Module 1-3 TBL Questions Flashcards
What is the function of astrocytes?
A) produce myelin
B) remove debris
C) support the BBB
D) sweep CSF through the ventricles
C) support the BBB
Which membrane transport allows ions to leak out of a protein down their conc. gradient?
facilitated diffusion
What type of transmembrane protein responds to a chemical stimulus?
ligand gated
What type of neuron fiber branches off of an axon and maintains the same properties as the axon?
collaterals
Which direction does water move with osmosis?
toward an area with high conc. of solutes
What are nissl bodies?
cytoplasmic stacks of RER
The sodium potassium pump pumps _______ sodium ions out of the cell and ______ potassium ions into the cell each cycle
3, 2
How does myelin protein zero assist in the formation of myelin?
it holds schwann cells together
Which protein transports substances toward the soma?
dynein
What are membrane channel proteins?
structures that allow ions to cross a cell plasma membrane
What is the key to regenerating a transected axon?
aligning the stumps
What structure is unmyelinated, very slender, and is located at the distal end of the axon?
telodendria
Which membrane transport system moves solutes against their conc. gradient?
active transport
What type of extracellular fluid will cause a body cell to swell?
hypotonic
Which cell differentiates to form a tunnel between transected axon stumps?
schwann
Which axoplasmic transport mechanism carries stuff away from the soma?
anterograde
Which vesicular protein plays a role in neurotransmitter release?
vSNARE
What do schwann cells secrete that assist injured neurons in the repair process?
nerve growth factor
Neurotubules are held together by ________ proteins
tau
Which ion is most likely to enter a cell through leaky channels down its chemical gradient?
sodium
Why can a neuron’s membrane respond to multiple rapid fire local responses?
local responses can summate
EPSPs can cause all of the following EXCEPT:
A) move membrane closer to threshold
B) cause hyperpolarization
C) move membrane closer to zero
D) can lead to an action potential
B) cause hyperpolarization
What condition moves the resting membrane potential closer to threshold?
hyperkalemia
What does a sudden increase of calcium ions in the axon terminal cytoplasm stimulate?
neurotransmitter release
Why do cells need to maintain resting membrane potential?
to respond to a stimulus
What molecule effects the efflux of K+ through leaky channels?
AAs
How does an AP effect a neuron’s axon?
it causes the membrane to be more permeable to sodium and potassium
What is conduction with decrement?
reduction of depolarization wave
What is happening to a neuron when the inside charge of the membrane is moving closer to zero?
depolarizing
When can a neuron respond to another action potential?
during the relative refractory period
What type of membrane response is caused by a local hyperpolarizing stimulus?
membrane becomes more negative inside
What type of potential results from opening chloride channels?
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
How does an action potential change the membrane potential of an axon?
by changing the membrane potential segment by segment in unmyleinated neurons AND by only changing the membrane potential of the nodes of ranvier in myelinated neurons
Why is saltatory conduction faster than conduction in unmyelinated axons?
depolarization only occurs at the nodes of ranvier
At rest, a neuron cell’s membrane is considered
polarized
Arrange the correct order of generating an AP at a chemical synapse and then propagating an AP down the axon
-stimulus
-ligand gated channels open
-sodium influx
-depolarization of the neuron’s membrane
-threshold is reached at the axon hillock
-AP is generated
-voltage gated sodium channels open and then voltage gated potassium channels close
At rest, the charge just inside a neuron’s cell membrane is ____________ and on the outside of the membrane it is ____________ and the conc. of intracellular fluid is high in _______________ ions and low in ____________ ions compared to the extracellular environment
negative, positive, potassium, sodium
Which molecule mediates endocytosis of an empty vesicle?
clathrin
What happens when clostridium tetani damages vSNAREs?
vesicles cannot bind to presynaptic membrane
Calcium binds to this vSNARE to transport vesicles to the presynaptic membrane
synaptotagmin
Which type of neurotransmitters are produced in the axon terminal?
small molecules
What is an agonstic effect of neuromodulators?
mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter
GPCR is what type of receptor?
metabotropic receptor
Which receptors are part of a 2nd messenger system?
metabotropic receptor
Category of membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through
ionotropic receptor
Type of neuron that produces acetylcholine
cholinergic
Cholinergic receptor that is always excitatory
nicotinic
Glutamate receptor that permits calcium influx
NMDA
Receptor that requires both glycine and glutamate to activate
NMDA
What type of receptor is found on all autonomic postganglionic neurons?
nicotinic
What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
glutamate
Which adrenergic receptor facilitates ejaculation when activated?
alpha 1
Which glutamate receptor is primarily responsible for fast EPSPs?
AMPA
Which glutamate receptor is the primary receptor involved in learning?
NMDA
Which adrenergic receptor increases heart rate when activated?
beta 1
Activation of which glutamate receptor is primarily responsible for dislodging a magnesium ion from an NMDA receptor?
AMPA
What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
How do MAOI drugs effect catecholamines and serotonin?
prevent breakdown of neurotransmitters
What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?
NE
Which pathway does dopamine have motor control?
nigrostriatal
Which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse?
acetylcholinesterase
What type of receptor is found on most sympathetic target cells/tissues/organs?
adrenergic
How does GABA affect a receiving neuron?
makes it more negative inside
What action terminates the effect of a neurotransmitter?
removal from the synaptic cleft
Prolonged increase of intracellular ____________ leads to long term potentiation which will cause neuroplasticity
calcium
Glycine has inhibitory effects except when binding to _______ receptors in the brain
NMDA
