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Neuro Muscle Physiology > Module 1-3 TBL Questions > Flashcards

Module 1-3 TBL Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?
A) produce myelin
B) remove debris
C) support the BBB
D) sweep CSF through the ventricles

A

C) support the BBB

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2
Q

Which membrane transport allows ions to leak out of a protein down their conc. gradient?

A

facilitated diffusion

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3
Q

What type of transmembrane protein responds to a chemical stimulus?

A

ligand gated

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4
Q

What type of neuron fiber branches off of an axon and maintains the same properties as the axon?

A

collaterals

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5
Q

Which direction does water move with osmosis?

A

toward an area with high conc. of solutes

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6
Q

What are nissl bodies?

A

cytoplasmic stacks of RER

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7
Q

The sodium potassium pump pumps _______ sodium ions out of the cell and ______ potassium ions into the cell each cycle

A

3, 2

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8
Q

How does myelin protein zero assist in the formation of myelin?

A

it holds schwann cells together

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9
Q

Which protein transports substances toward the soma?

A

dynein

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10
Q

What are membrane channel proteins?

A

structures that allow ions to cross a cell plasma membrane

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11
Q

What is the key to regenerating a transected axon?

A

aligning the stumps

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12
Q

What structure is unmyelinated, very slender, and is located at the distal end of the axon?

A

telodendria

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13
Q

Which membrane transport system moves solutes against their conc. gradient?

A

active transport

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14
Q

What type of extracellular fluid will cause a body cell to swell?

A

hypotonic

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15
Q

Which cell differentiates to form a tunnel between transected axon stumps?

A

schwann

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16
Q

Which axoplasmic transport mechanism carries stuff away from the soma?

A

anterograde

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17
Q

Which vesicular protein plays a role in neurotransmitter release?

A

vSNARE

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18
Q

What do schwann cells secrete that assist injured neurons in the repair process?

A

nerve growth factor

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19
Q

Neurotubules are held together by ________ proteins

A

tau

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20
Q

Which ion is most likely to enter a cell through leaky channels down its chemical gradient?

A

sodium

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21
Q

Why can a neuron’s membrane respond to multiple rapid fire local responses?

A

local responses can summate

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22
Q

EPSPs can cause all of the following EXCEPT:
A) move membrane closer to threshold
B) cause hyperpolarization
C) move membrane closer to zero
D) can lead to an action potential

A

B) cause hyperpolarization

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23
Q

What condition moves the resting membrane potential closer to threshold?

A

hyperkalemia

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24
Q

What does a sudden increase of calcium ions in the axon terminal cytoplasm stimulate?

A

neurotransmitter release

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25
Q

Why do cells need to maintain resting membrane potential?

A

to respond to a stimulus

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26
Q

What molecule effects the efflux of K+ through leaky channels?

A

AAs

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27
Q

How does an AP effect a neuron’s axon?

A

it causes the membrane to be more permeable to sodium and potassium

28
Q

What is conduction with decrement?

A

reduction of depolarization wave

29
Q

What is happening to a neuron when the inside charge of the membrane is moving closer to zero?

A

depolarizing

30
Q

When can a neuron respond to another action potential?

A

during the relative refractory period

31
Q

What type of membrane response is caused by a local hyperpolarizing stimulus?

A

membrane becomes more negative inside

32
Q

What type of potential results from opening chloride channels?

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

33
Q

How does an action potential change the membrane potential of an axon?

A

by changing the membrane potential segment by segment in unmyleinated neurons AND by only changing the membrane potential of the nodes of ranvier in myelinated neurons

34
Q

Why is saltatory conduction faster than conduction in unmyelinated axons?

A

depolarization only occurs at the nodes of ranvier

35
Q

At rest, a neuron cell’s membrane is considered

A

polarized

36
Q

Arrange the correct order of generating an AP at a chemical synapse and then propagating an AP down the axon

A

-stimulus
-ligand gated channels open
-sodium influx
-depolarization of the neuron’s membrane
-threshold is reached at the axon hillock
-AP is generated
-voltage gated sodium channels open and then voltage gated potassium channels close

37
Q

At rest, the charge just inside a neuron’s cell membrane is ____________ and on the outside of the membrane it is ____________ and the conc. of intracellular fluid is high in _______________ ions and low in ____________ ions compared to the extracellular environment

A

negative, positive, potassium, sodium

38
Q

Which molecule mediates endocytosis of an empty vesicle?

A

clathrin

39
Q

What happens when clostridium tetani damages vSNAREs?

A

vesicles cannot bind to presynaptic membrane

40
Q

Calcium binds to this vSNARE to transport vesicles to the presynaptic membrane

A

synaptotagmin

41
Q

Which type of neurotransmitters are produced in the axon terminal?

A

small molecules

42
Q

What is an agonstic effect of neuromodulators?

A

mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter

43
Q

GPCR is what type of receptor?

A

metabotropic receptor

44
Q

Which receptors are part of a 2nd messenger system?

A

metabotropic receptor

45
Q

Category of membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through

A

ionotropic receptor

46
Q

Type of neuron that produces acetylcholine

A

cholinergic

47
Q

Cholinergic receptor that is always excitatory

A

nicotinic

48
Q

Glutamate receptor that permits calcium influx

A

NMDA

49
Q

Receptor that requires both glycine and glutamate to activate

A

NMDA

50
Q

What type of receptor is found on all autonomic postganglionic neurons?

A

nicotinic

51
Q

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

glutamate

52
Q

Which adrenergic receptor facilitates ejaculation when activated?

A

alpha 1

53
Q

Which glutamate receptor is primarily responsible for fast EPSPs?

A

AMPA

54
Q

Which glutamate receptor is the primary receptor involved in learning?

A

NMDA

55
Q

Which adrenergic receptor increases heart rate when activated?

A

beta 1

56
Q

Activation of which glutamate receptor is primarily responsible for dislodging a magnesium ion from an NMDA receptor?

A

AMPA

57
Q

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

58
Q

How do MAOI drugs effect catecholamines and serotonin?

A

prevent breakdown of neurotransmitters

59
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

NE

60
Q

Which pathway does dopamine have motor control?

A

nigrostriatal

61
Q

Which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse?

A

acetylcholinesterase

62
Q

What type of receptor is found on most sympathetic target cells/tissues/organs?

A

adrenergic

63
Q

How does GABA affect a receiving neuron?

A

makes it more negative inside

64
Q

What action terminates the effect of a neurotransmitter?

A

removal from the synaptic cleft

65
Q

Prolonged increase of intracellular ____________ leads to long term potentiation which will cause neuroplasticity

A

calcium

66
Q

Glycine has inhibitory effects except when binding to _______ receptors in the brain

A

NMDA

Neuro Muscle Physiology (25 decks)

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