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Neuro Muscle Physiology > Module 3 HW Questions > Flashcards

Module 3 HW Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which group of neurotransmitters are fast acting and produced in the axon terminal?

A

small molecule

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2
Q

What are chemicals that can act as neurotransmitter agonist or antagonist?

A

neuromodulators

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3
Q

How do direct agonist modify the effect of a neurotransmitter?

A

mimic NT by binding to the same receptor

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4
Q

How does an indirect neurotransmitter agonist work?

A

blocks reuptake or increases production of NT

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5
Q

What type of substance interferes with production and/or the release of a neurotransmitter?

A

indirect antagonist

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6
Q

Which type of chemical prevents a neurotransmitter from binding to its receptor on the target cell?

A

direct antagonist

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7
Q

What products produce acetylcholine?

A

acetyl CoA and choline

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8
Q

What enzyme is required for the synthesis of acetylcholine?

A

acetyltransferase

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9
Q

Released acetylcholine is broken down into choline and acetate in the synaptic cleft by…

A

acetylcholinesterase

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10
Q

How is choline removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

actively pumped back into the presynaptic neuron

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11
Q

What are neurons called that produce acetylcholine?

A

cholinergic

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12
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced and secreted by all somatic motor neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced and secreted by all preganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced and secreted by all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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15
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced and secreted by postganglonic sympathetic neurons innervating sweat glands?

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

What cation is responsible for the release of acetylcholine at a synapse?

A

calcium

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17
Q

What is an example of inhibitory muscarinic receptor location?

A

cardiac muscle

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18
Q

What is an example of excitatory muscarinic receptor location?

A

GI smooth muscle and eccrine sweat glands

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19
Q

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are ______________, while muscarinic cholinergic receptors are _______________

A

ionotropic, metabotropic

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20
Q

Nicotinic receptors are always and only _______________ while muscarinic can be either excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory

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21
Q

What type of cholinergic receptor is located on all autonomic postganglionic neurons?

A

nicotinic

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22
Q

What type of cholinergic receptor is located on chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

nicotinic

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23
Q

What type of cholinergic receptor is located on parasympathetic target cells and sweat glands?

A

muscarinic

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24
Q

What type of cholinergic receptor is located on the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle of NMJ?

A

nicotinic

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25
Q

What type of cholinergic receptor mediates fast EPSPs?

A

nicotinic

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26
Q

Which type of cholinergic receptor mediates slow EPSPs?

A

muscarinic

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27
Q

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

glutamate

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28
Q

How do neurons synthesize glutamate in the axon terminal?

A

krebs cycle

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29
Q

What happens to glutamate after it is released by the presynaptic axon terminal?

A

removed by nearby astrocyte

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30
Q

What happens to glutamate that is taken up by glial cells?

A

converted to glutamine

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31
Q

Where do neurons get their supply of glutamine to make glutamate?

A

nearby astrocyte

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32
Q

Which glutamate receptors produces fast EPSPs?

A

AMPA

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33
Q

Which glutamate receptor allows for the influx of calcium and sodium?

A

NMDA

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34
Q

Which CNS structure has a high conc. of NMDA receptors?

A

hippocampus

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35
Q

NMDA receptors require stimulation by both glutamate and _________ in the CNS

A

glycine

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36
Q

What ion blocks NMDA receptor channels?

A

magnesium

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37
Q

What membrane conditions can dislodge the ion block from the NMDA receptor?

A

depolarization

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38
Q

Which glutamate receptor is an NMDA receptor dependent on to function properly?

A

AMPA

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39
Q

What membrane conditions allow an ion to block the NMDA receptor channel?

A

RMP and/or hyperpolarization

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40
Q

What is the primary receptor involved in neuroplasticity?

A

NMDA

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41
Q

What is the primary ion involved in synaptic plasticity/learning?

A

calcium

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42
Q

What type of receptor does glutamate bind with to initiate a 2nd messenger system of activation?

A

metabotropic

43
Q

What does calcium bind with once it enters the postsynaptic membrane?

A

calmodulin

44
Q

What does prolonged increase of intracellular calcium in a neurons cytosol cause?

A

long term potentiation

45
Q

How does activation of postsynaptic intracellular kinases effect the postsynaptic membrane?

A

increases number of AMPA receptors

46
Q

What type of synaptic conditions causes the production and release of nitric oxide?

A

long term potentiation

47
Q

How does NO enter or exit the neuron cell membrane?

