Module 4-6 TBL Questions Flashcards
Which type of pain elicits sharp, stabbing sensations?
fast pain
Which type of nociception is initially stimulated by a muscle spasm?
mechanical
Which pathway carries mechanical, thermal, and chemical signals?
paleospinothalamic tract
Why can pain interrupt sleep?
because some pain fibers synapse in the reticular formation
What type of pain travels in type A delta fibers?
fast pain
Which type of pain pathway is activated when visceral tissue damage spreads to surrounding serous membranes?
parietal pain
The posterior half of the head receives referred pain stimuli from _____________________
Below the tentorium
How does substance P effect pain signal transmission?
increase sensitivity
Which tract transmits pain signals to the thalamus?
spinothalamic
What is the definition of causalgia?
persistent burning sensation post peripheral nerve injury
Which substance is primarily responsible for the intensity of pain due to acute tissue damage?
potassium
What neurotransmitter is secreted by fast and slow pain fibers?
glutamate
Which pathway transmits slow pain signals?
paleospinothalamic pathway
Which pathway secretes substance P?
paleospinothalamic pathway
Which pathway transmits fast pain signals?
neospinothalamic pathway
Which pathway is able to pinpoint source of pain?
neospinothalamic pathway
Which pathway is made up of unmyelinated C fibers?
paleospinothalamic pathway
Which pathway sends signals to the cortex?
neospinothalamic pathway
Which neurotransmitter stimulates enkephalin neurons in the cord to suppress incoming pain signals?
serotonin
Which type of pain signal synapses in the dorsal horn at the same location as sensory neurons transmitting signals from skin?
visceral pain
Which mechanoreceptor is more sensitive to vibration?
pacinian corpuscle
Which ion moves receptor potential above threshold?
sodium
Damage to this tract can affect a person’s sense of touch in their hands
fasciculus cuneatus
Why are humans more sensitive to gradations in cold temp than in warm temp?
cold signals transmit signals faster than warm receptors
Very intense receptor stimulation causes a progressive ____________ in the number of additional APs
decrease
Which substance is synthesized from vit A in the retina?
rhodopsin
What happens to rod photoreceptors in the presence of light?
sodium channels close
Which type of receptor can detect stretching?
mechanoreceptor
Which ganglion is associated with the sympathetic NS?
A) ciliary
B) mesenteric
C) submandibular
D) otic
B) mesenteric
Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?
III, VII, IX, and X
Which ion flows into the stereocilia of hair cells to initiate depolarization?
potassium
How does sympathetic tone effect smooth muscle?
causes slight vasoconstriction of blood vessels
What is formed by intrafusal fibers?
muscle spindles
What is located at insertion points of whole muscles?
golgi tendon organs
What contains nuclear bag fibers that respond to stretching?
muscle spindles
What is innervated by sensory neurons that detect muscle tenison?
golgi tendon organs
Are muscle spindles or golgi tendon organs innervated by gamma motor neurons?
muscle spindles
What is located in a muscle belly?
muscle spindles
What is stimulated reflexive relaxation of muscles?
golgi tendon organs
A nuclear chain muscle fiber only responds to __________
slow stretch
Which type of reflex of a rapid response to a sensory stimulus from a limb?
flexor/withdrawal reflex
What causes hyperpolarization?
decomposition of rhodopsin
Which structure has the highest degree of visual acuity?
fovea
1st order neurons carry taste sensations to the _____________________
gustatory area in the medulla oblongata
What method of activation will depolarize an olfactory receptor?
2nd messenger system open sodium channels
Through what structure does sound vibrations enter the scala vestibuli?
oval window
Cones are responsible for __________ vision
color
What is the function of the saccule within the vestibular apparatus?
signals head orientation when a person is lying down
What causes the eye lens to become thick and lose elasticity?
denatured proteins
Which motor tract involves movement of the head in response to stimuli?
tectospinal
Which part of the cerebellum controls coordinating movements of the hands and fingers?
spinocerebellum
What is a motor unit?
a motor neuron and the number of muscle fibers that neuron synapses with
The ionic conc. of endolymph is high in _____________ and low in ________________
potassium, sodium
Which brain wave is active when you are thinking?
beta
Which brain wave appears when you first close your eyes to go to sleep?
alpha
Which brain wave is active during REM sleep?
beta
Where are serotonin neuron cell bodies located that have a role in the natural sleep cycle?
raphe nuclei
Which area of the brain is responsible for comprehending language?
Wernicke’s area
What is the primary function of Broca’s area?
form words
What is a function of the hippocampus?
converts short term memory to long term memory
What is the function of the angular gyrus?
interpret the written word
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
parietal lobe
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
frontal lobe
Which is the primary auditory and olfactory cortex located?
temporal lobe
Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?
insula lobe
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
occipital lobe
Which CNS structure controls the ANS and endocrine system?
hypothalamus
Which area of the brain regulates appropriate social responses?
prefrontal association area
Which area of the brain analyzes the spatial coordinates of the body?
parieto-occipitotemporal association area
Which brain wave is necessary to achieve for deep sleep?
delta
Which type of seizure begins in both brain hemispheres simultaneously?
petit mal
Rapid eye movement sleep occurs on cycle of approximately every _______ min
90
Where is Broca’s area located?
frontal lobe
The underside of both the occipital and temporal lobes function to allow the brain to recognize ______________
names and faces
The pineal gland converts __________ into melatonin
serotonin
What are sleep spindles?
alpha waves that intermittently break up light sleep waves
Which ion is responsible for decreasing synaptic delay?
calcium
What happens when the time span between a stimulus and a response in a synaptic pathway is reduced?
learning
Which seizure is preceded by hallucinations?
complex/psychomotor
Which seizure is preceded by a visual aura?
simple/Jacksonian
Which seizure will have 5-10 sec loss of consciousness with eyes open?
petit mal
What are the 2 subtypes of a general seizure?
grand mal and petit mal
Which seizure is preceded by ringing in the ears?
simple/jacksonian
Which seizure has a tonic, clonic, and post-ictal phase?
grand mal
Damage to _____________ area can decrease a person’s ability to acquire and apply new knowledge
Wernicke’s
Where does your brain store working memories?
prefrontal association area
