Module 1 HW questions Flashcards
Which CNS glia cell activates the immune system?
astrocytes
Which part of the BBB do astrocytes maintain and support?
tight junctions
What role do astrocytes play with released neurotransmitters?
recapture and recycle
What substance secreted by astrocytes stimulates neuron tissue maintenance and repair?
nerve growth factor
Which CNS glia cell is involved in removing debris?
microglia
Which PNS glia cell secretes nerve growth factor and remove damaged debris?
Schwann cell
What type of substance holds the layers of Schwann cells together?
myelin protein zero
Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?
soma
Most neuronal synapses occur at the dendritic ______ of a receiving neuron
spine
Which part of the soma gives rise to the axon process?
axon hillock
What are neuron fibers that branch off of an axon with all the same properties and characteristics of the primary axon?
axon collaterals
What are the unmyelinated segments between Schwann cells on an axon where collaterals can branch?
Nodes of Ranvier
What are the slender unmyelinated distal end of an axon that form the synaptic bulbs?
telodendria
Which part of a neuron secretes neurotransmitters?
axon terminal
Which vesicle protein helps vesicles merge with the presynaptic membrane?
vSNAREs
What are isolated cytoplasmic stacks of RER inside a neuron soma?
Nissl bodies
Where are tSNAREs located?
presynaptic membrane
Which structure provides cytoskeletal transport pathways in a neuron?
neurotubules
Solutes/molecules tend to move passively across a cell membrane from _________ concentration to ________ concentration
high, low
Which type of receptor loops in and out of the membrane seven times and does not function to transport substances across the cell membrane directly?
G protein coupled receptor
What type of structure is required to allow ions to cross a cell plasma membrane?
channel proteins
Which type of transmembrane channel proteins are always open?
leaky
What type of transmembrane protein channel is activated by changes in the membranes voltage?
voltage gated channels
Which type or category of membrane transport system does not require ATP energy?
passive
Which membrane transport system uses energy to pump solutes across the membrane against their concentration gradient?
active transport
Which type of membrane transport releases neurotransmitters?
exocytosis
What is the most well known example of active membrane transport in the body?
sodium potassium pump
The sodium potassium pump pumps ______ sodium ions out of the cell and ______ potassium ions into the cell each cycle
3, 2
Which motor protein transports new organelles away from the soma?
kinesin
What type of axon degeneration progresses in an anterograde direction?
wallerian
The distal portion of a CNS transected axon will typically die after _____________
a few days
Transected peripheral axons can typically repair themselves due to differentiation of ___________ cells
Schwann
What is the primary process that promotes regeneration of a peripheral transected axon?
aligning the stumps
Schwann cells differentiate to form _________ that allow transected axon stumps to find each other and reconnect?
rows
What do Schwann cells secrete that helps transected peripheral axon regenerate?
nerve growth factor
Which transport mechanism carries stuff away from the soma?
anterograde
Which transport mechanism carries stuff toward the soma?
retrograde
Which motor protein transports viruses toward the soma?
dynein
What will happen to a body cell in hypertonic conditions?
Shrink
What condition describes extracellular fluid when the concentration of solutes is less than the concentration of intracellular cytosol?
Hypotonic
Which direction will hypotonic extracellular fluid move?
Into the cell
What will happen to a body cell in hypotonic conditions?
Swell
What is the purpose of neurotubules in an axon?
Transport
What type of protein is essential for holding microtubules together?
Tau protein
What type of membrane transport involves water moving through a selectively permeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solutes?
osmosis
What term describes equal distribution of solutes in all 3 fluid compartments in the body?
isotonic conditions
What condition describes extracellular fluid when the concentration of solutes is greater than the concentration of intracellular cytosol?
hypertonic
Which direction will intracellular fluid flow if extracellular fluid is hypertonic?
out of the cell
What will happen to a body cell in hypertonic conditions?
shrink
Which type of transmembrane channel proteins are always open?
leaky
