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Neuro Muscle Physiology > Module 7-9 TBL Questions > Flashcards

Module 7-9 TBL Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure of sarcomere identifies each end of sarcomere?

A

Z disc

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2
Q

Which structure of sarcomere contains only myosin when at rest?

A

H band/zone

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3
Q

Which structure of sarcomere contains only actin attached to the Z line?

A

I band/zone

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4
Q

Which structure of sarcomere contains both actin and myosin?

A

A band/zone

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5
Q

Which structure of sarcomere is at the center of a sarcomere?

A

M line

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6
Q

What is titin in the sarcomere?

A

a coiled protein that holds actin and myosin in place

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7
Q

When an AP arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron it opens voltage gated _________ channels

A

calcium

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8
Q

What type of cholinergic receptor is located at the motor end plate?

A

nicotinic

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9
Q

In order for an AP to propagate across the sarcolemma it must open ______________________ channels and in order for the sarcolemma to repolarize it must open ________________________ channels for it to repolarize

A

voltage gated sodium, voltage gated potassium

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10
Q

What is the next event after an action potential moves down the T tubules?

A

ryanodine channels open calcium release channels in the SR

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11
Q

What is happening when more and more muscle fibers contract within the whole muscle to increase the strength of the contraction?

A

recruitment

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12
Q

What type of activity can increase the number of sarcomeres within a muscle cell?

A

stretching

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13
Q

Which antagonist blocks ACh release from a motor neuron?

A

botulinum toxin

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14
Q

How would you describe the resting membrane potential of a skeletal muscle cell?

A

negative on the inside and positive on the outside

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15
Q

What does calcium bind with after it enters the axon terminal in a resting motor neuron?

A

calmodulin

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16
Q

Which ion effectively stimulates vesicles to fuse with the active zone on the presynaptic membrane?

A

calcium

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17
Q

What does calcium bind to inside a skeletal muscle cell?

A

troponin

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18
Q

The influx of this chemical is responsible for depolarizing a skeletal muscle fiber

A

sodium

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19
Q

What must happen to end stimulation of the motor end plate?

A

ACh must be removed from the synapse

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20
Q

Which event stimulates the cross bridge formation in the sarcomere?

A

tropomyosin moves exposing myosin binding sites on the actin filament

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21
Q

What must happen to end a muscle cell contraction?

A

calcium must be removed from the sarcoplasm

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22
Q

Which event disengages the cross bridge formation between actin and myosin?

A

ATP binds to the free site on the myosin head

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23
Q

What type of whole muscle contraction appears smooth and continuous due to successive frequent contractions of muscle fibers within the whole muscle?

A

tetanization

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24
Q

Start position is full flexion of a biceps curl with an 15 lb weight. Now the dumbbell is lowered so that the forearm is parallel to the flow. What type of contraction is occurring in the bicep brachii muscle during the last phase of this activity?

A

eccentric

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25
Q

How does long term athletic events in extreme heat (>90 degrees) cause decreased potassium in blood?

A

stimulate continued aldosterone secretion

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26
Q

Athletic training will increase muscle size by increasing….

A

the amount of myofibrils within the muscle cell

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27
Q

How does nitric oxide effect exercising skeletal muscles?

A

causes vasodilation of immediate blood supply

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28
Q

Which muscle fiber is aerobic?

A

slow twitch

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29
Q

Which muscle fiber has more enzymes for phosphagen and glycogen systems?

A

fast twitch

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30
Q

Which muscle fiber has large amounts of myoglobin?

A

slow twitch

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31
Q

Which muscle fiber has few mitochondria?

A

fast twitch

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32
Q

Which muscle fiber is designed for strength?

A

fast twitch

33
Q

Which muscle fiber fatigues easily?

A

fast twitch

34
Q

Which muscle fiber is designed for endurance?

A

slow twitch

35
Q

Which muscle fiber is dark in color?

A

slow twitch

36
Q

Which muscle fiber is larger in size?

A

fast twitch

37
Q

Which muscle fiber has fewer blood vessels?

A

fast twitch

38
Q

Which muscle fiber has more active fibers?

A

slow twitch

39
Q

How does an athlete significantly increase their cardiac output with only moderately increasing heart rate?

A

increase stroke volume

40
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

rate of O2 usage under maximal aerobic metabolism

41
Q

How does smoking cigs affect pulmonary ventilation?