A

simple diffusion

48
Q

Which neurotransmitter can act as a retrograde messenger at a synapse?

A

nitric oxide

49
Q

Which glutamic receptor is primarily associated with long term potentiation?

A

NMDA

50
Q

How does NO effect the presynaptic neuron?

A

increases release of neurotransmitters

51
Q

Under what conditions does glycine act as an excitatory NT?

A

when binding to NMDA receptor

52
Q

Where in the CNS does glycine act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

brainstem and spinal cord

53
Q

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

GABA

54
Q

Which ion flows into the postsynaptic neuron through inotropic GlyR glycine receptor and/or GABA receptors when activated?

A

chloride

55
Q

What is the precursor for GABA synthesis?

A

glutamine

56
Q

How is GABA removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

presynaptic transport proteins and nearby astrocytes

57
Q

How do astrocytes process GABA?

A

GABA->glutamate->glutamine

58
Q

What is the most readily accessible GABA agonist?

A

alcohol

59
Q

Synthesis of catecholamines: tyrosine-> _______-> _______-> NE

A

dopa, dopamine

60
Q

Vasoconstriction is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

alpha 1

61
Q

Increased heart contractility strength is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

beta 1

62
Q

Vasodilation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

beta 2

63
Q

Pupil dilation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

alpha 1

64
Q

Bronchial dilation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

beta 2

65
Q

Bladder sphincter contraction is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

alpha 1

66
Q

Detrusor muscle contraction is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

beta 2

67
Q

GI tract smooth muscle relaxation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

beta 2

68
Q

Pilomotor muscle contraction is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

alpha 1

69
Q

GI sphincter relaxation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

beta 2

70
Q

Increased heart rate is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

beta 1

71
Q

Gi sphincter contraction is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

alpha 1

72
Q

Penis ejaculation is the function of which adrenergic receptor?

A

alpha 1

73
Q

Which AA forms catecholamines in the axon terminal?

A

tyrosine

74
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down catecholamines inside the axon terminal?

A

MAO

75
Q

What are MAOI’s?

A

drug that blocks MAO’s

76
Q

How is NE removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

reuptake transport proteins

77
Q

How does cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants effect the removal of NE from the synaptic cleft?

A

inhibit NE transport proteins

78
Q

Which type of neurons produce and release NE and epi?

A

adrenergic

79
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic NS?

A

NE

80
Q

Which type of autonomic neuron releases NE?

A

postganglionic sympathetic nerves

81
Q

What type or class of receptor does NE bind to? (not the general name of the receptor)

A

metabotropic

82
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway involves basal ganglia motor control?

A

nigrostriatal

83
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway involves reward behavior?

A

mesolimbic

84
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway involves cognition, working memory, and decision making?

A

mesocortical

85
Q

How does adderall and ritalin effect the dopaminergic fibers projecting into the frontal lobe?

A

blocks reuptake

86
Q

Where in the CNS do serotonin secreting neurons originate?

A

raphe nuclei of the brainstem

87
Q

Serotonin affects the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system by projecting fibers into the….

A

hypothalamus

88
Q

Serotonin fibers travel down the spinal cord to the _________ horns at each segmental level

A

dorsal

89
Q

Where in the body is most serotonin produced?

A

gut

90
Q

Can serotonin produced by enterochromaffin cells pass the BBB?

A

no

91
Q

What AA is serotonin synthesized from?

A

tryptophan

92
Q

What enzyme metabolizes serotonin after secretion?

A

MAO

93
Q

How is serotonin removed from the synaptic cleft by the presynpatic neuron?

A

serotonin reuptake transporter proteins

94
Q

What class of drugs function to prevent serotonin reuptake?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

95
Q

What effect does NO have on male sexual performance?

A

facilitates erection

95
Q

Under what conditions does skeletal muscle secrete NO?

A

strenuous exercise

96
Q

What NT classification are opioids?

A

neuropeptides

97
Q

What is the primary function of opioids in the CNS?

A

inhibit/block pain signals

98
Q

What is the primary function of opioids in the gut?

A

anti-diarrhea

99
Q

How do opioids initiate cAMP 2nd messenger system in target cells?

A

bind to a metabotropic receptor

100
Q

What effect do opioids have on target cell potassium channels?

A

open

101
Q

What effect do opioids have on target cell calcium channels?

A

close

102
Q

How do opiods effect the polarity of target cell?

A

make them more negative inside

Neuro Muscle Physiology (15 decks)

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