Module 5 HW Questions Flashcards
The ciliary ganglion is a part of which ANS branch?
parasympathetic
The otic ganglion is a part of which ANS branch?
parasympathetic
The celiac ganglion is a part of which ANS branch?
sympathetic
The superior and inferior mesenteric ganglion is a part of which ANS branch?
sympathetic
The pterygopalatine ganglion is a part of which ANS branch?
parasympathetic
The aortico-renal ganglion is a part of which ANS branch?
sympathetic
The submandibular ganglion is a part of which ANS branch?
parasympathetic
Sympathetic tone maintains normal arteriole _____________
constriction
What mechanism maintains the smooth muscle tone of the gastrointestinal tract?
parasympathetic tone
Which CNS structure controls the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system?
hypothalamus
Which nerve carries 75% of parasympathetic fibers?
vagus
These cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers.
oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
extrafusal fibers are innervated by _______ motor neurons and intrafusal fibers are innervated by _________ motor neurons
alpha, gamma
The intrafusal fibers located in the center of a muscle spindle ________ contract, whereas the intrafusal fibers located at each end of a muscle spindle _______ contract
do not, do
The primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex devotes the largest share of neurons to the ________ and _________
face, hands
Where are intrafusal muscle fibers located?
muscle spindles
Where are muscle spindles located?
muscle belly
What is the sensory function of a muscle spindle?
detect change in muscle fiber length
Which type of intrafusal fiber has a cluster of nuclei in the center?
nuclear bag
Which type of intrafusal fiber has nuclei located throughout the length of the fiber?
nuclear chain
Which type of intrafusal fibers are excited by both dynamic and static stretch?
nuclear bag
What type of reflex involves sensory input and a motor response from and to the same muscle?
monosynaptic
What triggers a monosynaptic muscle reflex?
sudden stretch of muscle spindle
What is the primary function of dynamic stretch reflex?
opposes sudden changes in muscle length
When does the static stretch reflex begin?
immediately after a dynamic stretch
What is the purpose of a static stretch reflex?
maintain a degree of muscle contraction for a prolonged period
What type of sensory info do golgi tendon organs detect?
tension
What is the primary function of golgi tendon organs?
prevent tearing
The intrafusal fibers located in the center of a muscle spindle act as a ______________ receptor
sensory
Which motor tract sends signals to flexor muscles of the upper limbs?
rubrospinal
Which motor tract controls head movements that respond to a visual stimuli?
tectospinal
What is the general function of the basal ganglia?
control complex patterns of motor activity
Which portion of the cerebellum functions to coordinate movements of the hands and fingers?
spinocerebellum
Which portion of the cerebellum functions to control most of the body’s equilibrium movements?
vestibulocerebellum
Which portion of the cerebellum functions to plan sequential voluntary body and limb movements?
cerebrocerebellum
Which CNS structure controls the ANS and endocrine system?
hypothalamus
The vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts maintain balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone by _____________ and _____________ antigravity muscles
excitatory, inhibitory
In the dark, sodium ion channels are _______ causing ____________________ of the rod membrane
open, depolarization
In the presence of light, sodium ion channels __________ causing ___________________ of the rod membrane
close, hyperpolarization
Potassium channels on the rod receptor membrane are _________________
always open
In the absence of the ossicular system and tympanic membrane, sound waves can travel through _______
air
Arrange the taste pathway in the correct order beginning with the taste buds
1) chemicals bind to microvilli
2) facial and glossopharyngeal nerve generate APs
3) 1st order sensory neurons synapse in the medulla oblongata
4) tractus solitarius transmits signals to the thalamus
5) 3rd order neurons terminate in the insula
What causes the lens to grow thick and become less elastic?
denatured proteins
What causes the opaque areas in cataracts?
coagulation of denatured proteins
How do denatured proteins in a lens affect accommodation?
lenses lose the ability to change shape
What happens to rhodopsin when exposed to light?
decomposes to scotopsin
What isomer does vit A form?
11-cisretinal
How is rhodopsin reformed?
scotopsin + 11-cisretinal
What happens if there is an excess of 11-cisretinal in the retina?
it converts back to vit A
How does decomposed rhodopsin effect the sodium channels on the rod photoreceptor?
causes them to close
How does decomposition of rhodopsin effect the polarity of the rod photoreceptor?
causes hyperpolarization
Where is the fovea located?
center of the macula
Which area of the retina is responsible for the highest degree of visual acuity?
the fovea
Which type of receptor composes most of the fovea?
cones
What type of stimulus causes a change in the electrical potential of a taste bud receptor?
chemical
What type of receptor are olfactory receptors?
7 member G protein coupled receptor
How soon after stimulation can an olfactory receptor adapt to the odorant stimulus?
about 1 sec
Through which structure do sound vibrations enter the scala vestibuli?
oval window
Which 2nd messenger system does olfactory receptor initiate?
cAMP
