into the _________
alveoli, blood
The increased demand for oxygen during exercise will increase ventilation due to direct stimulation of ____________________ by moving body parts
respiratory centers
How does cigarette smoke effect pulmonary ventilation during exercise?
reduces it
How does inhaling nicotine effect respiratory tract cilia?
paralyzes them
Why does nicotine cause increased resistance to oxygen flow?
it causes constriction of terminal bronchial
How does smoke inhalation effect respiratory tract cilia?
damages them
What effect does smoke inhalation have on respiratory epithelial mucosa?
causes swelling and increases secretions
How does the cardiovascular system increase blood flow for exercising muscles?
increases end diastolic filling and stroke volume
What do exercising skeletal muscles release to increase intramuscular blood flow?
nitric oxide
What effect does nitric oxide have on intramuscular blood vessels?
causes vasodilation
Which type of muscle exercise will increase oxygen perfusion?
activities involving rhythmic muscle contractions
Which type of muscle exercise decreases oxygen perfusion?
activities involving sustained muscle contractions
Why do strong tonic contractions cause rapid fatigue in exercising muscles?
blood flow and oxygen distal to the contraction is reduced
What is the relationship between oxygen consumption and cardiac output during muscle exercise?
proportional
How much can athlete increase the size of their heart?
about 40%
Which chamber increases in an athlete’s heart?
left ventricle
Based on the formula CO= HR X SV, which variable does an athletic heart primarily increase?
stroke volume
Why doesn’t athletic cardiac hypertrophy affect resting cardiac output?
athletes will have a lower heart rate
What is the principle physiological reason an athlete will have a greater stroke volume than a comparable nonathlete?
increased venous return
Is athletic cardiac hypertrophy a pathological condition?
no
Can an athletic heart return to its pre-trained size?
yes
Which system is more performance limiting to a well-trained athlete?
cardiovascular
What causes the pyrogenic effect in an athlete during an event?
metabolizing oxygen
Why do hot humid conditions increase the risk of heatstroke?
difficult to reduce core temp
How high can an athlete’s body temp rise during a normal athletic event?
102 degrees
What is the danger of heatstroke to an athlete?
death
What conditions can cause an athlete to develop hyponatremia?
excessive sweating and/or hydration of hypotonic fluids
Which ion is lost during excessive sweating?
sodium
How can excessive sweating cause hypokalemia?
increased sodium loss stimulates aldosterone secretion