A

contracts terminal bronchials and damages cilia

42
Q

What is the main difference between male and female athletic performances if both athletes are the same age, height, and weight?

A

increased muscle mass due to higher levels of testosterone

43
Q

What is oxygen diffusion capacity?

A

rate at which O2 can diffuse from alveoli into blood

44
Q

Which body system is more performance limiting to a well trained athlete?

A

cardiovascular

45
Q

Which situation is most likely the cause of a staircase effect?

A

increased calcium levels remaining in the cytosol

46
Q

Which skeletal muscle energy system provides extra power during immediate athletic activity?

A

glycogen lactic acid

47
Q

Which skeletal muscle energy system can cause oxygen and glycogen debt?

A

aerobic

48
Q

During exercise, venous blood pO2 _____________ while pCO2 _____________

A

decreases, increases

49
Q

Why is heatstroke a constant concern for athletes during performance event?

A

athletes increase O2 consumption during a performance to match energy demands

50
Q

If a muscle is already contracted, then a force to stretch out the muscle will have to be _________ more force than can be achieved by shortening contraction

A

40%

51
Q

How is muscle strength determined?

A

-force applied to muscle x distance the force is moved by the muscle
-total muscle mass

52
Q

After strenuous athletic event is over, the athlete must repay the oxygen debt by deep ventilation until ______ liters is repaid

A

11.5

53
Q

Is this an athletic heart, cardiomyopathy heart, or both?
-increase mass

A

both

54
Q

Is this an athletic heart, cardiomyopathy heart, or both?
-decrease stroke volume

A

cardiomyopathy

55
Q

Is this an athletic heart, cardiomyopathy heart, or both?
-decrease size of ventricle chamber

A

cardiomyopathy

56
Q

Is this an athletic heart, cardiomyopathy heart, or both?
-increase strength of contraction

A

athletic heart

57
Q

Is this an athletic heart, cardiomyopathy heart, or both?
-increased size is permanent

A

cardiomyopathy

58
Q

Is this an athletic heart, cardiomyopathy heart, or both?
-works harder to meet CO demand

A

cardiomyopathy

59
Q

Is this an athletic heart, cardiomyopathy heart, or both?
-not pathological

A

athletic heart

60
Q

The glycogen lactic acid energy system is considered the….

A

in between system

61
Q

Where is multi-unit smooth muscle found in the body?

A

ciliary muscle

62
Q

Which type of smooth muscle contracts as a syncytium?

A

unitary

63
Q

What anatomical structure allows smooth muscle cells to communicate simultaneously for a synchronized contraction?

A

gap junctions

64
Q

How is actin and myosin arranged in smooth muscle?

A

actin and myosin are arranged diagonally to each other and the myosin heads pull the actin in opposite directions

65
Q

Order the events of a smooth muscle contraction

A

1) AP opens voltage gated calcium channels
2) extracellular calcium influx
3) calcium binds to calmodulin
4) myosin light chain kinase is activated
5) side polar cross bridge forms

66
Q

What happens during a smooth muscle contraction when the latch mechanism is activated?

A

a prolonged contraction

67
Q

Smooth muscle can contract (shorten) up to ________ of its original length

A

80%

68
Q

Which type of APs are seen in visceral unitary smooth muscle?

A

spike and plateau potentials

69
Q

The conduction of which ion is primarily responsible for a plateau AP in smooth muscle?

A

calcium

70
Q

Which condition can cause smooth muscle vasodilation?
A) hypokalemia
B) acidic
C) hypercalcemia
D) hyperventilation

A

B) acidic

71
Q

Which smooth muscle structure might been a remnant of T tubules?

A

caveolae

72
Q

Which protein holds actin secure during a smooth muscle contraction?

A

dense bodies

73
Q

What does calcium bind with once it enters a smooth muscle cell?

A

calmodulin

74
Q

What is the function of the myosin light chain kinase?

A

energize myosin to form a cross bridge with actin

75
Q

What are cajal cells?

A

pacemaker cells

76
Q

What is the major source of calcium ions required for a smooth muscle contraction?

A

ECF

77
Q

Calcium binds to _______________ inside the SR

A

calsequestrin

78
Q

The _____________ arrangement of myosin heads is responsible for smooth muscle’s ability to contract significantly shorter than its original length

A

side polar

Neuro Muscle Physiology (25 decks)

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